The focus of this paper is the process by which strategic trade policy is implemented. Due to an institutional structure under which democratic government is responsive to pressure groups, strategic trade policy may include strong protectionist elements. While the objective of strategic trade policy is to promote new frm-specific advantages for chosen industries, in practice a type of corporate "shelter" results. In terms of the strategic management literature we find that there is a type of "administrative heritage" in government policy making that hinders the implementation of effective strategic trade policy. From the viewpoint of both corporate strategy and public policy, we find that the result is neither efficient nor effective.
{"title":"Strategic Trade Policy is not Good Strategy","authors":"A. Rugman, A. Verbeke","doi":"10.15057/5895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5895","url":null,"abstract":"The focus of this paper is the process by which strategic trade policy is implemented. Due to an institutional structure under which democratic government is responsive to pressure groups, strategic trade policy may include strong protectionist elements. While the objective of strategic trade policy is to promote new frm-specific advantages for chosen industries, in practice a type of corporate \"shelter\" results. In terms of the strategic management literature we find that there is a type of \"administrative heritage\" in government policy making that hinders the implementation of effective strategic trade policy. From the viewpoint of both corporate strategy and public policy, we find that the result is neither efficient nor effective.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126012424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Relative and Incremental Information Content of Consolidated Earnings Data","authors":"Kunio Ito","doi":"10.15057/5896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5896","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126649724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of personnel management in Japanese business enterprises after the Second World War, and, specifically, after the Korean War (1950-1953). When we look at the historical development of Japanese personnel management in retrospect, we find that it has changed before and after 1965. To explain this more concretely, we will point out the transition of a Japanese personnel management system based on seniority to one based on ability. We can therefore look at the year 1965 as a kind of watershed in the history of Japanese management, because it was in that year that The Japan Federation of Employer's Association (Nippon Keieisha Dantai Renmei) held an annual general meeting and adopted the resolution that Japanese industry replace the existing seniority-oriented management system with a system based on merit or ability.1 In 1973 Japan experienced the so-called "Oil Shock," which had a great impact on business. One can now look at the ~eriod before the oil shock as the stage of a "high growth economy" and the penod after the o I shock as a "low growth economy" We should keep in mind, however, that these changes have not lessened the need for the introduction of an ability-oriented personnel management system, but, in fact, have made it more imperative, even though we cannot deny that Japanese enterprises were forced to carry out radical changes when the period of high growth ended. In the following section we will first clarify the characteristics of Japanese personnel management in the period prior to 1965; that is, those of a seniority-b~sed personnel management system. We will then clarify the characteristics of an ability-based personnel management system in the periods of high and low growth. Lastly, we will turn our attention to "employee evaluation," which constitutes the core of the Japanese personnel management system and define the characteristics and problematic aspects of the system.
{"title":"Personnel Management in Japanese Business Enterprises","authors":"K. Murata","doi":"10.15057/5898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5898","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of personnel management in Japanese business enterprises after the Second World War, and, specifically, after the Korean War (1950-1953). When we look at the historical development of Japanese personnel management in retrospect, we find that it has changed before and after 1965. To explain this more concretely, we will point out the transition of a Japanese personnel management system based on seniority to one based on ability. We can therefore look at the year 1965 as a kind of watershed in the history of Japanese management, because it was in that year that The Japan Federation of Employer's Association (Nippon Keieisha Dantai Renmei) held an annual general meeting and adopted the resolution that Japanese industry replace the existing seniority-oriented management system with a system based on merit or ability.1 In 1973 Japan experienced the so-called \"Oil Shock,\" which had a great impact on business. One can now look at the ~eriod before the oil shock as the stage of a \"high growth economy\" and the penod after the o I shock as a \"low growth economy\" We should keep in mind, however, that these changes have not lessened the need for the introduction of an ability-oriented personnel management system, but, in fact, have made it more imperative, even though we cannot deny that Japanese enterprises were forced to carry out radical changes when the period of high growth ended. In the following section we will first clarify the characteristics of Japanese personnel management in the period prior to 1965; that is, those of a seniority-b~sed personnel management system. We will then clarify the characteristics of an ability-based personnel management system in the periods of high and low growth. Lastly, we will turn our attention to \"employee evaluation,\" which constitutes the core of the Japanese personnel management system and define the characteristics and problematic aspects of the system.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130657833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I . Introd uction Faced with a dramatically appreciating yen and harsh trade friction since late 1985, Japanese corporations have been actively involved in efforts to fully optimize the potentiaf of their management capabilities and in restructuring their organizations. These efforts have been manifested in three areas : (1) rationalization of the company's main domestic business field-comprising efforts directed toward increased productivity through rationalization and labor-saving, increases in the high added value of existing products, development of new products and cultivation of the domestic market, etc. ; (2) diversification of business, starting new enterprises and cultivation of interbusiness fields, etc. ; and, (3) internationalization-comprising advances into overseas markets, forming of international partnerships and overseas procurement of products and parts, etc. Among these restructuring activities, I would like to focus upon the area of internationalization and its relationship to the theme of this paper.
{"title":"Japanese Corporate Responses to EC Market Unification","authors":"Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/5897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5897","url":null,"abstract":"I . Introd uction Faced with a dramatically appreciating yen and harsh trade friction since late 1985, Japanese corporations have been actively involved in efforts to fully optimize the potentiaf of their management capabilities and in restructuring their organizations. These efforts have been manifested in three areas : (1) rationalization of the company's main domestic business field-comprising efforts directed toward increased productivity through rationalization and labor-saving, increases in the high added value of existing products, development of new products and cultivation of the domestic market, etc. ; (2) diversification of business, starting new enterprises and cultivation of interbusiness fields, etc. ; and, (3) internationalization-comprising advances into overseas markets, forming of international partnerships and overseas procurement of products and parts, etc. Among these restructuring activities, I would like to focus upon the area of internationalization and its relationship to the theme of this paper.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130718724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Evolution of Research and Development in US Industry: From Corporate R&D Laboratory to Venture Capital Financed Startups","authors":"M. Kenney, R. Florida","doi":"10.15057/5981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5981","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122705479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wald Tests of the Pure Expectations Hypothesis of the Term Structure of Interest Rates","authors":"Hiroshi Kamae","doi":"10.15057/5980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5980","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129650084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Die Mellerowiczsche Kostentheorie im Vergleich mit der Schmalenbachschen Kostentheorie","authors":"Hiroshi Obata","doi":"10.15057/5983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5983","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122728783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Empirical Investigation of Futures Contracts Pricing in Japan","authors":"Hiroshi Kamae","doi":"10.15057/5979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126972137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Internationalization Strategy and Globalization of European Carmakers","authors":"Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/6063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/6063","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"478 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124407639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Social Network Analysis and Intercorporate Relations","authors":"John Scott","doi":"10.15057/6067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/6067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122864143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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