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Cultural activities and educational progress: evidence from Russian longitudinal data / Actividades culturales y progreso educativo: evidencia basada en datos longitudinales procedentes de Rusia 文化活动与教育进步:来自俄罗斯纵向数据的证据/文化活动与教育进步:俄罗斯纵向数据程序的证据基础
Pub Date : 2017-10-02 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1377991
E. Tovar-García
Abstract This study analyses the possible influence of cultural activities such as visits to theatres, museums, exhibitions, zoos, circuses, excursions, trips and campaigns on educational progress. It uses longitudinal data taken from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, which is a unique nationally representative survey; the sample consists of schoolchildren aged six to14. The methodology makes use of the panel data structure and logit regressions to effectively control for time-invariant determinants of educational achievements, and the method directly controls for socioeconomic status, students’ health, public school, region, age and gender. Consequently, this study accurately measured the isolated effect of cultural activities. The findings suggest that these cultural activities correlated positively with educational progress, as the cultural capital theory predicts. However, participation in these activities without parents did not show significant effects. Therefore, parental participation seems necessary to observe a positive association between cultural activities and educational progress, in accordance with the social capital theory.
摘要本研究分析了文化活动,如参观剧院、博物馆、展览、动物园、马戏团、短途旅行、旅行和运动对教育进步的可能影响。它使用了俄罗斯纵向监测调查的纵向数据,这是一项独特的具有全国代表性的调查;样本由6至14岁的学童组成。该方法利用面板数据结构和logit回归,有效控制了教育成就的时不变决定因素,并直接控制了社会经济地位、学生健康、公立学校、地区、年龄和性别。因此,这项研究准确地测量了文化活动的孤立效应。研究结果表明,正如文化资本理论所预测的那样,这些文化活动与教育进步呈正相关。然而,没有父母参与这些活动并没有显示出显著的效果。因此,根据社会资本理论,父母的参与似乎是观察文化活动与教育进步之间正相关的必要条件。
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引用次数: 0
Contemporary approaches to psychometrics: item response theory and diagnostic classification models / Enfoques contemporáneos sobre psicometría: los modelos de la teoría de respuesta al ítem y los modelos de clasificación de diagnósticos 当代心理测量学方法:项目反应理论和诊断分类模型/当代心理测量学方法:项目反应理论模型和诊断分类模型
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1367171
Bo Hu, L. Qin, Meghan Sullivan, Jonathan Templin
Abstract Evaluating test scores is an essential process, critical in both educational research and practice. To scientifically understand and utilize test scores, educators and researchers need to choose appropriate psychometric models to analyse and interpret assessment data. In this paper, we discuss two classes of psychometric models that have been widely used in educational measurement: item response theory (IRT) models and diagnostic classification models (DCMs). Specifically, the IRT discussion focuses on producing scores on a numerical continuum using the two-parameter logistic model. We then discuss methods for producing scores based on ordinal classifications with DCMs and compare and contrast such scores with those from IRT models. In addition, through step-by-step examples, we demonstrate how to obtain estimates from and interpret results from each model we present. We conclude the paper with considerations in and suggestions for choosing an appropriate psychometric model.
评价考试成绩是一个重要的过程,在教育研究和实践中都是至关重要的。为了科学地理解和利用考试成绩,教育工作者和研究人员需要选择合适的心理测量模型来分析和解释评估数据。本文讨论了在教育测量中广泛应用的两类心理测量模型:项目反应理论模型(IRT)和诊断分类模型(dcm)。具体来说,IRT讨论的重点是使用双参数逻辑模型在数值连续体上产生分数。然后,我们讨论了基于dcm的有序分类产生分数的方法,并将这些分数与IRT模型的分数进行了比较和对比。此外,通过一步一步的示例,我们演示了如何从我们呈现的每个模型中获得估计并解释结果。最后,我们提出了选择合适的心理测量模型的考虑和建议。
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引用次数: 4
Applying the hierarchical linear model to longitudinal data / La aplicación del modelo lineal jerárquico a datos longitudinales 纵向数据应用层次线性模型/ La aplicación del modelo linear jerárquico a datos longitudinal
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1367168
R. Walters, Lesa Hoffman
Abstract Educational researchers and school administrators frequently evaluate academic outcomes collected from cross-sectional sampling designs with overt nested structures, such as when students are nested within schools. More recently, interest has focused on the longitudinal collection of academic outcomes to evaluate a student’s growth across time. In a longitudinal context, the repeatedly measured academic outcomes are nested within a student. Proper analysis of longitudinal data requires the hierarchical linear model to quantify the extra correlations within students created by the nested sampling structure. In this article, we introduce the hierarchical linear model used to quantify and predict between-student differences in a repeatedly measured continuous maths achievement outcome. This introduction is presented as a conversation representative of those we have frequently with individuals who lack statistical training in hierarchical linear models for longitudinal data. Specifically, we cover why repeated-measures ANOVA may not always be appropriate, how the hierarchical linear model can be used to quantify between-student differences in change and how student- and occasion-level predictors can be properly modelled and interpreted.
教育研究人员和学校管理者经常评估从具有明显嵌套结构的横截面抽样设计中收集的学术成果,例如当学生嵌套在学校中时。最近,人们的兴趣集中在学术成果的纵向收集上,以评估学生在不同时间的成长。在纵向背景下,反复测量的学术成果嵌套在一个学生身上。纵向数据的正确分析需要层次线性模型来量化嵌套抽样结构在学生内部产生的额外相关性。在本文中,我们介绍了用于量化和预测重复测量连续数学成绩结果的学生之间差异的层次线性模型。这篇介绍是作为我们经常与缺乏纵向数据分层线性模型统计训练的个人进行的对话的代表。具体来说,我们涵盖了为什么重复测量ANOVA可能并不总是合适的,如何使用分层线性模型来量化学生之间的变化差异,以及如何正确建模和解释学生和场合水平的预测因子。
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引用次数: 2
The statistical analysis of count data / El análisis estadístico de los datos de recuento 统计数据的统计分析/统计数据的分析
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1368162
J. Hilbe
Abstract This monograph provides an overview of the various regression models used to analyse count response models. We begin by defining counts and the methods used to model count data. We then discuss the basic count model — Poisson regression — focusing on the nature of equi-dispersion, which occurs when the mean and variance are identical in value. Equi-dispersion is a distributional assumption of the Poisson model. We examine how to determine when this assumption is violated, which results in extra-dispersion; i.e., either under- or overdispersion. Extra-dispersion biases the Poisson model standard errors, leading us to accept or reject a model when we should not. The negative binomial model is generally used to model generic overdispersion, but if we know the cause of the overdispersion we can select an alternative count model that appropriately adjusts for it. The same is the case with under-dispersion. Aside from looking at the Poisson and negative binomial models, we also evaluate models such as generalized Poisson, Poisson inverse Gaussian, two-part hurdle models, zero-inflated mixture models and other varieties of count model. Finally, we provide a brief look at Bayesian count models, showing how to estimate a Bayesian negative binomial model.
摘要:本专著概述了用于分析计数响应模型的各种回归模型。我们首先定义计数和用于对计数数据建模的方法。然后,我们讨论了基本计数模型-泊松回归-集中于等分散的性质,当平均值和方差的值相同时发生。等色散是泊松模型的一个分布假设。我们研究了如何确定何时违反了这一假设,从而导致额外的分散;即,分散不足或分散过度。额外色散偏差会影响泊松模型的标准误差,导致我们在不应该接受或拒绝一个模型的时候接受或拒绝它。负二项模型通常用于模拟一般的过度分散,但如果我们知道过度分散的原因,我们可以选择一个替代的计数模型来适当地调整它。欠分散的情况也是如此。除了研究泊松模型和负二项模型外,我们还评估了广义泊松模型、泊松逆高斯模型、两部分障碍模型、零膨胀混合模型和其他种类的计数模型。最后,我们简要介绍贝叶斯计数模型,展示如何估计贝叶斯负二项模型。
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引用次数: 26
Advanced statistical modelling ideas, a challenge for research in culture and education / Ideas sobre modelos estadísticos avanzados: un desafío para la investigación en cultura y educación
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1368163
Amir Hefetz, Gabriel Liberman, Naymé-Daniela Salas
Abstract The availability of computerized statistical packages allows us to plug in our data and to expect a set of estimates, which we can communicate in our final research report. However, statistical software is not an end; it is only the means. Our responsibility as researchers is to develop a set of arguments that explain why our final methodological choice is the better one, which will yield reliable answers for the study questions within the theoretical setting. Journals of all types require authors to deploy innovative statistical models when analysing collected data. Yet, the problem of advanced modelling strategies still remains — authors disregard key assumptions, choose the wrong analytical strategies and are not aware of alternative strategies to support or reject their hypotheses. This special issue provides readers with a reference framework for some of the most common methodological concerns. The articles included in this monographic issue deal with relatable scenarios and offer state-of-the-art statistical approaches to data treatment. We are confident that this special issue will be extremely useful to past and future authors of Cultura y Educación, and we hope it will increase the quality of the papers published by the journal.
计算机化统计软件包的可用性使我们能够插入我们的数据并期望一组估计,我们可以在最终的研究报告中进行交流。然而,统计软件并不是终点;这只是手段。作为研究人员,我们的责任是提出一套论证,解释为什么我们最终的方法论选择是更好的,这将在理论设置中为研究问题提供可靠的答案。所有类型的期刊都要求作者在分析收集到的数据时采用创新的统计模型。然而,高级建模策略的问题仍然存在——作者忽视关键假设,选择错误的分析策略,并且不知道支持或拒绝他们的假设的替代策略。本期特刊为读者提供了一些最常见的方法关注点的参考框架。本专题中包含的文章处理相关场景,并提供最先进的数据处理统计方法。我们相信,这一期特刊将对《文化》(Educación)的过去和未来的作者非常有用,我们希望它将提高该杂志发表的论文的质量。
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引用次数: 2
Applying structural equation modelling in educational research / La aplicación del modelo de ecuación estructural en las investigaciones educativas 结构方程模型在教育研究中的应用/结构方程模型在教育研究中的应用
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1367907
Jichuan Wang, Amir Hefetz, Gabriel Liberman
Abstract Structural equation modelling (SEM) is a comprehensive and flexible statistical technique for testing complex relationships between variables, including both observed variables and latent variables (constructs or factors), with multiple pathways. In the past two decades, SEM has quickly pervaded in various research fields, such as psychology, sociology, education, economics, etc. This study provides a brief non-mathematical introduction to SEM for educational researchers who are interested in SEM but do not have advanced statistical backgrounds. This study presents the basic concepts of SEM, describes the steps of SEM implementation and discusses some issues that are often encountered in SEM applications. Examples of measurement model (confirmatory factor analysis, CFA) and general structural equation model are demonstrated, using real educational research data. Computer program Mplus was applied for modelling; the programming syntax and selected output for the example models are included.
结构方程建模(SEM)是一种全面而灵活的统计技术,用于测试变量之间的复杂关系,包括观察变量和潜在变量(结构或因素),具有多种途径。在过去的二十年里,扫描电镜已经迅速渗透到各个研究领域,如心理学、社会学、教育学、经济学等。本研究为对扫描电镜感兴趣但没有高级统计背景的教育研究人员提供了一个简短的非数学介绍。本文介绍了扫描电镜的基本概念,描述了扫描电镜的实现步骤,并讨论了扫描电镜应用中经常遇到的一些问题。利用真实的教育研究数据,给出了验证性因子分析模型和一般结构方程模型的实例。采用计算机程序Mplus进行建模;包括示例模型的编程语法和选择的输出。
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引用次数: 33
The factor analysis procedure for exploration: a short guide with examples / El análisis factorial exploratorio: una guía breve con ejemplos 探索的因子分析过程:带有示例的简短指南/ El análisis factorial exploratoro: una guía breve conejemplos
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1365425
Amir Hefetz, Gabriel Liberman
Abstract Surveys and tests contain multiple test items, sets of repeated tests or multiple survey questions. Commonly, these units are arranged within instruments subject to varying contexts of tests or questions. The analyst’s goal is to discover communalities across these items such that items can be reduced down to common meaningful factors. We provide a literature review that supports our further choice between exploratory analytical models for analysing empirical data and for building a guide to interpreting results. The purpose of this research is to provide a methodological and systematic framework for researchers who consider exploratory analyses. Following a comparison between factor extraction methods, we suggest various approaches to look at the association between the original variables and the factor, as well as correlations between factors. Our empirical case study data is a survey instrument of 19 items from a questionnaire developed by the Branco Weiss Institute in Israel, for evaluating at-risk high school and intermediate school students. Properties of the data such as the sample size, the quality of data by means of distribution patterns and extreme values, and correlations between the original items are considered. We argue that a concurrent integration of two fundamental processes — the empirical model fit and the substantive meaning — are essential in the process of implementing exploratory analysis results. The main conclusion is that the process of exploring latent factors needs an allocation of analytical resources, similar to other statistical modelling practices. Data and context mutually function as the platform for arriving at the optimal number of factors and their item composition. The exploratory factor analysis is a powerful tool for researchers who are ready to operate this tool properly.
调查和测试包含多个测试项目、重复测试集或多个调查问题。通常,这些单元被安排在仪器中,以适应不同的测试环境或问题。分析人员的目标是发现这些项目之间的共性,以便将项目简化为有意义的公共因素。我们提供了一篇文献综述,支持我们在分析经验数据的探索性分析模型和建立解释结果的指南之间的进一步选择。本研究的目的是为考虑探索性分析的研究人员提供一个方法论和系统的框架。在对因素提取方法进行比较之后,我们提出了各种方法来查看原始变量与因素之间的关联以及因素之间的相关性。我们的实证案例研究数据来自于以色列Branco Weiss研究所开发的19项问卷调查工具,用于评估有风险的高中和初中学生。数据的性质,如样本量、分布模式和极值的数据质量以及原始项目之间的相关性都被考虑在内。我们认为,在实施探索性分析结果的过程中,两个基本过程-经验模型拟合和实质性意义-的并行整合是必不可少的。主要结论是,探索潜在因素的过程需要分配分析资源,类似于其他统计建模实践。数据和上下文相互作用,作为达到最佳数量的因素和它们的项目组成的平台。探索性因素分析是一个强大的工具,为研究人员准备好正确操作这一工具。
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引用次数: 21
Missing data — mechanisms and possible solutions / Datos ausentes: mecanismos y posibles soluciones 缺失的数据机制和可能的解决方案/ Datos ausentes:可能解决方案的机制
Pub Date : 2017-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1365426
H. Bar
Abstract One of the most common problems facing empirical researchers is when a portion of the data is missing. We will review three different types of ‘missingness’, namely missing completely at random, missing at random and missing not at random, and we will discuss how missing data can affect data analysis. We review methods to deal with missing data, including the simple ‘complete-case analysis’ approach, in which we only use the observations in the data set for which all the data is available, and the more sophisticated ‘multiple imputation’ approach, in which we repeat the analysis using multiple (completed) copies of the data set, and obtain the estimates of interest by averaging across all analyses. We will demonstrate how to implement solutions to missing data and review the limitations of the methods.
经验研究人员面临的最常见的问题之一是当数据的一部分丢失。我们将回顾三种不同类型的“缺失”,即完全随机缺失,随机缺失和非随机缺失,我们将讨论缺失数据如何影响数据分析。我们回顾了处理缺失数据的方法,包括简单的“完整案例分析”方法,在这种方法中,我们只使用所有数据可用的数据集中的观察结果,以及更复杂的“多重imputation”方法,在这种方法中,我们使用数据集的多个(完整的)副本重复分析,并通过平均所有分析来获得感兴趣的估计。我们将演示如何实现丢失数据的解决方案,并回顾这些方法的局限性。
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引用次数: 17
Main determinants of immigrant families’ involvement and participation in school life / Principales determinantes de la implicación y participación de las familias inmigrantes en la escuela 移民家庭参与和参与学校生活的主要决定因素/移民家庭参与和参与学校生活的主要决定因素
Pub Date : 2017-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1305074
M. Lorenzo-Moledo, A. Godás-Otero, Miguel A. Santos-Rego
Abstract This work is focused on deepening our understanding of family actions when participating in school life and of the intensity of their involvement with the school work that their children perform, or should perform, at home. Specifically, this study examines whether there is a relationship between family participation and involvement, what are the situations that characterize the differential performance of fathers and mothers; an analysis is also carried out of each situation to identify which elements determine their participation or involvement behaviour. To this end, the sample consisted of 279 subjects from Latin America with children enrolled in the fifth or sixth grades of primary education. The results show that involvement and participation are independent phenomena, that mothers are more involved and participate more in their children’s school life, and that the elements determining these two actions are different for both mothers and fathers.
这项工作的重点是加深我们对家庭参与学校生活时的行为的理解,以及他们参与孩子在家完成或应该完成的学校作业的强度。具体而言,本研究考察了家庭参与和家庭投入之间是否存在关系,父亲和母亲在哪些情况下表现出差异;还对每种情况进行分析,以确定哪些因素决定了他们的参与或参与行为。为此,样本包括来自拉丁美洲的279名受试者,他们的孩子就读于小学五年级或六年级。结果表明,参与和参与是独立的现象,母亲对孩子学校生活的参与和参与程度更高,决定这两种行为的因素对母亲和父亲来说都是不同的。
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引用次数: 7
Application of a lexical-semantic intervention programme for students with Specific Language Impairment / Aplicación de un programa de intervención léxico-semántica en alumnado con Trastorno Específico del Lenguaje 特定语言障碍学生词汇语义干预方案的应用/特定语言障碍学生词汇语义干预方案的应用
Pub Date : 2017-04-03 DOI: 10.1080/11356405.2017.1305073
Ángeles Axpe, V. Acosta, A.Mª. Moreno, G. Ramírez
Abstract The aim of this research has been to test the efficacy of an intervention programme on lexical-semantic problems in children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). The sample consisted of 34 children diagnosed with SLI and 34 children with typical language development, all enrolled in different schools on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). For the selection of the sample, CELF-3, Peabody, ITPA Auditory Association and Visual Association subtests and the K-BIT IQ tests were used. The intervention programme consisted of 72 sessions of 30 minutes each, using noun and action naming activities along with conversation and categorization tasks in order to increase vocabulary and improve lexical semantic competence. Significant results were achieved in aspects related to the acquisition of vocabulary as well as in lexical semantics or related terms. The educational implications are clear insofar as lexical-semantic aspects are key in terms of activating other linguistic components and in improving the academic progress of SLI students.
摘要本研究的目的是测试一种干预方案对特殊语言障碍儿童词汇语义问题的效果。样本包括34名被诊断为特殊语言障碍的儿童和34名语言发育正常的儿童,他们都就读于特内里费岛(西班牙加那利群岛)的不同学校。样本的选择采用了CELF-3、Peabody、ITPA听觉关联子测试和视觉关联子测试以及K-BIT智商测试。干预方案包括72节,每节30分钟,使用名词和动作命名活动以及对话和分类任务,以增加词汇量和提高词汇语义能力。在词汇习得的相关方面以及词汇语义或相关术语方面都取得了显著的成果。教育意义是明确的,因为词汇语义方面是激活其他语言成分和提高特殊语言学生学业进步的关键。
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引用次数: 0
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Cultura y Educación
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