{"title":"MITI’s Successes and Failures in Controlling Japan’s Technology Imports","authors":"L. Lynn","doi":"10.15057/5612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"281 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125937130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faced with sharp yen appreciation, harsh trade friction and ridden the crest of the globalisation of the Japanese economy and business, Japanese foreign direct investment was extremely active in the second half of the 1980s, Nevertheless, it has been slowing down in the early 1990s. This paper clarifies the characteristic trends in Japanese overseas investment in recent years. On I January 1993, the single EC market came into effect. Its strategic implication consisted in strengthening the competitiveness of European companies and driving a wedge into the economic dominance of the U.S. and Japan. Japanese frms also faced with the compelling problem of responding to the EC market integration. A greater part of the paper is devoted to Japanese corporate responses to the single EC market. The detailed analysis is based upon the surveys conducted by three institutions. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that the real pan-europeanisation of Japanese frms lies in maintaining and improving the quality of life of Europeans through localisation of production, management and R&D in Europe.
{"title":"Japanese overseas Investment in Recent Years and Corporate Responses to the Single EC Market","authors":"Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/5681","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5681","url":null,"abstract":"Faced with sharp yen appreciation, harsh trade friction and ridden the crest of the globalisation of the Japanese economy and business, Japanese foreign direct investment was extremely active in the second half of the 1980s, Nevertheless, it has been slowing down in the early 1990s. This paper clarifies the characteristic trends in Japanese overseas investment in recent years. On I January 1993, the single EC market came into effect. Its strategic implication consisted in strengthening the competitiveness of European companies and driving a wedge into the economic dominance of the U.S. and Japan. Japanese frms also faced with the compelling problem of responding to the EC market integration. A greater part of the paper is devoted to Japanese corporate responses to the single EC market. The detailed analysis is based upon the surveys conducted by three institutions. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that the real pan-europeanisation of Japanese frms lies in maintaining and improving the quality of life of Europeans through localisation of production, management and R&D in Europe.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121385898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While Japan is becoming a leader in engineering or development, it still lags behind western countries in the field of basic research. One of the most critical reasons ,for this lies in organizational characteristics and management styles in basic research institutes in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research institutes can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which primarily pursue stability and continuity of researchers and research activities at the sacrifice of flexibility and fiuidity. Much of the literature on R&D management has argued that such a lack of flexibility and fluidity in organizations has negative effects on performance as a result of the decrease of technical communication among researchers In the case , of basic research organizations, the decrease of external communication accompanied with excessive organizational ability is especially problematic in terms of research performance. Recently, however, totally new types of basic research institutes called dynamic network organizations have been increasingly established in Japan. The dynamic network organizations can be characterized by exceptional flexibility and fluidity in management systems. The most substantial example of the experiment of the dynamic network organization in ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology), a government sponsored lab. By comparing ERATO and one of the most distinguished basic research institutes, MITI Iaboratory, which is a typical representative of bureaucratic organizations, this paper explores the effectiveness of the emerging dynamic network organization and the problems of the bureaucratic organization in Japanese basic research in terms of researchers' communication behavior and performance. l . Introductron Problems and Challenges m Japanese Basic Research Organizations Recently, sources of competitive advantage of Japan have been shifting from manufacturing to R&D (Porter, 1990). Japan is now becoming a leader not only in manufacturing but also in engineering such as product and process development (Okimoto, 1986). On * I appreciate comments received from participants of the International Conference on Science and Technology Policy into the Next Century hosted by the MIT Japan Science and Technology Program, January 7-9, 1993, at which this paper was presented. I would also like to thank Tish Robinson, Doctoral Candidate of MIT Sloan School, for her help in improving my English. 38 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT [Decembcr the other hand, still lagging behind western countries, Japanese contributions in the field of basic research are less significant (Sakakibara, 1991).1 One of the most critical problems of Japanese basic research lies in management styles in basic research organizations in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research organizations, especially universities and national laboratories can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which pirmarily pursue stability and continuity of research st
专业沟通可以分为两种类型:同一组织内专业人员之间的内部沟通，以及与其他组织的专业人员的外部沟通(Katz and Tushman, 1979)。这两种沟通方式的重要性或有效性取决于研发任务的特点。在基础研究领域，外部专业沟通对于研究绩效来说至关重要，而开发和技术服务等工程活动需要内部沟通而不是外部沟通(Hagstrom, 1965;Allen, Tushman, and Lee, 1979)。对基础研究严重依赖外部交流的一种解释是，与更具有组织特异性的任务(如工程)相比，基础研究可以被定义为一种更普遍的任务，因此，在单个组织内充分保护信息变得不可能和低效(Thompson, 1967;曼斯菲尔德和瓦格纳，1975;艾伦,1977)。例如，根据《科学技术白皮书》(1992)，国家科研院的一项调查报告，在12个重要的技术发展领域中，日本在6个领域比美国有优势。但与此同时，在13个重要的基础研究领域中，美国在9个领域领先于日本。2 Nagata(1991)表明，超过85%的年龄在40岁以下的日本研究人员从未更换过他们的组织。[1993]日本基础研究中的组织创新39在基础研究领域，专业人员之间的沟通被认为是探索组织行为与绩效之间关系的关键变量。然而，现有文献表明，由于组织失去了灵活性和流动性，在这种稳定的情况下，内部和外部的专业沟通都减少了，毕竟，这种趋势导致了绩效的显著下降(Pelz和Andrews, 1976;史密斯,1979;Katz, 1982)。在基础研究方面，外部交流的减少伴随着组织的过度稳定，这是一个特别严重的问题，因为它会导致研究绩效的严重下降。这种组织现象通常被称为“Not Invented Here (NlH)综合症”(Katz and Allen, 1982)，它表明日本基础研究在官僚组织内部的局限性，不可避免地排除了组织的灵活性和流动性。最近，这种组织问题在日本经常引起争论。日本基础研究机构的一些研究人员和管理人员声称，官僚管理制度培养了一些研究人员的内向心态，这种心态阻碍了跨越组织边界的专业互动，并成为加强日本基础研究的障碍(Iinuma, Iinuma, and Kusunoki, 1991)。然而，另一方面，在官僚基础研究机构中，一些有趣的组织实验已经开始运作，以克服日本的这些问题。近年来，以全新的管理方式建立起来的基础研究机构在日本越来越多。这些新成立的基础研究机构在管理制度上具有特殊的灵活性和流动性。我把它们称为动态网络组织。动态网络组织的创建包含了日本基础研究“组织创新”的一个方面。动态网络组织中最典型的例子是由政府建立的先进技术探索性研究组织。科学技术署。本文关注日本基础研究中的组织创新，从专业沟通和绩效两个方面探讨了新兴动态网络组织的有效性以及日本基础研究中官僚组织存在的问题。本研究以日本最著名的基础研究机构之一，通产省的实验室作为官僚机构的典型代表，对ERATO进行了案例比较分析。
{"title":"Organizational Innovation in the Japanese Basic Research : Challenges and Problems","authors":"T. Kusunoki","doi":"10.15057/5682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5682","url":null,"abstract":"While Japan is becoming a leader in engineering or development, it still lags behind western countries in the field of basic research. One of the most critical reasons ,for this lies in organizational characteristics and management styles in basic research institutes in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research institutes can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which primarily pursue stability and continuity of researchers and research activities at the sacrifice of flexibility and fiuidity. Much of the literature on R&D management has argued that such a lack of flexibility and fluidity in organizations has negative effects on performance as a result of the decrease of technical communication among researchers In the case , of basic research organizations, the decrease of external communication accompanied with excessive organizational ability is especially problematic in terms of research performance. Recently, however, totally new types of basic research institutes called dynamic network organizations have been increasingly established in Japan. The dynamic network organizations can be characterized by exceptional flexibility and fluidity in management systems. The most substantial example of the experiment of the dynamic network organization in ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology), a government sponsored lab. By comparing ERATO and one of the most distinguished basic research institutes, MITI Iaboratory, which is a typical representative of bureaucratic organizations, this paper explores the effectiveness of the emerging dynamic network organization and the problems of the bureaucratic organization in Japanese basic research in terms of researchers' communication behavior and performance. l . Introductron Problems and Challenges m Japanese Basic Research Organizations Recently, sources of competitive advantage of Japan have been shifting from manufacturing to R&D (Porter, 1990). Japan is now becoming a leader not only in manufacturing but also in engineering such as product and process development (Okimoto, 1986). On * I appreciate comments received from participants of the International Conference on Science and Technology Policy into the Next Century hosted by the MIT Japan Science and Technology Program, January 7-9, 1993, at which this paper was presented. I would also like to thank Tish Robinson, Doctoral Candidate of MIT Sloan School, for her help in improving my English. 38 HITOTSUBASHI JOURNAL OF COMMERCE AND MANAGEMENT [Decembcr the other hand, still lagging behind western countries, Japanese contributions in the field of basic research are less significant (Sakakibara, 1991).1 One of the most critical problems of Japanese basic research lies in management styles in basic research organizations in Japan. Most of Japanese basic research organizations, especially universities and national laboratories can be characterized as bureaucratic organizations which pirmarily pursue stability and continuity of research st","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120964025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper seeks to explain differences in the rate and character of technological innovation among European countries-particularly Britain and Germany-and between them and Japan. The general hypothesis is that the nature of the external and internal relationships of firms affects the performance pressures upon managers at the various levels in the frm ; that these in turn affect their objectives ; and that their objectives affect the rate and character of technological change in the frm. The empirical discussion shows how performance pressures have responded to changes in the social and economic environment of the countries concerned, since 1945, and how they may be expected to develop by the end of the century. The differences found account well for the very different pattern of revealed technological advantage in Britain and Japan. In most respects Germany is found to be intermediate between Japan and Britain, and to have an intermediate outcome in terms of technological advantage.
{"title":"Technological Innovation and Performance Pressures in Europe and Japan","authors":"A. Tylecote, Mitsuhiro Hirata","doi":"10.15057/5680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5680","url":null,"abstract":"This paper seeks to explain differences in the rate and character of technological innovation among European countries-particularly Britain and Germany-and between them and Japan. The general hypothesis is that the nature of the external and internal relationships of firms affects the performance pressures upon managers at the various levels in the frm ; that these in turn affect their objectives ; and that their objectives affect the rate and character of technological change in the frm. The empirical discussion shows how performance pressures have responded to changes in the social and economic environment of the countries concerned, since 1945, and how they may be expected to develop by the end of the century. The differences found account well for the very different pattern of revealed technological advantage in Britain and Japan. In most respects Germany is found to be intermediate between Japan and Britain, and to have an intermediate outcome in terms of technological advantage.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121660489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper demonstrates that a simple proposition that technological leadership enables a firm to initiate radical product innovation is potentially misleading, and presents a conceptual framework called "the dilemma of technological leadership." Highiighting the differences between product development and technology development, which have tended to be more or less neglected, from the perspective of problem-solving, the framework shows that mechanisms embedded in a technologically leading firm impede radical product innovation, and that pursuing or establishing technological leadership itself inevitably includes some negative effects on the magnitude of product innovation. Our framework suggests that the dilemma is not simply a matter of mentality of a technological leader, but a result of natural and subjectively rational behavior of a technologically leading firm in order to make the most of its technological advantage in approaching porduct innovation, and that there would be a pitfall for a technological leader which intends to create competitive advantage through radical innovation by resorting to its rich technological capabilities.
{"title":"The Dilemma of Technological Leadership : A Conceptual Framework","authors":"T. Kusunoki","doi":"10.15057/5746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5746","url":null,"abstract":"This paper demonstrates that a simple proposition that technological leadership enables a firm to initiate radical product innovation is potentially misleading, and presents a conceptual framework called \"the dilemma of technological leadership.\" Highiighting the differences between product development and technology development, which have tended to be more or less neglected, from the perspective of problem-solving, the framework shows that mechanisms embedded in a technologically leading firm impede radical product innovation, and that pursuing or establishing technological leadership itself inevitably includes some negative effects on the magnitude of product innovation. Our framework suggests that the dilemma is not simply a matter of mentality of a technological leader, but a result of natural and subjectively rational behavior of a technologically leading firm in order to make the most of its technological advantage in approaching porduct innovation, and that there would be a pitfall for a technological leader which intends to create competitive advantage through radical innovation by resorting to its rich technological capabilities.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115036440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Japanese financial system is now undergoing many serious problems due to the col-lapse of the "speculative bubble" which occurred at the start of the 1990s. Most of these problems were caused by the excessively expansionary policy of major Japanese financial institutions during the boom period of the late 1980s as well as the expansionary monetary policy pursued during that time. This paper describes several aspects of the current problems including the recent changes in the financial system, these effects on the economy, and the relationship with the re*'ulatory authorities. It also eva]uates the soundness and competitiveness of Japan's financial system in the international context towards the future.
{"title":"Problems in the Japanese Financial System in the Early 1990s","authors":"Yoshinori Shimizu","doi":"10.15057/5749","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5749","url":null,"abstract":"The Japanese financial system is now undergoing many serious problems due to the col-lapse of the \"speculative bubble\" which occurred at the start of the 1990s. Most of these problems were caused by the excessively expansionary policy of major Japanese financial institutions during the boom period of the late 1980s as well as the expansionary monetary policy pursued during that time. This paper describes several aspects of the current problems including the recent changes in the financial system, these effects on the economy, and the relationship with the re*'ulatory authorities. It also eva]uates the soundness and competitiveness of Japan's financial system in the international context towards the future.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125613221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Average options and minimum (or maximum) options are well-known look-back options. In this paper we define new look-back options which use the order statistics of the stock prices for the exercise prices and/or for the underlying variables of the options. The probability distributions of the order statistics which are required for pricing are obtained here. Though we have not yet reached the pricing formula of these options, we are close to it. What is left to be done for pricing will be pointed out.
{"title":"A Note on Look-Back Options Based on Order Statistics","authors":"Ryozo Miura","doi":"10.15057/5748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5748","url":null,"abstract":"Average options and minimum (or maximum) options are well-known look-back options. In this paper we define new look-back options which use the order statistics of the stock prices for the exercise prices and/or for the underlying variables of the options. The probability distributions of the order statistics which are required for pricing are obtained here. Though we have not yet reached the pricing formula of these options, we are close to it. What is left to be done for pricing will be pointed out.","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126761289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sequential Decision Making: Some Non-Technical Applications of Dynamic Programming","authors":"J. M. Norman","doi":"10.15057/5824","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5824","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"74 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120922965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Import Pricing under Volatility and Misalignments of Exchange Rates","authors":"E. Ogawa","doi":"10.15057/5823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15057/5823","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":154016,"journal":{"name":"Hitotsubashi journal of commerce and management","volume":"438 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116017292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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