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Effects of estradiol benzoate and MER-25 on ethanol consumption in the ovariectomized rat. 苯甲酸雌二醇和MER-25对去卵巢大鼠乙醇消耗的影响。
Pub Date : 1982-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077913
D Sandberg, J Stewart

Daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) administered to ovariectomized rats given continuous access to a 10% ethanol solution, to water, and to laboratory chow led to decreases in ethanol consumption. The suppression was transient; ethanol consumption returned to the level of oil-treated control animals after 14 days despite continued hormone administration. This pattern of change in ethanol consumption closely resembled previously reported effects of EB on food intake. It is proposed that a common mechanism was responsible for EB-induced suppression of both food and ethanol intake. Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which antagonizes many estrogen-dependent effects but which mimics the action of EB on food intake, also led to decreases in ethanol consumption that paralleled those reported for food intake. These behavioral effects of EB and MEr-25 were shown not to be due to altered ethanol metabolism or to result from malaise developing out of an interaction between EB and ethanol. It is thus suggested that voluntary consumption of ethanol by the rat is largely due to its caloric content. The relevance of these results for several recent reports of decreased ethanol intake during pregnancy is discussed.

每日注射雌二醇苯甲酸酯(EB)给卵巢切除的大鼠,连续给予10%的乙醇溶液,水和实验室饲料,导致乙醇消耗减少。这种抑制是短暂的;尽管继续使用激素,但14天后乙醇消耗量恢复到油处理对照动物的水平。乙醇消耗的这种变化模式与先前报道的EB对食物摄入的影响非常相似。我们提出了一个共同的机制是负责eb诱导的食物和乙醇摄入的抑制。乙胺三酚,MER-25,可以对抗许多雌激素依赖的作用,但它模仿EB对食物摄入的作用,也会导致乙醇消耗的减少,这与报道的食物摄入的减少相似。EB和MEr-25的这些行为影响被证明不是由于乙醇代谢的改变,也不是由于EB和乙醇相互作用引起的不适。由此可见,大鼠对乙醇的自愿消耗在很大程度上取决于其热量含量。这些结果的相关性,最近的几个报告减少乙醇摄入量在怀孕期间进行了讨论。
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引用次数: 18
Age-dependent improvement in passive avoidance learning of the young chick: cholinergic mediation? 雏鸡被动回避学习的年龄依赖性改善:胆碱能介导?
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077900
J F Zolman, B A Mattingly

Cholinergic mediation of the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick was studied by determining the performance of 4-day-old chicks, pretreated with scopolamine, during passive avoidance (PA) and extinction testing. In Experiment 1, chicks were trained briefly to key peck for heat reward (prepunishment training), and then tested for PA learning under immediate, 2-sec-delayed, or no shock condition. Half of the chicks in each wing-shock (5 mA, 5 sec) condition received saline injections before prepunishment training and .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections after prepunishment training. The rest of the chicks received .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections both before and after prepunishment training. For chicks in both scopolamine groups, delaying shock onset resulted in significantly less response suppression than immediate response-contingent shock. In Experiment 2, 4-day-old chicks injected with either saline or scopolamine were trained to key peck for heat reward and then tested for resistance to extinction under either response-contingent shock or nonshock conditions. Punishment decreased the number of extinction responses for both saline and scopolamine groups of chicks. Previous studies have shown that normal 1-day-old chicks do not show a significant delay of punishment effect during PA testing and that response-contingent punishment increases the number of their responses during extinction. Hence, the results of the present experiments indicate that the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick cannot be explained solely by a significant increase in central cholinergic functioning.

通过测定经东莨菪碱预处理的4日龄雏鸡在被动回避(PA)和消失试验中的表现,研究了胆碱能对雏鸡反应抑制的年龄依赖性改善的介导作用。在实验1中,先对雏鸡进行短暂的按键啄热奖励训练(预惩罚训练),然后在即时、2秒延迟和无电击条件下进行PA学习测试。在预罚训练前,各有一半的雏鸡接受生理盐水注射,预罚训练后接受0.5 mg/kg东莨菪碱注射。其余雏鸡在惩罚训练前后分别注射0.5 mg/kg东莨菪碱。对于两个东莨菪碱组的雏鸡,延迟休克发作导致的反应抑制明显小于立即反应引起的休克。在实验2中,4日龄雏鸡分别注射生理盐水或东莨菪碱进行热奖励键啄训练,然后在反应偶然性休克和非休克条件下测试其抵抗灭绝的能力。惩罚降低了盐水组和东莨菪碱组雏鸡的灭绝反应次数。先前的研究表明,正常1日龄雏鸡在PA测试中没有表现出明显的惩罚效应延迟,反应-偶然惩罚增加了它们在灭绝过程中的反应次数。因此,本实验结果表明,雏鸡反应抑制的年龄依赖性改善不能仅仅通过中枢胆碱能功能的显着增加来解释。
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引用次数: 2
Conditioned suppression of humoral immunity in the rat. 大鼠体液免疫的条件抑制。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077887
R Ader, N Cohen, D Bovbjerg

Rats were conditioned by pairing consumption of a novel sodium saccharin drinking solution with the effects of an ip injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug. Five and ten days after conditioning, an experimental group of conditioned animals (Group CS) was reexposed to the saccharin drinking solution. Control animals (Group CSo) were conditioned but were not reexposed to saccharin. On Day 10, 15, or 25 after conditioning, animals were injected ip with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and independent subgroups were sampled for hemagglutinating antibody titer 4, 6, or 8 days later. There was a significant effect of sample time (antibody titers 4 days after immunization were lower than values observed 6 and 8 days after immunization) and a significant effect of treatment; conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had an attenuated antibody response. There were no significant differences between Group CSo and a group of placebo-treated animals, but conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had lower antibody titers than placebo-treated animals 4, 6, and 8 days after antigenic stimulation. These differences are more pervasive than those previously reported and suggest that reexposure to a CS may have long-lasting effects. More generally, these data provide further documentation of conditioned immunopharmacologic effects and the impact of behavioral factors in modifying immunologic reactivity.

通过将一种新型糖精钠饮用溶液与免疫抑制药物环磷酰胺(75 mg/kg)的ip注射作用配对来调节大鼠。预处理后第5天和第10天,实验组(CS组)再次接触糖精饮用液。对照动物(CSo组)是有条件的,但没有再次暴露于糖精。在调理后的第10、15或25天,给动物注射绵羊红细胞(SRBC),并在4、6或8天后对独立亚组进行血凝抗体滴度采样。样品时间的影响显著(免疫后4天抗体滴度低于免疫后6天和8天观察到的值),治疗的影响显著;条件动物再次暴露于CS的抗体反应减弱。CSo组与安慰剂治疗组之间没有显著差异,但在抗原刺激后4、6和8天,再次暴露于CS的条件动物的抗体滴度低于安慰剂治疗动物。这些差异比以前报道的更为普遍,表明再次接触CS可能会产生长期影响。更一般地说,这些数据进一步证明了条件免疫药理学效应和行为因素在改变免疫反应性方面的影响。
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引用次数: 71
Predictability, control, and the pituitary-adrenal response in rats. 大鼠的可预测性、控制和垂体-肾上腺反应。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077892
H Davis, S Levine

Five experiments were performed to compare to effects of signaled and unsignaled shock on the pituitary-adrenal response of rats. In Experimental 1, exposure to the two procedures yielded no difference in plasma corticosterone levels. In Experiment 2, the addition of a food-reinforced lever-pressing baseline produced conditioned suppression in the signaled condition but bo group difference in steroid values. In Experiment 3, in order to guard against steroid elevations produced by exposure to shock per se, blood samples were obtained during brief test sessions prior to the occurrence of shock. The procedure resulted in a significant elevation in the steroid levels of the signaled shock group. In Experiment 4, a within-subjects sampling procedure revealed that disparate group steroid values obtained earlier in the session had converged by the end of the test session. The final experiment replicated the original failure to obtain a steroid difference due to predictability in the absence of a behavioral baseline, despite the fact that blood samples were obtained by using the early "probe" sampling procedure. Collectively, these results suggest that (a) the effects of predictability are largely seen in the temporal pattern of steroid elevation and not in their terminal values, (b) the effects of predictability on steroids are modulated by the availability of control, and (c) control is not confined to the stimulus that is being predicted.

通过5个实验比较了信号性和非信号性电击对大鼠垂体-肾上腺反应的影响。在实验1中,暴露于两种程序中血浆皮质酮水平没有差异。在实验2中,添加食物增强的杠杆按压基线在信号条件下产生条件抑制,但在类固醇值上没有组间差异。在实验3中,为了防止暴露于休克本身产生的类固醇升高,在休克发生之前的短暂测试期间获得血液样本。这个过程导致信号休克组的类固醇水平显著升高。在实验4中,受试者内部抽样程序显示,在测试阶段早期获得的不同组类固醇值在测试阶段结束时趋于一致。尽管血液样本是通过使用早期的“探针”取样程序获得的,但由于缺乏行为基线的可预测性,最终的实验重复了最初的失败,即无法获得类固醇差异。总的来说,这些结果表明:(a)可预测性的影响主要体现在类固醇升高的时间模式中,而不是在它们的最终值中;(b)可预测性对类固醇的影响是由控制的可用性调节的;(c)控制并不局限于正在预测的刺激。
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引用次数: 68
Effects of hepatic denervation on the anorexic response to epinephrine, amphetamine, and lithium chloride: a behavioral identification of glucostatic afferents. 肝去神经支配对肾上腺素、安非他命和氯化锂的厌食反应的影响:一种葡萄糖抑制传入的行为识别。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077890
M G Tordoff, D Novin, M Russek

Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (20, 40, 80, and 160 microgram/kg) and amphetamine (.1, .2, and .4 mg/kg) were administered to rats with various forms of hepatic denervation. In Experiment 1, destruction of the esophageal trunks of the vagus attenuated epinephrine and amphetamine anorexia, but destruction of the hepatic vagus did not. In Experiment 2, rats with celiac ganglionectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the combined operation all exhibited decreased epinephrine anorexia to the same extent. However, ganglionectomized rats were less responsive to amphetamine anorexia than were vagotomized ones. Vagotomized rats were significantly more reactive to lithium chloride (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) than were controls. These results suggest that the major component of hepatic metabolic afferent fibers travels from the liver, through the celiac ganglion, and into the esophageal vagal trunks where they ascend to the brain. The anorexic action of amphetamine appears to result from a centrally induced sympathetic action on the liver.

腹腔注射肾上腺素(20、40、80和160微克/公斤)和安非他明(160微克/公斤)。1、0.2和0.4 mg/kg)给予不同形式的肝去神经大鼠。在实验1中,迷走神经食管干的破坏可减轻肾上腺素和安非他命厌食症,而肝迷走神经的破坏则无此作用。实验2中,腹腔神经节切除术、膈下迷走神经切开术或联合手术大鼠均出现相同程度的肾上腺素厌食下降。然而,神经节切除的大鼠对安非他命厌食症的反应要低于迷走神经切除的大鼠。迷走神经切除大鼠对氯化锂(10、20和30 mg/kg)的反应明显高于对照组。这些结果表明,肝脏代谢传入纤维的主要成分从肝脏出发,通过腹腔神经节,进入食管迷走神经干,然后上升到大脑。安非他明的厌食作用似乎是由中枢诱导的肝脏交感作用引起的。
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引用次数: 30
Social stimulation of reproductive development in male deer mice housed on a short-day photoperiod. 短日光照条件下雄性鹿鼠生殖发育的社会刺激。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077891
J M Whitsett, A D Lawton

Male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), born of mothers housed on a long-day (LD) photoperiod (15:9 hr light/dark), were either switched to a short-day (SD) photoperiod (6:18 hr) at birth or continued on their prenatal LD photoperiod. From weaning until 6 wk of age, the males were housed either in cohabitation with an adult female or in social isolation. Males reared on an SD photoperiod had smaller testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral sebaceous glands than did males reared on LD. Postweaning exposure of SD meals to females stimulated reproductive organ growth as measured at 6 wk of age. Both photic and social stimuli regulate reproductive development in male deer mice. Positive social cues can stimulate maturation even in the presence of negative photic cues.

雄性鹿鼠(Peromyscus maniculatus)由长日(LD)光周期(15:9小时明暗)的母鼠所生,在出生时被切换到短日(SD)光周期(6:18小时)或继续其产前LD光周期。从断奶到6周龄,雄鼠要么与成年母鼠同居,要么与社会隔离。在SD光周期下饲养的雄性比在LD下饲养的雄性的睾丸、精囊和腹侧皮脂腺更小。断奶后给雌性喂食SD食物刺激了生殖器官的生长,在6周龄时进行了测量。光刺激和社会刺激共同调节雄性鹿小鼠的生殖发育。积极的社会线索即使在消极的光线索存在的情况下也能刺激成熟。
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引用次数: 38
DSP4 (N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), a new noradrenaline neurotoxin, and stimulus conditions affecting acquisition of two-way active avoidance. DSP4 (n -2-氯乙基- n -乙基-2-溴苄胺),一种新的去甲肾上腺素神经毒素,以及影响双向主动回避获得的刺激条件。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077896
T Archer

Several stimulus (conditioned stimulus [CS] and unconditioned stimulus) variables known to affect the rate of acquisition of the two-way active avoidance task were investigated in rats treated with the novel selective noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 (50 mg/kg, ip). Although the DSP4 rats did not demonstrate the linear relation between CS duration and avoidance acquisition to the same extent as the control rats, their avoidance performance was as drastically disrupted as that of the controls both by preexposure to the CS and by increasing levels of shock intensity. The DSP4 rats also evidenced fear retention for the shuttle box cues previously associated with inescapable shocks to as marked a degree as control rats. Biochemical data indicated profound noradrenaline depletion in the cortex and hippocampus and a lesser depletion in the hypothalamus. It seems unlikely that the small serotonin depletions evidenced here can account for the avoidance deficits. The present findings offer a behavioral characterization of the consistent DSP4-induced impairment of two-way active avoidance acquisition.

用新型选择性去甲肾上腺素神经毒素DSP4 (50 mg/kg, ip)治疗大鼠,研究了几种已知影响双向主动回避任务获得率的刺激(条件刺激[CS]和非条件刺激)变量。尽管DSP4大鼠在CS持续时间和回避获得之间没有表现出与对照大鼠相同的线性关系,但由于预暴露于CS和增加电击强度水平,它们的回避表现与对照一样受到严重破坏。DSP4大鼠对先前与不可避免的电击相关的穿梭盒线索的恐惧保留程度与对照大鼠一样明显。生化数据表明,皮质和海马体的去甲肾上腺素消耗严重,下丘脑的去甲肾上腺素消耗较少。这里所证明的少量血清素消耗似乎不太可能解释回避缺陷。本研究结果提供了一致性dsp4诱导的双向主动回避习得障碍的行为特征。
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引用次数: 46
Memory and septo-hippocampal connections in rats. 大鼠的记忆和中隔海马连接。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077895
G J Thomas, G N Brito, D P Stein, J K Berko

Operated control rats and rats with small lesions in the medial septal region were tested for postoperative retention and transfer learning in a pulse-shaped elevated maze. Both maze problems were, in an empirical sense, spatial. Only when the rats worked on an alteration problem with start box reversals between sessions could the performance be characterized as depending on working memory. It was the working-memory conditions that sustained lesion-induced impairment on the tests of retention and transfer learning, and the lesion-induced behavioral impairment did not ameliorate during the four additional training sessions. Performance on problems that could be solved by reference-memory mechanisms was not impaired by the lesions. The small, but effective, lesions in the medial septal region were presumed to have severed a substantial number of connections comprising the major anterior input from the septum to the hippocampus but to have left intact much of the anterior hippocampal efferents. It is concluded that spatial cognitive mapping is crucially dependent on a basis capability for working memory which, in turn, depends on circuitry involving connections from septal region to hippocampus.

采用脉冲型高架迷宫,对手术后的对照组大鼠和内隔小损伤大鼠进行了术后保留和转移学习测试。从经验意义上讲,这两个迷宫问题都是空间问题。只有当大鼠在两个会话之间的起始框反转的改变问题上工作时,表现才能被描述为依赖于工作记忆。在保留和迁移学习测试中,工作记忆条件维持了损伤性损伤,而在另外四次训练中,损伤性行为损伤没有得到改善。在可以通过参考记忆机制解决的问题上的表现不受病变的影响。中隔区域的小而有效的损伤被认为切断了大量的连接,包括从中隔到海马体的主要前输入,但保留了大部分海马前传出神经。由此得出结论,空间认知映射在很大程度上依赖于工作记忆的基本能力,而工作记忆又依赖于从间隔区到海马体的连接回路。
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引用次数: 24
Effects of paleocerebellar lesions on DRL performance in the albino rat. 老年小脑病变对白化大鼠DRL表现的影响。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077893
W T Kirk, G G Berntson, D Hothersall

Normal rats and rats with paleocerebellar lesions were trained to bar press for food on continuous reinforcement (CRF) and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) schedules. The animals with lesions showed normal acquisition of the CRF schedule, but they exhibited a marked deficit on the DRL task. This deficit was related to overresponding which appeared to result from an inability to inhibit the response, rather than from a dysfunction in timing ability or motor capacity. The DRL deficit, however, was overcome by the introduction of a salient stimulus object (wood block) into the operant situation. Although no explicit reinforcement contingencies were placed on interaction with the stimulus object, it appeared that the wood block facilitated the development of "collateral" behaviors that served to mediate the DRL interval. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the cerebellum may contribute to the sequential organization of complex behaviors.

采用连续强化(CRF)和低反应率差异强化(DRL)两种方式训练正常大鼠和年老小脑病变大鼠进行杠压进食训练。有损伤的动物表现出对CRF时间表的正常获取,但它们在DRL任务上表现出明显的缺陷。这种缺陷与过度反应有关,过度反应似乎是由于无法抑制反应,而不是由于计时能力或运动能力的功能障碍。然而,在操作情境中引入显著刺激对象(木块)可以克服DRL缺陷。虽然没有明确的强化随因被置于与刺激对象的相互作用中,但木块似乎促进了“附带”行为的发展,这些行为有助于调节DRL间隔。这些结果与小脑可能有助于复杂行为的顺序组织的建议是一致的。
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引用次数: 21
Habituation of fright and arousal responses in the teleosts Carassius auratus and Rutilus rutilus. 鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和鹦鹉螺(Rutilus)惊吓和唤醒反应的习惯化。
Pub Date : 1982-06-01 DOI: 10.1037/h0077889
P R Laming, P Ennis

The habituation of fright and arousal responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) to the repeated operation of a plunger in the water was studied. The early response was of fright, which habituated, and the response characteristic of arousal appeared, which then habituated as well. Longer intervals between stimuli required more presentations of the stimulus for habituation to occur in goldfish. Roach required more presentations of the stimulus than goldfish for the responses to habituate, and telencephalic ablation severely impaired habituation of arousal, though not fright responses, in this species. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on arousal, habituation, and telencephalic function in fish.

研究了金鱼(Carassius auratus)和蟑螂(Rutilus Rutilus)对水中柱塞反复操作的恐惧和唤醒反应的习惯化。早期的反应是恐惧,习惯了,然后出现了兴奋的反应特征,然后也习惯了。刺激之间的间隔时间越长,金鱼就需要更多的刺激来适应。蟑螂需要比金鱼更多的刺激来适应,而端脑消融严重损害了这种物种唤醒的习惯化,尽管没有惊吓反应。这些结果与最近有关鱼的觉醒、习惯化和端脑功能的研究工作有关。
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引用次数: 30
期刊
Journal of comparative and physiological psychology
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