The increasing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuel resources has led to the search for an alternative energy source. The search for such alternative fuel sources has oriented biodiesel synthesis as the ultimate alternative energy resource of the future. The purpose of this study was to produce castor oil and optimize biodiesel production using full factorial central composite design (CCD) through the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. The castor oil was extracted using a mechanical press, and free fatty acids were reduced with acid esterification and biodiesel produced through the transesterification process using homogeneous catalysts. The physicochemical properties of extracted castor oil and biodiesel including density, kinematic viscosity, saponification number, free fatty acid, acid number, cetane number, and iodine number were determined. The ideal conditions for producing biodiesel from castor oil are anticipated to be a reaction period of 105 min at a temperature of 50°C, a catalyst loading weight of 1.5%, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 5 : 1. The biodiesel yield obtained was 95.0%, and the results of the measured parameters of biodiesel were compared with the international standards of the European norms (EN14214) and the American Society Test Material (ASTM) D6751. The weight composition of both fatty acid and methyl ester was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The study concluded that the results of this research are beneficial in optimizing the parameters for making biodiesel from extracted castor oil.
{"title":"Response Surface Methodology Process Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Castor Seed Oil","authors":"Kenatu Angassa, Embaye Tesfay, Tsedekech Gebremeskel Weldmichael, Seble Kebede","doi":"10.1155/2023/6657732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6657732","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for energy and the depletion of fossil fuel resources has led to the search for an alternative energy source. The search for such alternative fuel sources has oriented biodiesel synthesis as the ultimate alternative energy resource of the future. The purpose of this study was to produce castor oil and optimize biodiesel production using full factorial central composite design (CCD) through the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. The castor oil was extracted using a mechanical press, and free fatty acids were reduced with acid esterification and biodiesel produced through the transesterification process using homogeneous catalysts. The physicochemical properties of extracted castor oil and biodiesel including density, kinematic viscosity, saponification number, free fatty acid, acid number, cetane number, and iodine number were determined. The ideal conditions for producing biodiesel from castor oil are anticipated to be a reaction period of 105 min at a temperature of 50°C, a catalyst loading weight of 1.5%, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 5 : 1. The biodiesel yield obtained was 95.0%, and the results of the measured parameters of biodiesel were compared with the international standards of the European norms (EN14214) and the American Society Test Material (ASTM) D6751. The weight composition of both fatty acid and methyl ester was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The study concluded that the results of this research are beneficial in optimizing the parameters for making biodiesel from extracted castor oil.","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139053824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The mechanisms by which drugs and several sulfur chemicals induce sulfhemoglobin formation have not yet been elucidated. However, enzymes producing hydrogen sulfide in mammalian tissues and organs suggest sulfhemoglobin and sulfmyoglobin formation mechanisms are more complex than previously hypothesized. The process involves the interaction of H2S with hemoglobin or myoglobin in the presence of O2 or H2O2 to generate sulfhemoglobin or sulfmyoglobin, respectively. Structurally, the sulfheme product chromophore is a covalent heme modification. This modification involves the incorporation of one sulfur atom within carbon atoms to form a sulfur-carbons ring moiety across the β-β double bond of heme pyrrole B, which shows a characteristic optical band around 623 nm and 618 nm for sulfhemoglobin and sulfmyoglobin, respectively. The results show a linear correlation between the sulfHb electronic charge transfer transition at 623 nm and the emission wavelength of 460 nm upon Soret excitation at 420 nm. The data show no such linear relationship for oxy-Hb or met-aquo Hb. This new approach allows us to measure from 0.02% to 13.5% sulfhemoglobin in mixtures of met-aquo hemoglobin and oxy-hemoglobin. Although additional work is needed, the results suggest that simultaneously monitoring sulfHb electronic transition at 623 nm and emission wavelength at 460 nm upon Soret excitation at 420 nm is a powerful technique to determine the percentage of sulfhemoglobin in blood. The data and techniques presented indicate that fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with UV-vis spectroscopy provides a fast and accurate method for detecting sulfhemoglobin in the blood, facilitating the diagnosis of sulfhemoglobinemia in patients.
{"title":"Insights into Sulfhemoglobin Detection: UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy Correlations","authors":"Lysmarie Santos-Velázquez, Juan López-Garriga","doi":"10.1155/2023/8854277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8854277","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanisms by which drugs and several sulfur chemicals induce sulfhemoglobin formation have not yet been elucidated. However, enzymes producing hydrogen sulfide in mammalian tissues and organs suggest sulfhemoglobin and sulfmyoglobin formation mechanisms are more complex than previously hypothesized. The process involves the interaction of H<sub>2</sub>S with hemoglobin or myoglobin in the presence of O<sub>2</sub> or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to generate sulfhemoglobin or sulfmyoglobin, respectively. Structurally, the sulfheme product chromophore is a covalent heme modification. This modification involves the incorporation of one sulfur atom within carbon atoms to form a sulfur-carbons ring moiety across the <i>β</i>-<i>β</i> double bond of heme pyrrole B, which shows a characteristic optical band around 623 nm and 618 nm for sulfhemoglobin and sulfmyoglobin, respectively. The results show a linear correlation between the sulfHb electronic charge transfer transition at 623 nm and the emission wavelength of 460 nm upon Soret excitation at 420 nm. The data show no such linear relationship for oxy-Hb or met-aquo Hb. This new approach allows us to measure from 0.02% to 13.5% sulfhemoglobin in mixtures of met-aquo hemoglobin and oxy-hemoglobin. Although additional work is needed, the results suggest that simultaneously monitoring sulfHb electronic transition at 623 nm and emission wavelength at 460 nm upon Soret excitation at 420 nm is a powerful technique to determine the percentage of sulfhemoglobin in blood. The data and techniques presented indicate that fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with UV-vis spectroscopy provides a fast and accurate method for detecting sulfhemoglobin in the blood, facilitating the diagnosis of sulfhemoglobinemia in patients.","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138819997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: Computing Edge Version of Resolvability and Double Resolvability of a Graph","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9760607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9760607","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"72 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138956665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Qudsia Kanwal, Mahmood Ahmed, Atiq Ur-Rehman, Aneela Anwar, Samiah Shahid, Atif Shahzad, Attaullah Shah Bukhari, Muhammad Ahmad, Numan Yousaf, Muhammad Muddassar
Conventional systems of medicine play a crucial role in maintaining healthcare. Herbal medicines are intact and less harmful to human beings than synthetic medicines. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and in vivo hypolipidemic effect of chloroform extract of Lagenaria siceraria in Triton X-100 (100 mg/kg body weight) induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. The phytochemical characterization and estimation were performed on the base of the GC-MS approach. The Lagenaria siceraria extract (250 and 500 mg/kg bw) was administered orally to hyperlipidemic-induced rats for 7 days to examine its hypolipidemic activity. The experimental animals did not display any acute toxicity. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. Administration of Lagenaria siceraria extract lowers the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels whereas elevating the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Histological studies of the liver and heart also showed the hypolipidemic effect of the extract. On the 8th day, no inflammation of the liver, myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, or atypia was seen. Furthermore, binding affinity and plausible binding mode of stigmastan-3-ol with HMG-CoA reductase were predicted by molecular docking studies which showed the same interaction patterns as atorvastatin. Moreover, the docking results were refined by 100 ns MD simulations which revealed that stigmastan-3-ol extract formed a stable complex with protein and did not induce any conformational changes in protein structure.
{"title":"Hypolipidemic Effect of Chloroform Extract of Lagenaria siceraria: Potential Inhibitory Activity of Phytochemicals Targeting the HMG-CoA Reductase Revealed by Molecular Docking and Simulation Studies","authors":"Qudsia Kanwal, Mahmood Ahmed, Atiq Ur-Rehman, Aneela Anwar, Samiah Shahid, Atif Shahzad, Attaullah Shah Bukhari, Muhammad Ahmad, Numan Yousaf, Muhammad Muddassar","doi":"10.1155/2023/3010463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3010463","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional systems of medicine play a crucial role in maintaining healthcare. Herbal medicines are intact and less harmful to human beings than synthetic medicines. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemicals and <i>in vivo</i> hypolipidemic effect of chloroform extract of <i>Lagenaria siceraria</i> in Triton X-100 (100 mg/kg body weight) induced hyperlipidemic Wistar rats. The phytochemical characterization and estimation were performed on the base of the GC-MS approach. The <i>Lagenaria siceraria</i> extract (250 and 500 mg/kg bw) was administered orally to hyperlipidemic-induced rats for 7 days to examine its hypolipidemic activity. The experimental animals did not display any acute toxicity. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg bw) was used as a standard drug. Administration of <i>Lagenaria siceraria</i> extract lowers the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels whereas elevating the high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Histological studies of the liver and heart also showed the hypolipidemic effect of the extract. On the 8<sup>th</sup> day, no inflammation of the liver, myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, or atypia was seen. Furthermore, binding affinity and plausible binding mode of stigmastan-3-ol with HMG-CoA reductase were predicted by molecular docking studies which showed the same interaction patterns as atorvastatin. Moreover, the docking results were refined by 100 ns MD simulations which revealed that stigmastan-3-ol extract formed a stable complex with protein and did not induce any conformational changes in protein structure.","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138716087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Idriss Kamdem Taquieteu, Hermann Tamaguelon Dzoujo, Victor Odhiambo Shikuku, Charles Banenzoué, Daniel David Joh Dina
In this study, the effectiveness of the recovery method for spent granular activated carbon (SGAC) for application in dye removal was evaluated. A comparative study of the textural (porosity), compositional, surface functionality, and adsorption performance of chemically (CAR400) and thermally regenerated activated carbons (CAR700 and CAR900) was conducted for the elimination of methyl orange (MO) dye by using a fixed-bed system. The results were compared with those of commercial activated carbon (CA). The influence of parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the flow rate, the internal diameter of the column, and the bed height was evaluated. Adsorption data were modelled by using the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson equations. The CAR400 activated carbon had a microporosity (1045 mg/g) comparable to that of the reference commercial (CA) activated carbon (1052 mg/g) but exhibited the least adsorption capacity. The breakthrough curves were best described by the Thomas model more than the Bohart–Adams and Yoon–Nelson’s models. Thomas’s model depicted that an increase in column diameter resulted in a decrease in the maximum adsorption capacity (qo). The CAR900 material exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (15.72 mg/g) comparable to that of commercial activated carbon, CA (16.90 mg/g). These results show that the physical/thermal regeneration of spent granular activated carbons (SGAC) is more suitable for the valorization of these waste materials for water purification applications.
{"title":"Fixed-Bed Adsorption of an Azo Dye (Methyl Orange) onto Chemically and Thermally Regenerated Activated Carbons","authors":"Idriss Kamdem Taquieteu, Hermann Tamaguelon Dzoujo, Victor Odhiambo Shikuku, Charles Banenzoué, Daniel David Joh Dina","doi":"10.1155/2023/6677710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/6677710","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, the effectiveness of the recovery method for spent granular activated carbon (SGAC) for application in dye removal was evaluated. A comparative study of the textural (porosity), compositional, surface functionality, and adsorption performance of chemically (CAR400) and thermally regenerated activated carbons (CAR700 and CAR900) was conducted for the elimination of methyl orange (MO) dye by using a fixed-bed system. The results were compared with those of commercial activated carbon (CA). The influence of parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the flow rate, the internal diameter of the column, and the bed height was evaluated. Adsorption data were modelled by using the Thomas, Adams–Bohart, and Yoon–Nelson equations. The CAR400 activated carbon had a microporosity (1045 mg/g) comparable to that of the reference commercial (CA) activated carbon (1052 mg/g) but exhibited the least adsorption capacity. The breakthrough curves were best described by the Thomas model more than the Bohart–Adams and Yoon–Nelson’s models. Thomas’s model depicted that an increase in column diameter resulted in a decrease in the maximum adsorption capacity (<i>q</i><sub><i>o</i></sub>). The CAR900 material exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (15.72 mg/g) comparable to that of commercial activated carbon, CA (16.90 mg/g). These results show that the physical/thermal regeneration of spent granular activated carbons (SGAC) is more suitable for the valorization of these waste materials for water purification applications.","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138690370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: Molecular Descriptors on Line Graphs of Cactus Chains and Rooted Products Graphs","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9820615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9820615","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"37 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139005218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: On the Reformulated Second Zagreb Index of Graph Operations","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9897803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9897803","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"27 16","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139006482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: On Second Gourava Invariant for q-Apex Trees","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9857463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9857463","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"77 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139004461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: Computation of M-Polynomial and Topological Indices of Phenol Formaldehyde","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9871574","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9871574","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"31 28","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139006683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Retracted: On Vertex Degree-Based Topological Indices for Fixed Branching Vertices of Trees","authors":"Journal of Chemistry","doi":"10.1155/2023/9836740","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/9836740","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p />","PeriodicalId":15348,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemistry","volume":"59 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138976483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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