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Enteroviruses: epidemic potential, challenges and opportunities with vaccines. 肠道病毒:流行潜力、疫苗挑战与机遇。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01058-x
Minne Jartti, Malin Flodström-Tullberg, Minna M Hankaniemi

Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most prevalent viruses in humans. EVs can cause a range of acute symptoms, from mild common colds to severe systemic infections such as meningitis, myocarditis, and flaccid paralysis. They can also lead to chronic diseases such as cardiomyopathy. Although more than 280 human EV serotypes exist, only four serotypes have licenced vaccines. No antiviral drugs are available to treat EV infections, and global surveillance of EVs has not been effectively coordinated. Therefore, poliovirus still circulates, and there have been alarming epidemics of non-polio enteroviruses. Thus, there is a pressing need for coordinated preparedness efforts against EVs.This review provides a perspective on recent enterovirus outbreaks and global poliovirus eradication efforts with continuous vaccine development initiatives. It also provides insights into the challenges and opportunities in EV vaccine development. Given that traditional whole-virus vaccine technologies are not suitable for many clinically relevant EVs and considering the ongoing risk of enterovirus outbreaks and the potential for new emerging pathogenic strains, the need for new effective and adaptable enterovirus vaccines is emphasized.This review also explores the difficulties in translating promising vaccine candidates for clinical use and summarizes information from published literature and clinical trial databases focusing on existing enterovirus vaccines, ongoing clinical trials, the obstacles faced in vaccine development as well as the emergence of new vaccine technologies. Overall, this review contributes to the understanding of enterovirus vaccines, their role in public health, and their significance as a tool for future preparedness.

肠道病毒(EV)是人类最常见的病毒。肠道病毒可引起一系列急性症状,从轻微的普通感冒到严重的全身感染,如脑膜炎、心肌炎和弛缓性麻痹。它们还可能导致心肌病等慢性疾病。虽然人类 EV 有 280 多种血清型,但只有四种血清型有疫苗许可证。目前还没有治疗 EV 感染的抗病毒药物,对 EV 的全球监控也没有得到有效协调。因此,脊髓灰质炎病毒仍在流行,非脊髓灰质炎肠道病毒的流行也令人担忧。本综述透视了近期爆发的肠道病毒疫情和全球根除脊髓灰质炎病毒的努力,以及持续的疫苗开发计划。本综述透视了最近的肠道病毒疫情和全球根除脊髓灰质炎病毒的努力,以及持续的疫苗开发计划,并深入分析了 EV 疫苗开发所面临的挑战和机遇。鉴于传统的全病毒疫苗技术不适用于许多临床相关的 EV,并考虑到肠道病毒暴发的持续风险和新出现的致病毒株的可能性,本综述强调了对有效且适应性强的新型肠道病毒疫苗的需求。本综述还探讨了将有前景的候选疫苗转化为临床应用的困难,并总结了已发表文献和临床试验数据库中的信息,重点关注现有的肠道病毒疫苗、正在进行的临床试验、疫苗开发中面临的障碍以及新疫苗技术的出现。总之,本综述有助于人们了解肠道病毒疫苗、其在公共卫生中的作用以及作为未来防备工具的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Intracellular domain of epithelial cell adhesion molecule induces Wnt receptor transcription to promote colorectal cancer progression. 上皮细胞粘附分子胞内结构域诱导 Wnt 受体转录,促进结直肠癌的进展。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-15 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01057-y
Sushree Shankar Panda, Chi-Chiu Lee, Khamushavalli Geevimaan, Kai-Chi Chen, Shung-Haur Yang, Chia-Ning Shen, Wei-Chun HuangFu, Han-Chung Wu

Background: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been widely studied as a tumor antigen due to its expression in varieties of solid tumors. Moreover, the glycoprotein contributes to critical cancer-associated cellular functionalities via its extracellular (EpEX) and intracellular (EpICD) domains. In colorectal cancer (CRC), EpCAM has been implicated in the Wnt signaling pathway, as EpICD and β-Catenin are coordinately translocated to the nucleus. Once in the nucleus, EpICD transcriptionally regulates EpCAM target genes that; however, remains unclear whether Wnt signaling is modulated by EpICD activity.

Methods: Patient-derived organoids (PDOs), patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), and various CRC cell lines were used to study the roles of EpCAM and EpICD in Wnt receptor expression. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy were used to analyze tumors isolated from PDX and other xenograft models as well as CRC cell lines. EpCAM signaling was intervened with our humanized form of EpCAM neutralizing antibody, hEpAb2-6. Wnt receptor promoters under luciferase reporters were constructed to examine the effects of EpICD. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to evaluate promoter, γ-secretase and Wnt activity. Functional assays including in vivo tumor formation, organoid formation, spheroid and colony formation experiments were performed to study Wnt related phenomena. The therapeutic potential of EpCAM suppression by hEpAb2-6 was evaluated in xenograft and orthotopic models of human CRC.

Results: EpICD interacted with the promoters of Wnt receptors (FZD6 and LRP5/6) thus upregulated their transcriptional activity inducing Wnt signaling. Furthermore, activation of Wnt-pathway-associated kinases in the β-Catenin destruction complex (GSK3β and CK1) induced γ-secretase activity to augment EpICD shedding, establishing a positive-feedback loop. Our hEpAb2-6 antibody blocked EpICD-mediated upregulation of Wnt receptor expressions and conferred therapeutic benefits in both PDX and orthotopic models of human CRC.

Conclusions: This study uncovers relevant functions of EpCAM where Wnt receptors are upregulated via the transcriptional co-factor activity of EpICD. The resultant enhancement of Wnt signaling induces γ-secretase activity further stimulating EpICD cleavage and its nuclear translocation. Our humanized anti-EpCAM antibody hEpAb2-6 blocks these mechanisms and may thereby provide therapeutic benefit in CRC.

背景:上皮细胞粘附分子(EpCAM)作为一种肿瘤抗原已被广泛研究,因为它在各种实体瘤中都有表达。此外,这种糖蛋白还通过其细胞外(EpEX)和细胞内(EpICD)结构域发挥与癌症相关的重要细胞功能。在结直肠癌(CRC)中,EpCAM 与 Wnt 信号通路有关,因为 EpICD 和 β-Catenin 会协同转位到细胞核中。一旦进入细胞核,EpICD就会转录调节EpCAM的靶基因;然而,Wnt信号是否受EpICD活性的调节仍不清楚:方法:利用患者衍生的器官组织(PDOs)、患者衍生的异种移植物(PDXs)和各种 CRC 细胞系来研究 EpCAM 和 EpICD 在 Wnt 受体表达中的作用。研究人员使用荧光显微镜和共聚焦显微镜分析了从 PDX 和其他异种移植模型以及 CRC 细胞系中分离出来的肿瘤。用我们的人源化 EpCAM 中和抗体 hEpAb2-6 干预 EpCAM 信号转导。构建了荧光素酶报告基因下的 Wnt 受体启动子,以检测 EpICD 的作用。荧光素酶报告实验用于评估启动子、γ-分泌酶和 Wnt 的活性。为了研究与 Wnt 相关的现象,还进行了包括体内肿瘤形成、类器官形成、球体和集落形成实验在内的功能测试。在人类 CRC 的异种移植和原位模型中评估了 hEpAb2-6 抑制 EpCAM 的治疗潜力:结果:EpICD与Wnt受体(FZD6和LRP5/6)的启动子相互作用,从而上调了它们的转录活性,诱导了Wnt信号转导。此外,β-Catenin破坏复合体中与Wnt通路相关的激酶(GSK3β和CK1)被激活,诱导γ-分泌酶活性增强EpICD脱落,从而建立了一个正反馈循环。我们的hEpAb2-6抗体阻断了EpICD介导的Wnt受体表达上调,并在人CRC的PDX模型和正位模型中产生了治疗效果:本研究发现了 EpCAM 的相关功能,即通过 EpICD 的转录辅助因子活性上调 Wnt 受体。Wnt信号的增强诱导了γ-分泌酶的活性,进一步刺激了EpICD的裂解及其核转运。我们的人源化抗 EpCAM 抗体 hEpAb2-6 可阻断这些机制,从而为 CRC 带来治疗益处。
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引用次数: 0
A glimpse into viral warfare: decoding the intriguing role of highly pathogenic coronavirus proteins in apoptosis regulation. 病毒战争一瞥:解码高致病性冠状病毒蛋白在细胞凋亡调控中的奇妙作用。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-13 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01062-1
Leyi Cheng, Yajuan Rui, Yanpu Wang, Shiqi Chen, Jiaming Su, Xiao-Fang Yu

Coronaviruses employ various strategies for survival, among which the activation of endogenous or exogenous apoptosis stands out, with viral proteins playing a pivotal role. Notably, highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV exhibit a greater array of non-structural proteins compared to low-pathogenic strains, facilitating their ability to induce apoptosis via multiple pathways. Moreover, these viral proteins are adept at dampening host immune responses, thereby bolstering viral replication and persistence. This review delves into the intricate interplay between highly pathogenic coronaviruses and apoptosis, systematically elucidating the molecular mechanisms underpinning apoptosis induction by viral proteins. Furthermore, it explores the potential therapeutic avenues stemming from apoptosis inhibition as antiviral agents and the utilization of apoptosis-inducing viral proteins as therapeutic modalities. These insights not only shed light on viral pathogenesis but also offer novel perspectives for cancer therapy.

冠状病毒采用各种生存策略,其中最突出的是激活内源性或外源性细胞凋亡,而病毒蛋白在其中发挥着关键作用。值得注意的是,与低致病性毒株相比,高致病性冠状病毒(如 SARS-CoV-2、SARS-CoV 和 MERS-CoV)表现出更多的非结构蛋白,从而提高了它们通过多种途径诱导细胞凋亡的能力。此外,这些病毒蛋白善于抑制宿主的免疫反应,从而促进病毒的复制和持续存在。本综述深入探讨了高致病性冠状病毒与细胞凋亡之间错综复杂的相互作用,系统地阐明了病毒蛋白诱导细胞凋亡的分子机制。此外,文章还探讨了将抑制细胞凋亡作为抗病毒药物和利用诱导细胞凋亡的病毒蛋白作为治疗方法的潜在治疗途径。这些见解不仅揭示了病毒的致病机理,还为癌症治疗提供了新的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Exosomes: a review of biologic function, diagnostic and targeted therapy applications, and clinical trials 外泌体:生物功能、诊断和靶向治疗应用及临床试验综述
IF 11 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01055-0
Yi-Fan Chen, Frank Luh, Yuan-Soon Ho, Yun Yen
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles generated by all cells and they carry nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites. They mediate the exchange of substances between cells,thereby affecting biological properties and activities of recipient cells. In this review, we briefly discuss the composition of exocomes and exosome isolation. We also review the clinical applications of exosomes in cancer biology as well as strategies in exosome-mediated targeted drug delivery systems. Finally, the application of exosomes in the context of cancer therapeutics both in practice and literature are discussed.
外泌体是所有细胞产生的细胞外囊泡,它们携带核酸、蛋白质、脂质和代谢物。它们介导细胞间的物质交换,从而影响受体细胞的生物特性和活性。在这篇综述中,我们将简要讨论外泌体的组成和外泌体的分离。我们还回顾了外泌体在癌症生物学中的临床应用以及外泌体介导的靶向给药系统的策略。最后,我们还讨论了外泌体在癌症治疗方面的应用实践和文献。
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引用次数: 0
Dual inhibition of SUMOylation and MEK conquers MYC-expressing KRAS-mutant cancers by accumulating DNA damage 通过累积 DNA 损伤,SUMOylation 和 MEK 双重抑制剂可战胜 MYC 表达的 KRAS 突变癌症
IF 11 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01060-3
Hiroshi Kotani, Hiroko Oshima, Justin C. Boucher, Tomoyoshi Yamano, Hiroyuki Sakaguchi, Shigeki Sato, Koji Fukuda, Akihiro Nishiyama, Kaname Yamashita, Koushiro Ohtsubo, Shinji Takeuchi, Takumi Nishiuchi, Masanobu Oshima, Marco L. Davila, Seiji Yano
KRAS mutations frequently occur in cancers, particularly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. Although KRASG12C inhibitors have recently been approved, effective precision therapies have not yet been established for all KRAS-mutant cancers. Many treatments for KRAS-mutant cancers, including epigenome-targeted drugs, are currently under investigation. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are a family of small proteins covalently attached to and detached from other proteins in cells via the processes called SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation. We assessed whether SUMOylation inhibition was effective in KRAS-mutant cancer cells. The efficacy of the first-in-class SUMO-activating enzyme E inhibitor TAK-981 (subasumstat) was assessed in multiple human and mouse KRAS-mutated cancer cell lines. A gene expression assay using a TaqMan array was used to identify biomarkers of TAK-981 efficacy. The biological roles of SUMOylation inhibition and subsequent regulatory mechanisms were investigated using immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence assays, and mouse models. We discovered that TAK-981 downregulated the expression of the currently undruggable MYC and effectively suppressed the growth of MYC-expressing KRAS-mutant cancers across different tissue types. Moreover, TAK-981-resistant cells were sensitized to SUMOylation inhibition via MYC-overexpression. TAK-981 induced proteasomal degradation of MYC by altering the balance between SUMOylation and ubiquitination and promoting the binding of MYC and Fbxw7, a key factor in the ubiquitin–proteasome system. The efficacy of TAK-981 monotherapy in immunocompetent and immunodeficient mouse models using a mouse-derived CMT167 cell line was significant but modest. Since MAPK inhibition of the KRAS downstream pathway is crucial in KRAS-mutant cancer, we expected that co-inhibition of SUMOylation and MEK might be a good option. Surprisingly, combination treatment with TAK-981 and trametinib dramatically induced apoptosis in multiple cell lines and gene-engineered mouse-derived organoids. Moreover, combination therapy resulted in long-term tumor regression in mouse models using cell lines of different tissue types. Finally, we revealed that combination therapy complementally inhibited Rad51 and BRCA1 and accumulated DNA damage. We found that MYC downregulation occurred via SUMOylation inhibition in KRAS-mutant cancer cells. Our findings indicate that dual inhibition of SUMOylation and MEK may be a promising treatment for MYC-expressing KRAS-mutant cancers by enhancing DNA damage accumulation.
KRAS 突变经常发生在癌症中,尤其是胰腺导管腺癌、结直肠癌和非小细胞肺癌。虽然 KRASG12C 抑制剂最近已获得批准,但针对所有 KRAS 突变癌症的有效精准疗法尚未确立。许多针对 KRAS 突变癌症的治疗方法,包括表观基因组靶向药物,目前都在研究之中。小泛素样修饰蛋白(SUMO)是一种小蛋白家族,它们在细胞中通过称为 SUMOylation 和 de-SUMOylation 的过程与其他蛋白共价连接或脱离。我们评估了抑制 SUMOylation 是否对 KRAS 突变癌细胞有效。我们在多个人类和小鼠 KRAS 突变癌细胞系中评估了第一类 SUMO 激活酶 E 抑制剂 TAK-981 (subasumstat)的疗效。使用 TaqMan 阵列进行基因表达检测,以确定 TAK-981 疗效的生物标志物。通过免疫印迹分析、免疫荧光测定和小鼠模型研究了SUMO酰化抑制的生物学作用和后续调控机制。我们发现,TAK-981能下调目前无法治疗的MYC的表达,并有效抑制不同组织类型中表达MYC的KRAS突变癌症的生长。此外,TAK-981耐药细胞通过表达MYC对SUMO酰化抑制敏感。TAK-981 通过改变 SUMOylation 和泛素化之间的平衡,促进 MYC 与泛素-蛋白酶体系统中的关键因子 Fbxw7 的结合,从而诱导 MYC 蛋白酶体降解。TAK-981单药疗法在使用小鼠衍生CMT167细胞系的免疫功能健全和免疫缺陷小鼠模型中的疗效显著,但并不明显。由于抑制 KRAS 下游通路的 MAPK 对 KRAS 突变癌症至关重要,我们预计联合抑制 SUMOylation 和 MEK 可能是一个不错的选择。令人惊讶的是,TAK-981和曲美替尼联合治疗能显著诱导多种细胞系和基因工程小鼠器官组织的细胞凋亡。此外,在使用不同组织类型细胞系的小鼠模型中,联合疗法可使肿瘤长期消退。最后,我们发现联合疗法能互补性地抑制 Rad51 和 BRCA1,并累积 DNA 损伤。我们发现,在 KRAS 突变癌细胞中,MYC 的下调是通过 SUMOylation 抑制实现的。我们的研究结果表明,SUMOylation 和 MEK 的双重抑制可通过增强 DNA 损伤积累来治疗表达 MYC 的 KRAS 突变癌症。
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引用次数: 0
CPEB2-activated axonal translation of VGLUT2 mRNA promotes glutamatergic transmission and presynaptic plasticity CPEB2 激活的 VGLUT2 mRNA 轴突翻译可促进谷氨酸能传递和突触前可塑性
IF 11 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-11 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01061-2
Wen-Hsin Lu, Tzu-Tung Chang, Yao-Ming Chang, Yi-Hsiang Liu, Chia-Hsuan Lin, Ching-Shu Suen, Ming-Jing Hwang, Yi-Shuian Huang
Local translation at synapses is important for rapidly remodeling the synaptic proteome to sustain long-term plasticity and memory. While the regulatory mechanisms underlying memory-associated local translation have been widely elucidated in the postsynaptic/dendritic region, there is no direct evidence for which RNA-binding protein (RBP) in axons controls target-specific mRNA translation to promote long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory. We previously reported that translation controlled by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 2 (CPEB2) is important for postsynaptic plasticity and memory. Here, we investigated whether CPEB2 regulates axonal translation to support presynaptic plasticity. Behavioral and electrophysiological assessments were conducted in mice with pan neuron/glia- or glutamatergic neuron-specific knockout of CPEB2. Hippocampal Schaffer collateral (SC)-CA1 and temporoammonic (TA)-CA1 pathways were electro-recorded to monitor synaptic transmission and LTP evoked by 4 trains of high-frequency stimulation. RNA immunoprecipitation, coupled with bioinformatics analysis, were used to unveil CPEB2-binding axonal RNA candidates associated with learning, which were further validated by Western blotting and luciferase reporter assays. Adeno-associated viruses expressing Cre recombinase were stereotaxically delivered to the pre- or post-synaptic region of the TA circuit to ablate Cpeb2 for further electrophysiological investigation. Biochemically isolated synaptosomes and axotomized neurons cultured on a microfluidic platform were applied to measure axonal protein synthesis and FM4-64FX-loaded synaptic vesicles. Electrophysiological analysis of hippocampal CA1 neurons detected abnormal excitability and vesicle release probability in CPEB2-depleted SC and TA afferents, so we cross-compared the CPEB2-immunoprecipitated transcriptome with a learning-induced axonal translatome in the adult cortex to identify axonal targets possibly regulated by CPEB2. We validated that Slc17a6, encoding vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2), is translationally upregulated by CPEB2. Conditional knockout of CPEB2 in VGLUT2-expressing glutamatergic neurons impaired consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory in mice. Presynaptic-specific ablation of Cpeb2 in VGLUT2-dominated TA afferents was sufficient to attenuate protein synthesis-dependent LTP. Moreover, blocking activity-induced axonal Slc17a6 translation by CPEB2 deficiency or cycloheximide diminished the releasable pool of VGLUT2-containing synaptic vesicles. We identified 272 CPEB2-binding transcripts with altered axonal translation post-learning and established a causal link between CPEB2-driven axonal synthesis of VGLUT2 and presynaptic translation-dependent LTP. These findings extend our understanding of memory-related translational control mechanisms in the presynaptic compartment.
突触的局部翻译对于快速重塑突触蛋白质组以维持长期可塑性和记忆非常重要。虽然突触后/树突区与记忆相关的局部翻译的调控机制已被广泛阐明,但目前还没有直接证据表明轴突中的哪种 RNA 结合蛋白(RBP)能控制目标特异性 mRNA 翻译以促进长期电位(LTP)和记忆。我们以前曾报道,由细胞质多腺苷酸化酶结合蛋白 2(CPEB2)控制的翻译对突触后可塑性和记忆非常重要。在这里,我们研究了 CPEB2 是否调控轴突翻译以支持突触前可塑性。我们对敲除泛神经元/胶质细胞或谷氨酸能神经元特异性 CPEB2 的小鼠进行了行为和电生理评估。对海马沙弗副神经(SC)-CA1和颞神经(TA)-CA1通路进行了电记录,以监测突触传递和4列高频刺激诱发的LTP。通过RNA免疫沉淀和生物信息学分析,发现了与学习相关的CPEB2结合轴突RNA候选物,并通过Western印迹和荧光素酶报告实验进一步验证了这些候选物。表达Cre重组酶的腺相关病毒被立体投放到TA回路的突触前或突触后区域,以消减Cpeb2,从而进行进一步的电生理研究。生化分离的突触小体和在微流体平台上培养的轴突化神经元被用于测量轴突蛋白合成和FM4-64FX载荷的突触小泡。对海马CA1神经元的电生理分析发现,在CPEB2缺失的SC和TA传入中,兴奋性和囊泡释放概率异常,因此我们将CPEB2免疫沉淀转录组与成人皮层中学习诱导的轴突转录组进行了交叉比较,以确定可能受CPEB2调控的轴突靶标。我们验证了编码囊泡谷氨酸转运体2(VGLUT2)的Slc17a6受CPEB2的转译上调。在表达谷氨酸转运体2(VGLUT2)的谷氨酸能神经元中条件性敲除CPEB2,会损害小鼠海马依赖性记忆的巩固。在以VGLUT2为主的TA传入中,突触前特异性消减Cpeb2足以减弱蛋白质合成依赖的LTP。此外,通过 CPEB2 缺陷或环己亚胺阻断活动诱导的轴突 Slc17a6 翻译会减少含 VGLUT2 的突触小泡的可释放池。我们鉴定了 272 个与 CPEB2 结合的转录本,它们在学习后的轴突翻译发生了改变,并在 CPEB2 驱动的 VGLUT2 轴突合成与突触前翻译依赖性 LTP 之间建立了因果联系。这些发现扩展了我们对突触前区记忆相关翻译控制机制的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Cholestasis-induced phenotypic transformation of neutrophils contributes to immune escape of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. 胆汁淤积诱导的中性粒细胞表型转化有助于结直肠癌肝转移的免疫逃逸。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-29 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01052-3
Li Sun, Nanyan Yang, Zhihong Liu, Xiandong Ye, Mengting Cheng, Lingjun Deng, Junhao Zhang, Jingjing Wu, Min Shi, Wangjun Liao

Background: Cholestasis is a common yet severe complication that occurs during the advancement of liver metastasis. However, how cholestasis impacts the development, treatment, and tumor microenvironment (TME) of liver metastasis remains to be elucidated.

Methods: Extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholestatic mouse models with liver metastasis were established to detect the differential expression levels of genes, infiltration of immune cells and change in bile acid-associated metabolites by using RNA-Sequencing, flowcytometry, and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Western blot was applied to neutrophils under the stimulation of primary bile acids (BAs) in vitro to study the mechanism of phenotypic alteration. In vitro coculture of BA-treated neutrophils with CD8+ T cells were performed to study the immune-suppressive effect of phenotypic-altered neutrophils. Clinical samples collected from colorectal cancer patients with liver metastasis and cholestasis were applied to RNA-Seq.

Results: Compared to non-cholestatic mice, the progression of liver metastasis of cholestatic mice was significantly accelerated, which was associated with increased neutrophil infiltration and T-cell exclusion. Both neutrophils and T cells expressed higher immunosuppressive markers in the cholestatic mouse model, further indicating that an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment was induced during cholestasis. Although neutrophils deletion via anti-Ly6G antibody partially hindered liver metastasis progression, it reduced the overall survival of mice. Tauro-β-muricholic acid (Tβ-MCA) and Glycocholic acid (GCA), the two most abundant cholestasis-associated primary BAs, remarkably promoted the expression of Arg1 and iNOS on neutrophils via p38 MAPK signaling pathway. In addition, BAs-pretreated neutrophils significantly suppressed the activation and cytotoxic effects of CD8+ T cells, indicating that the immunosuppressive phenotype of neutrophils was directly induced by BAs. Importantly, targeting BA anabolism with Obeticholic acid (OCA) under cholestasis effectively suppressed liver metastasis progression, enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, and prolonged survival of mice.

Conclusions: Our study reveals the TME of cholestasis-associated liver metastasis and proposes a new strategy for such patients by targeting bile acid anabolism.

背景:胆汁淤积是肝转移进展过程中常见但严重的并发症。然而,胆汁淤积如何影响肝转移瘤的发展、治疗和肿瘤微环境(TME)仍有待阐明:方法:建立肝外胆汁淤积和肝内胆汁淤积肝转移小鼠模型,通过RNA测序、流式细胞仪、液相色谱和质谱法检测基因的不同表达水平、免疫细胞的浸润以及胆汁酸相关代谢物的变化。对体外初级胆汁酸(BA)刺激下的中性粒细胞进行了 Western 印迹,以研究表型改变的机制。将经BA处理的中性粒细胞与CD8+ T细胞进行体外共培养,研究表型改变的中性粒细胞的免疫抑制作用。对肝转移和胆汁淤积的结直肠癌患者的临床样本进行了RNA-Seq分析:结果:与非胆汁淤积小鼠相比,胆汁淤积小鼠的肝转移进展明显加快,这与中性粒细胞浸润和T细胞排斥增加有关。胆汁淤积小鼠模型中的中性粒细胞和T细胞都表达了更高的免疫抑制标记物,进一步表明胆汁淤积期间诱导了免疫抑制肿瘤微环境。虽然通过抗Ly6G抗体去除中性粒细胞部分阻碍了肝转移的进展,但却降低了小鼠的总体存活率。胆汁淤积相关的两种最丰富的原生BA--陶罗-β-木胆酸(Tβ-MCA)和甘胆酸(GCA)通过p38 MAPK信号通路显著促进了中性粒细胞上Arg1和iNOS的表达。此外,经 BAs 预处理的中性粒细胞能显著抑制 CD8+ T 细胞的活化和细胞毒性作用,这表明中性粒细胞的免疫抑制表型是由 BAs 直接诱导的。重要的是,在胆汁淤积的情况下用奥贝胆酸(OCA)靶向BA的合成代谢,能有效抑制肝转移的进展,增强免疫检查点阻断的疗效,并延长小鼠的存活时间:我们的研究揭示了胆汁淤积相关肝转移的TME,并提出了针对胆汁淤积患者的胆汁酸代谢新策略。
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引用次数: 0
Enterovirus-A71 exploits RAB11 to recruit chaperones for virus morphogenesis. 肠病毒-A71 利用 RAB11 招募伴侣,促进病毒形态发生。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01053-2
Qing Yong Ng, Vikneswari Mahendran, Ze Qin Lim, Jasmine Hwee Yee Tan, Joel Jie Feng Wong, Justin Jang Hann Chu, Vincent T K Chow, Newman Siu Kwan Sze, Sylvie Alonso

Background: Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in children and has been associated with neurological complications. The molecular mechanisms involved in EV-A71 pathogenesis have remained elusive.

Methods: A siRNA screen in EV-A71 infected-motor neurons was performed targeting 112 genes involved in intracellular membrane trafficking, followed by validation of the top four hits using deconvoluted siRNA. Downstream approaches including viral entry by-pass, intracellular viral genome quantification by qPCR, Western blot analyses, and Luciferase reporter assays allowed determine the stage of the infection cycle the top candidate, RAB11A was involved in. Proximity ligation assay, co-immunoprecipitation and multiplex confocal imaging were employed to study interactions between viral components and RAB11A. Dominant negative and constitutively active RAB11A constructs were used to determine the importance of the protein's GTPase activity during EV-A71 infection. Mass spectrometry and protein interaction analyses were employed for the identification of RAB11A's host interacting partners during infection.

Results: Small GTPase RAB11A was identified as a novel pro-viral host factor during EV-A71 infection. RAB11A and RAB11B isoforms were interchangeably exploited by strains from major EV-A71 genogroups and by Coxsackievirus A16, another major causative agent of HFMD. We showed that RAB11A was not involved in viral entry, IRES-mediated protein translation, viral genome replication, and virus exit. RAB11A co-localized with replication organelles where it interacted with structural and non-structural viral components. Over-expression of dominant negative (S25N; GDP-bound) and constitutively active (Q70L; GTP-bound) RAB11A mutants had no effect on EV-A71 infection outcome, ruling out RAB11A's involvement in intracellular trafficking of viral or host components. Instead, decreased ratio of intracellular mature viral particles to viral RNA copies and increased VP0:VP2 ratio in siRAB11-treated cells supported a role in provirion maturation hallmarked by VP0 cleavage into VP2 and VP4. Finally, chaperones, not trafficking and transporter proteins, were found to be RAB11A's top interacting partners during EV-A71 infection. Among which, CCT8 subunit from the chaperone complex TRiC/CCT was further validated and shown to interact with viral structural proteins specifically, representing yet another novel pro-viral host factor during EV-A71 infection.

Conclusions: This study describes a novel, unconventional role for RAB11A during viral infection where it participates in the complex process of virus morphogenesis by recruiting essential chaperone proteins.

背景:肠道病毒71型(EV-A71)会导致儿童手足口病(HFMD),并与神经系统并发症有关。EV-A71致病的分子机制仍未确定:方法:在EV-A71感染的运动神经元中进行了siRNA筛选,靶向112个参与细胞膜内转运的基因,然后使用去卷积siRNA对前4个命中基因进行验证。下游方法包括病毒进入旁路、qPCR 细胞内病毒基因组定量、Western 印迹分析和荧光素酶报告实验,从而确定了候选基因 RAB11A 所参与的感染周期阶段。为了研究病毒成分与 RAB11A 之间的相互作用,研究人员采用了邻近连接试验、共免疫沉淀和多重共焦成像技术。利用显性阴性和组成型活性 RAB11A 构建物来确定该蛋白在 EV-A71 感染过程中 GTPase 活性的重要性。质谱分析和蛋白质相互作用分析用于鉴定 RAB11A 在感染过程中的宿主相互作用伙伴:结果:小GTP酶RAB11A被鉴定为EV-A71感染过程中的新型促病毒宿主因子。RAB11A和RAB11B异构体被主要EV-A71基因组的毒株和手足口病的另一种主要致病病毒柯萨奇病毒A16相互利用。我们发现,RAB11A 不参与病毒进入、IRES 介导的蛋白质翻译、病毒基因组复制和病毒排出。RAB11A 与复制细胞器共定位,在复制细胞器中与病毒的结构性和非结构性成分相互作用。过量表达显性阴性(S25N;GDP结合)和组成型活性(Q70L;GTP结合)RAB11A突变体对EV-A71感染结果没有影响,从而排除了RAB11A参与病毒或宿主成分胞内运输的可能性。相反,在 siRAB11 处理过的细胞中,细胞内成熟病毒颗粒与病毒 RNA 副本的比例降低,VP0:VP2 的比例升高,这证明 RAB11A 在前病毒成熟过程中发挥作用,其特征是 VP0 分裂成 VP2 和 VP4。最后,研究发现在 EV-A71 感染过程中,RAB11A 的首要相互作用伙伴是伴侣蛋白,而不是贩运和转运蛋白。其中,伴侣蛋白复合物TRiC/CCT中的CCT8亚基得到了进一步验证,并被证明能与病毒结构蛋白发生特异性相互作用,是EV-A71感染过程中另一种新型亲病毒宿主因子:本研究描述了 RAB11A 在病毒感染过程中扮演的新颖、非传统的角色,它通过招募必要的伴侣蛋白参与病毒形态发生的复杂过程。
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引用次数: 0
The double whammy of ER-retention and dominant-negative effects in numerous autosomal dominant diseases: significance in disease mechanisms and therapy. 在众多常染色体显性遗传疾病中,ER 保留和显性阴性效应的双重打击:在疾病机制和治疗中的意义。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01054-1
Nesrin Gariballa, Feda Mohamed, Sally Badawi, Bassam R Ali

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) employs stringent quality control mechanisms to ensure the integrity of protein folding, allowing only properly folded, processed and assembled proteins to exit the ER and reach their functional destinations. Mutant proteins unable to attain their correct tertiary conformation or form complexes with their partners are retained in the ER and subsequently degraded through ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) and associated mechanisms. ER retention contributes to a spectrum of monogenic diseases with diverse modes of inheritance and molecular mechanisms. In autosomal dominant diseases, when mutant proteins get retained in the ER, they can interact with their wild-type counterparts. This interaction may lead to the formation of mixed dimers or aberrant complexes, disrupting their normal trafficking and function in a dominant-negative manner. The combination of ER retention and dominant-negative effects has been frequently documented to cause a significant loss of functional proteins, thereby exacerbating disease severity. This review aims to examine existing literature and provide insights into the impact of dominant-negative effects exerted by mutant proteins retained in the ER in a range of autosomal dominant diseases including skeletal and connective tissue disorders, vascular disorders, neurological disorders, eye disorders and serpinopathies. Most crucially, we aim to emphasize the importance of this area of research, offering substantial potential for understanding the factors influencing phenotypic variability associated with genetic variants. Furthermore, we highlight current and prospective therapeutic approaches targeted at ameliorating the effects of mutations exhibiting dominant-negative effects. These approaches encompass experimental studies exploring treatments and their translation into clinical practice.

内质网(ER)采用严格的质量控制机制来确保蛋白质折叠的完整性,只允许正确折叠、加工和组装的蛋白质离开ER并到达其功能目的地。无法获得正确三级构象或与其伙伴形成复合物的突变蛋白质被保留在 ER 中,随后通过 ER 相关蛋白质降解(ERAD)和相关机制被降解。ER滞留导致了一系列具有不同遗传方式和分子机制的单基因疾病。在常染色体显性遗传病中,当突变蛋白滞留在ER中时,它们会与野生型蛋白相互作用。这种相互作用可能导致形成混合二聚体或异常复合物,以显性阴性方式破坏其正常的运输和功能。ER滞留和显性阴性效应的结合经常被证实会导致功能性蛋白质的大量损失,从而加剧疾病的严重性。本综述旨在研究现有文献,深入探讨保留在ER中的突变蛋白在一系列常染色体显性遗传疾病(包括骨骼和结缔组织疾病、血管疾病、神经系统疾病、眼部疾病和血清病)中产生的显性负效应的影响。最重要的是,我们旨在强调这一研究领域的重要性,它为了解与基因变异相关的表型变异的影响因素提供了巨大的潜力。此外,我们还重点介绍了当前和未来旨在改善显性负效应突变影响的治疗方法。这些方法包括探索治疗方法的实验研究及其在临床实践中的应用。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond traditional translation: ncRNA derived peptides as modulators of tumor behaviors. 超越传统翻译:作为肿瘤行为调节剂的 ncRNA 衍生肽。
IF 9 2区 医学 Q1 CELL BIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01047-0
Kang Wen, Xin Chen, Jingyao Gu, Zhenyao Chen, Zhaoxia Wang

Within the intricate tapestry of molecular research, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) were historically overshadowed by a pervasive presumption of their inability to encode proteins or peptides. However, groundbreaking revelations have challenged this notion, unveiling select ncRNAs that surprisingly encode peptides specifically those nearing a succinct 100 amino acids. At the forefront of this epiphany stand lncRNAs and circRNAs, distinctively characterized by their embedded small open reading frames (sORFs). Increasing evidence has revealed different functions and mechanisms of peptides/proteins encoded by ncRNAs in cancer, including promotion or inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, cellular metabolism (glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism), and promotion or concerted metastasis of cancer cells. The discoveries not only accentuate the depth of ncRNA functionality but also open novel avenues for oncological research and therapeutic innovations. The main difficulties in the study of these ncRNA-derived peptides hinge crucially on precise peptide detection and sORFs identification. Here, we illuminate cutting-edge methodologies, essential instrumentation, and dedicated databases tailored for unearthing sORFs and peptides. In addition, we also conclude the potential of clinical applications in cancer therapy.

在错综复杂的分子研究中,非编码 RNA(ncRNA)一直被普遍认为不能编码蛋白质或肽而蒙上阴影。然而,突破性的发现对这一观点提出了挑战,揭示出某些 ncRNA 竟然能编码肽,特别是那些接近 100 个氨基酸的肽。lncRNA和circRNA是这一顿悟的前沿,它们的显著特征是内嵌小开放阅读框(sORF)。越来越多的证据显示,由 ncRNAs 编码的肽/蛋白在癌症中具有不同的功能和机制,包括促进或抑制癌细胞增殖、细胞代谢(葡萄糖代谢和脂质代谢)以及促进或协同癌细胞转移。这些发现不仅凸显了 ncRNA 功能的深度,还为肿瘤研究和治疗创新开辟了新途径。研究这些 ncRNA 衍生多肽的主要困难在于精确的多肽检测和 sORFs 识别。在此,我们阐述了为发现 sORF 和多肽而量身定制的前沿方法、基本仪器和专用数据库。此外,我们还总结了癌症治疗的临床应用潜力。
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引用次数: 0
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