Daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) administered to ovariectomized rats given continuous access to a 10% ethanol solution, to water, and to laboratory chow led to decreases in ethanol consumption. The suppression was transient; ethanol consumption returned to the level of oil-treated control animals after 14 days despite continued hormone administration. This pattern of change in ethanol consumption closely resembled previously reported effects of EB on food intake. It is proposed that a common mechanism was responsible for EB-induced suppression of both food and ethanol intake. Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which antagonizes many estrogen-dependent effects but which mimics the action of EB on food intake, also led to decreases in ethanol consumption that paralleled those reported for food intake. These behavioral effects of EB and MEr-25 were shown not to be due to altered ethanol metabolism or to result from malaise developing out of an interaction between EB and ethanol. It is thus suggested that voluntary consumption of ethanol by the rat is largely due to its caloric content. The relevance of these results for several recent reports of decreased ethanol intake during pregnancy is discussed.
{"title":"Effects of estradiol benzoate and MER-25 on ethanol consumption in the ovariectomized rat.","authors":"D Sandberg, J Stewart","doi":"10.1037/h0077913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077913","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Daily injections of estradiol benzoate (EB) administered to ovariectomized rats given continuous access to a 10% ethanol solution, to water, and to laboratory chow led to decreases in ethanol consumption. The suppression was transient; ethanol consumption returned to the level of oil-treated control animals after 14 days despite continued hormone administration. This pattern of change in ethanol consumption closely resembled previously reported effects of EB on food intake. It is proposed that a common mechanism was responsible for EB-induced suppression of both food and ethanol intake. Ethamoxytriphetol, MER-25, which antagonizes many estrogen-dependent effects but which mimics the action of EB on food intake, also led to decreases in ethanol consumption that paralleled those reported for food intake. These behavioral effects of EB and MEr-25 were shown not to be due to altered ethanol metabolism or to result from malaise developing out of an interaction between EB and ethanol. It is thus suggested that voluntary consumption of ethanol by the rat is largely due to its caloric content. The relevance of these results for several recent reports of decreased ethanol intake during pregnancy is discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":"96 4","pages":"635-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077913","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18135101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cholinergic mediation of the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick was studied by determining the performance of 4-day-old chicks, pretreated with scopolamine, during passive avoidance (PA) and extinction testing. In Experiment 1, chicks were trained briefly to key peck for heat reward (prepunishment training), and then tested for PA learning under immediate, 2-sec-delayed, or no shock condition. Half of the chicks in each wing-shock (5 mA, 5 sec) condition received saline injections before prepunishment training and .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections after prepunishment training. The rest of the chicks received .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections both before and after prepunishment training. For chicks in both scopolamine groups, delaying shock onset resulted in significantly less response suppression than immediate response-contingent shock. In Experiment 2, 4-day-old chicks injected with either saline or scopolamine were trained to key peck for heat reward and then tested for resistance to extinction under either response-contingent shock or nonshock conditions. Punishment decreased the number of extinction responses for both saline and scopolamine groups of chicks. Previous studies have shown that normal 1-day-old chicks do not show a significant delay of punishment effect during PA testing and that response-contingent punishment increases the number of their responses during extinction. Hence, the results of the present experiments indicate that the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick cannot be explained solely by a significant increase in central cholinergic functioning.
{"title":"Age-dependent improvement in passive avoidance learning of the young chick: cholinergic mediation?","authors":"J F Zolman, B A Mattingly","doi":"10.1037/h0077900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077900","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cholinergic mediation of the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick was studied by determining the performance of 4-day-old chicks, pretreated with scopolamine, during passive avoidance (PA) and extinction testing. In Experiment 1, chicks were trained briefly to key peck for heat reward (prepunishment training), and then tested for PA learning under immediate, 2-sec-delayed, or no shock condition. Half of the chicks in each wing-shock (5 mA, 5 sec) condition received saline injections before prepunishment training and .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections after prepunishment training. The rest of the chicks received .5 mg/kg scopolamine injections both before and after prepunishment training. For chicks in both scopolamine groups, delaying shock onset resulted in significantly less response suppression than immediate response-contingent shock. In Experiment 2, 4-day-old chicks injected with either saline or scopolamine were trained to key peck for heat reward and then tested for resistance to extinction under either response-contingent shock or nonshock conditions. Punishment decreased the number of extinction responses for both saline and scopolamine groups of chicks. Previous studies have shown that normal 1-day-old chicks do not show a significant delay of punishment effect during PA testing and that response-contingent punishment increases the number of their responses during extinction. Hence, the results of the present experiments indicate that the age-dependent improvement in response suppression of the young chick cannot be explained solely by a significant increase in central cholinergic functioning.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"423-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077900","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35361277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rats were conditioned by pairing consumption of a novel sodium saccharin drinking solution with the effects of an ip injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug. Five and ten days after conditioning, an experimental group of conditioned animals (Group CS) was reexposed to the saccharin drinking solution. Control animals (Group CSo) were conditioned but were not reexposed to saccharin. On Day 10, 15, or 25 after conditioning, animals were injected ip with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and independent subgroups were sampled for hemagglutinating antibody titer 4, 6, or 8 days later. There was a significant effect of sample time (antibody titers 4 days after immunization were lower than values observed 6 and 8 days after immunization) and a significant effect of treatment; conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had an attenuated antibody response. There were no significant differences between Group CSo and a group of placebo-treated animals, but conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had lower antibody titers than placebo-treated animals 4, 6, and 8 days after antigenic stimulation. These differences are more pervasive than those previously reported and suggest that reexposure to a CS may have long-lasting effects. More generally, these data provide further documentation of conditioned immunopharmacologic effects and the impact of behavioral factors in modifying immunologic reactivity.
{"title":"Conditioned suppression of humoral immunity in the rat.","authors":"R Ader, N Cohen, D Bovbjerg","doi":"10.1037/h0077887","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077887","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rats were conditioned by pairing consumption of a novel sodium saccharin drinking solution with the effects of an ip injection of 75 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive drug. Five and ten days after conditioning, an experimental group of conditioned animals (Group CS) was reexposed to the saccharin drinking solution. Control animals (Group CSo) were conditioned but were not reexposed to saccharin. On Day 10, 15, or 25 after conditioning, animals were injected ip with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), and independent subgroups were sampled for hemagglutinating antibody titer 4, 6, or 8 days later. There was a significant effect of sample time (antibody titers 4 days after immunization were lower than values observed 6 and 8 days after immunization) and a significant effect of treatment; conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had an attenuated antibody response. There were no significant differences between Group CSo and a group of placebo-treated animals, but conditioned animals reexposed to the CS had lower antibody titers than placebo-treated animals 4, 6, and 8 days after antigenic stimulation. These differences are more pervasive than those previously reported and suggest that reexposure to a CS may have long-lasting effects. More generally, these data provide further documentation of conditioned immunopharmacologic effects and the impact of behavioral factors in modifying immunologic reactivity.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"517-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077887","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35271184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Five experiments were performed to compare to effects of signaled and unsignaled shock on the pituitary-adrenal response of rats. In Experimental 1, exposure to the two procedures yielded no difference in plasma corticosterone levels. In Experiment 2, the addition of a food-reinforced lever-pressing baseline produced conditioned suppression in the signaled condition but bo group difference in steroid values. In Experiment 3, in order to guard against steroid elevations produced by exposure to shock per se, blood samples were obtained during brief test sessions prior to the occurrence of shock. The procedure resulted in a significant elevation in the steroid levels of the signaled shock group. In Experiment 4, a within-subjects sampling procedure revealed that disparate group steroid values obtained earlier in the session had converged by the end of the test session. The final experiment replicated the original failure to obtain a steroid difference due to predictability in the absence of a behavioral baseline, despite the fact that blood samples were obtained by using the early "probe" sampling procedure. Collectively, these results suggest that (a) the effects of predictability are largely seen in the temporal pattern of steroid elevation and not in their terminal values, (b) the effects of predictability on steroids are modulated by the availability of control, and (c) control is not confined to the stimulus that is being predicted.
{"title":"Predictability, control, and the pituitary-adrenal response in rats.","authors":"H Davis, S Levine","doi":"10.1037/h0077892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Five experiments were performed to compare to effects of signaled and unsignaled shock on the pituitary-adrenal response of rats. In Experimental 1, exposure to the two procedures yielded no difference in plasma corticosterone levels. In Experiment 2, the addition of a food-reinforced lever-pressing baseline produced conditioned suppression in the signaled condition but bo group difference in steroid values. In Experiment 3, in order to guard against steroid elevations produced by exposure to shock per se, blood samples were obtained during brief test sessions prior to the occurrence of shock. The procedure resulted in a significant elevation in the steroid levels of the signaled shock group. In Experiment 4, a within-subjects sampling procedure revealed that disparate group steroid values obtained earlier in the session had converged by the end of the test session. The final experiment replicated the original failure to obtain a steroid difference due to predictability in the absence of a behavioral baseline, despite the fact that blood samples were obtained by using the early \"probe\" sampling procedure. Collectively, these results suggest that (a) the effects of predictability are largely seen in the temporal pattern of steroid elevation and not in their terminal values, (b) the effects of predictability on steroids are modulated by the availability of control, and (c) control is not confined to the stimulus that is being predicted.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"393-404"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35361274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (20, 40, 80, and 160 microgram/kg) and amphetamine (.1, .2, and .4 mg/kg) were administered to rats with various forms of hepatic denervation. In Experiment 1, destruction of the esophageal trunks of the vagus attenuated epinephrine and amphetamine anorexia, but destruction of the hepatic vagus did not. In Experiment 2, rats with celiac ganglionectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the combined operation all exhibited decreased epinephrine anorexia to the same extent. However, ganglionectomized rats were less responsive to amphetamine anorexia than were vagotomized ones. Vagotomized rats were significantly more reactive to lithium chloride (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) than were controls. These results suggest that the major component of hepatic metabolic afferent fibers travels from the liver, through the celiac ganglion, and into the esophageal vagal trunks where they ascend to the brain. The anorexic action of amphetamine appears to result from a centrally induced sympathetic action on the liver.
{"title":"Effects of hepatic denervation on the anorexic response to epinephrine, amphetamine, and lithium chloride: a behavioral identification of glucostatic afferents.","authors":"M G Tordoff, D Novin, M Russek","doi":"10.1037/h0077890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077890","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intraperitoneal injections of epinephrine (20, 40, 80, and 160 microgram/kg) and amphetamine (.1, .2, and .4 mg/kg) were administered to rats with various forms of hepatic denervation. In Experiment 1, destruction of the esophageal trunks of the vagus attenuated epinephrine and amphetamine anorexia, but destruction of the hepatic vagus did not. In Experiment 2, rats with celiac ganglionectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the combined operation all exhibited decreased epinephrine anorexia to the same extent. However, ganglionectomized rats were less responsive to amphetamine anorexia than were vagotomized ones. Vagotomized rats were significantly more reactive to lithium chloride (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) than were controls. These results suggest that the major component of hepatic metabolic afferent fibers travels from the liver, through the celiac ganglion, and into the esophageal vagal trunks where they ascend to the brain. The anorexic action of amphetamine appears to result from a centrally induced sympathetic action on the liver.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":"96 3","pages":"361-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077890","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"17346547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), born of mothers housed on a long-day (LD) photoperiod (15:9 hr light/dark), were either switched to a short-day (SD) photoperiod (6:18 hr) at birth or continued on their prenatal LD photoperiod. From weaning until 6 wk of age, the males were housed either in cohabitation with an adult female or in social isolation. Males reared on an SD photoperiod had smaller testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral sebaceous glands than did males reared on LD. Postweaning exposure of SD meals to females stimulated reproductive organ growth as measured at 6 wk of age. Both photic and social stimuli regulate reproductive development in male deer mice. Positive social cues can stimulate maturation even in the presence of negative photic cues.
{"title":"Social stimulation of reproductive development in male deer mice housed on a short-day photoperiod.","authors":"J M Whitsett, A D Lawton","doi":"10.1037/h0077891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077891","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Male deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), born of mothers housed on a long-day (LD) photoperiod (15:9 hr light/dark), were either switched to a short-day (SD) photoperiod (6:18 hr) at birth or continued on their prenatal LD photoperiod. From weaning until 6 wk of age, the males were housed either in cohabitation with an adult female or in social isolation. Males reared on an SD photoperiod had smaller testes, seminal vesicles, and ventral sebaceous glands than did males reared on LD. Postweaning exposure of SD meals to females stimulated reproductive organ growth as measured at 6 wk of age. Both photic and social stimuli regulate reproductive development in male deer mice. Positive social cues can stimulate maturation even in the presence of negative photic cues.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"416-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077891","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35361276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several stimulus (conditioned stimulus [CS] and unconditioned stimulus) variables known to affect the rate of acquisition of the two-way active avoidance task were investigated in rats treated with the novel selective noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 (50 mg/kg, ip). Although the DSP4 rats did not demonstrate the linear relation between CS duration and avoidance acquisition to the same extent as the control rats, their avoidance performance was as drastically disrupted as that of the controls both by preexposure to the CS and by increasing levels of shock intensity. The DSP4 rats also evidenced fear retention for the shuttle box cues previously associated with inescapable shocks to as marked a degree as control rats. Biochemical data indicated profound noradrenaline depletion in the cortex and hippocampus and a lesser depletion in the hypothalamus. It seems unlikely that the small serotonin depletions evidenced here can account for the avoidance deficits. The present findings offer a behavioral characterization of the consistent DSP4-induced impairment of two-way active avoidance acquisition.
{"title":"DSP4 (N-2-chloroethyl-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine), a new noradrenaline neurotoxin, and stimulus conditions affecting acquisition of two-way active avoidance.","authors":"T Archer","doi":"10.1037/h0077896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several stimulus (conditioned stimulus [CS] and unconditioned stimulus) variables known to affect the rate of acquisition of the two-way active avoidance task were investigated in rats treated with the novel selective noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP4 (50 mg/kg, ip). Although the DSP4 rats did not demonstrate the linear relation between CS duration and avoidance acquisition to the same extent as the control rats, their avoidance performance was as drastically disrupted as that of the controls both by preexposure to the CS and by increasing levels of shock intensity. The DSP4 rats also evidenced fear retention for the shuttle box cues previously associated with inescapable shocks to as marked a degree as control rats. Biochemical data indicated profound noradrenaline depletion in the cortex and hippocampus and a lesser depletion in the hypothalamus. It seems unlikely that the small serotonin depletions evidenced here can account for the avoidance deficits. The present findings offer a behavioral characterization of the consistent DSP4-induced impairment of two-way active avoidance acquisition.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"476-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35271182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Operated control rats and rats with small lesions in the medial septal region were tested for postoperative retention and transfer learning in a pulse-shaped elevated maze. Both maze problems were, in an empirical sense, spatial. Only when the rats worked on an alteration problem with start box reversals between sessions could the performance be characterized as depending on working memory. It was the working-memory conditions that sustained lesion-induced impairment on the tests of retention and transfer learning, and the lesion-induced behavioral impairment did not ameliorate during the four additional training sessions. Performance on problems that could be solved by reference-memory mechanisms was not impaired by the lesions. The small, but effective, lesions in the medial septal region were presumed to have severed a substantial number of connections comprising the major anterior input from the septum to the hippocampus but to have left intact much of the anterior hippocampal efferents. It is concluded that spatial cognitive mapping is crucially dependent on a basis capability for working memory which, in turn, depends on circuitry involving connections from septal region to hippocampus.
{"title":"Memory and septo-hippocampal connections in rats.","authors":"G J Thomas, G N Brito, D P Stein, J K Berko","doi":"10.1037/h0077895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077895","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Operated control rats and rats with small lesions in the medial septal region were tested for postoperative retention and transfer learning in a pulse-shaped elevated maze. Both maze problems were, in an empirical sense, spatial. Only when the rats worked on an alteration problem with start box reversals between sessions could the performance be characterized as depending on working memory. It was the working-memory conditions that sustained lesion-induced impairment on the tests of retention and transfer learning, and the lesion-induced behavioral impairment did not ameliorate during the four additional training sessions. Performance on problems that could be solved by reference-memory mechanisms was not impaired by the lesions. The small, but effective, lesions in the medial septal region were presumed to have severed a substantial number of connections comprising the major anterior input from the septum to the hippocampus but to have left intact much of the anterior hippocampal efferents. It is concluded that spatial cognitive mapping is crucially dependent on a basis capability for working memory which, in turn, depends on circuitry involving connections from septal region to hippocampus.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"339-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077895","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35361272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal rats and rats with paleocerebellar lesions were trained to bar press for food on continuous reinforcement (CRF) and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) schedules. The animals with lesions showed normal acquisition of the CRF schedule, but they exhibited a marked deficit on the DRL task. This deficit was related to overresponding which appeared to result from an inability to inhibit the response, rather than from a dysfunction in timing ability or motor capacity. The DRL deficit, however, was overcome by the introduction of a salient stimulus object (wood block) into the operant situation. Although no explicit reinforcement contingencies were placed on interaction with the stimulus object, it appeared that the wood block facilitated the development of "collateral" behaviors that served to mediate the DRL interval. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the cerebellum may contribute to the sequential organization of complex behaviors.
{"title":"Effects of paleocerebellar lesions on DRL performance in the albino rat.","authors":"W T Kirk, G G Berntson, D Hothersall","doi":"10.1037/h0077893","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077893","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Normal rats and rats with paleocerebellar lesions were trained to bar press for food on continuous reinforcement (CRF) and differential reinforcement of low response rates (DRL) schedules. The animals with lesions showed normal acquisition of the CRF schedule, but they exhibited a marked deficit on the DRL task. This deficit was related to overresponding which appeared to result from an inability to inhibit the response, rather than from a dysfunction in timing ability or motor capacity. The DRL deficit, however, was overcome by the introduction of a salient stimulus object (wood block) into the operant situation. Although no explicit reinforcement contingencies were placed on interaction with the stimulus object, it appeared that the wood block facilitated the development of \"collateral\" behaviors that served to mediate the DRL interval. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the cerebellum may contribute to the sequential organization of complex behaviors.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"348-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077893","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35361273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The habituation of fright and arousal responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) to the repeated operation of a plunger in the water was studied. The early response was of fright, which habituated, and the response characteristic of arousal appeared, which then habituated as well. Longer intervals between stimuli required more presentations of the stimulus for habituation to occur in goldfish. Roach required more presentations of the stimulus than goldfish for the responses to habituate, and telencephalic ablation severely impaired habituation of arousal, though not fright responses, in this species. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on arousal, habituation, and telencephalic function in fish.
{"title":"Habituation of fright and arousal responses in the teleosts Carassius auratus and Rutilus rutilus.","authors":"P R Laming, P Ennis","doi":"10.1037/h0077889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077889","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The habituation of fright and arousal responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and roach (Rutilus rutilus) to the repeated operation of a plunger in the water was studied. The early response was of fright, which habituated, and the response characteristic of arousal appeared, which then habituated as well. Longer intervals between stimuli required more presentations of the stimulus for habituation to occur in goldfish. Roach required more presentations of the stimulus than goldfish for the responses to habituate, and telencephalic ablation severely impaired habituation of arousal, though not fright responses, in this species. The results are discussed in relation to recent work on arousal, habituation, and telencephalic function in fish.</p>","PeriodicalId":15394,"journal":{"name":"Journal of comparative and physiological psychology","volume":" ","pages":"460-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1982-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/h0077889","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35271181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}