R. Abdulvaliyev, N. Akhmadiyeva, S. Gladyshev, Nazira Samenova, Olga Kolesnikova, Olimpiada Mankesheva
Calcium oxide plays an important role in alumina production by binding SiO2 from aluminosilicate raw materials (bauxite, nepheline, kaolinite, etc.) in aluminum-free compounds. The efficiency of the hydrochemical technology depends on the activities of calcium oxide or its compounds introduced into the alkaline aluminosilicate slurry. In this paper, we considered the effects of different calcium compounds (calcium carbonate CaCO3, gypsum CaSO4·H2O, calcium oxide CaO and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2), introduced during the hydrothermal stripping of aluminosilicates with alkaline solutions, on the degree of aluminum oxide extraction, with the subsequent production of fillers for composites. Ca(OH)2 was obtained by the CaO quenching method. Extraction of Al2O3 in an alkaline solution was only possible with Ca(OH)2, and the degree of extraction depended on the conditions used for CaO quenching. The effects of temperature and of the duration of CaO quenching on particle size were investigated. In potassium solution, the best results for Al2O3 extraction were obtained using CaSO4·H2O gypsum. The obtained solutions were processed using the crystallization method.
{"title":"Behavior of Calcium Compounds under Hydrothermal Conditions during Alkaline Leaching of Aluminosilicates with the Synthesis of Fillers for Composites","authors":"R. Abdulvaliyev, N. Akhmadiyeva, S. Gladyshev, Nazira Samenova, Olga Kolesnikova, Olimpiada Mankesheva","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120508","url":null,"abstract":"Calcium oxide plays an important role in alumina production by binding SiO2 from aluminosilicate raw materials (bauxite, nepheline, kaolinite, etc.) in aluminum-free compounds. The efficiency of the hydrochemical technology depends on the activities of calcium oxide or its compounds introduced into the alkaline aluminosilicate slurry. In this paper, we considered the effects of different calcium compounds (calcium carbonate CaCO3, gypsum CaSO4·H2O, calcium oxide CaO and calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2), introduced during the hydrothermal stripping of aluminosilicates with alkaline solutions, on the degree of aluminum oxide extraction, with the subsequent production of fillers for composites. Ca(OH)2 was obtained by the CaO quenching method. Extraction of Al2O3 in an alkaline solution was only possible with Ca(OH)2, and the degree of extraction depended on the conditions used for CaO quenching. The effects of temperature and of the duration of CaO quenching on particle size were investigated. In potassium solution, the best results for Al2O3 extraction were obtained using CaSO4·H2O gypsum. The obtained solutions were processed using the crystallization method.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"31 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138600835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Glass-containing materials are widely considered among the most reliable materials for the immobilization of radioactive waste materials. The present work considers the synthesis of glass–ceramic and glass crystalline composite materials based on borosilicate glasses. The synthesis of glass–ceramic materials was carried out by a gradual temperature decrease, followed by crystallization for several hours. Sintering of crushed samples with crystalline components was carried out as an alternative procedure. Porous glasses were produced from glass melts by quenching. After impregnating the resulting porous materials with aqueous solutions of cesium nitrate, compaction of the glass was carried out to form glass crystalline composites. The thermochemical characteristics of the parent glasses were determined using the differential scanning calorimetry method. The phase composition and structure of the glass-containing materials were determined using X-ray phase analysis, X-ray spectral microanalysis, and Raman spectroscopy.
{"title":"Glass-Containing Matrices Based on Borosilicate Glasses for the Immobilization of Radioactive Wastes","authors":"Olga N. Koroleva, L. A. Nevolina, N. Korobatova","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120505","url":null,"abstract":"Glass-containing materials are widely considered among the most reliable materials for the immobilization of radioactive waste materials. The present work considers the synthesis of glass–ceramic and glass crystalline composite materials based on borosilicate glasses. The synthesis of glass–ceramic materials was carried out by a gradual temperature decrease, followed by crystallization for several hours. Sintering of crushed samples with crystalline components was carried out as an alternative procedure. Porous glasses were produced from glass melts by quenching. After impregnating the resulting porous materials with aqueous solutions of cesium nitrate, compaction of the glass was carried out to form glass crystalline composites. The thermochemical characteristics of the parent glasses were determined using the differential scanning calorimetry method. The phase composition and structure of the glass-containing materials were determined using X-ray phase analysis, X-ray spectral microanalysis, and Raman spectroscopy.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"31 40","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Pramita Sen, Rahul Kumar, Amit K. Thakur, A. Tiwari, Dhananjay Singh, G. Verros, R. Arya
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted world of natural fiber applications within the domain of composite materials. Natural fibers are meticulously examined in detail, considering their diverse origins, which encompass plant-derived fibers (cellulose-based), animal-derived fibers (protein-based), and even mineral-derived variations. This review conducts a profound analysis, not only scrutinizing their chemical compositions, intricate structures, and inherent physical properties but also highlighting their wide-ranging applications across various industries. The investigation extends to composites utilizing mineral or polymer matrices, delving into their synergistic interplay and the resulting material properties. Furthermore, this review does not limit itself to the intrinsic attributes of natural fibers but ventures into the realm of innovative enhancements. The exploration encompasses the augmentation of composites through the integration of natural fibers, including the incorporation of nano-fillers, offering a compelling avenue for further research and technological development. In conclusion, this review synthesizes a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role of natural fibers in the realm of composite materials. It brings together insights from their diverse origins, intrinsic properties, and practical applications across sectors. As the final curtain is drawn, the discourse transcends the present to outline the trajectories of future work in the dynamic arena of natural fiber composites, shedding light on emerging trends that promise to shape the course of scientific and industrial advancements.
{"title":"Natural Fibers Composites: Origin, Importance, Consumption Pattern, and Challenges","authors":"Devyani Thapliyal, Sarojini Verma, Pramita Sen, Rahul Kumar, Amit K. Thakur, A. Tiwari, Dhananjay Singh, G. Verros, R. Arya","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120506","url":null,"abstract":"This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted world of natural fiber applications within the domain of composite materials. Natural fibers are meticulously examined in detail, considering their diverse origins, which encompass plant-derived fibers (cellulose-based), animal-derived fibers (protein-based), and even mineral-derived variations. This review conducts a profound analysis, not only scrutinizing their chemical compositions, intricate structures, and inherent physical properties but also highlighting their wide-ranging applications across various industries. The investigation extends to composites utilizing mineral or polymer matrices, delving into their synergistic interplay and the resulting material properties. Furthermore, this review does not limit itself to the intrinsic attributes of natural fibers but ventures into the realm of innovative enhancements. The exploration encompasses the augmentation of composites through the integration of natural fibers, including the incorporation of nano-fillers, offering a compelling avenue for further research and technological development. In conclusion, this review synthesizes a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role of natural fibers in the realm of composite materials. It brings together insights from their diverse origins, intrinsic properties, and practical applications across sectors. As the final curtain is drawn, the discourse transcends the present to outline the trajectories of future work in the dynamic arena of natural fiber composites, shedding light on emerging trends that promise to shape the course of scientific and industrial advancements.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"34 33","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138601387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of gamma radiation on the AC electrical properties of highly cross-linked epoxy resin/bisphenol A-based polycarbonate samples have been investigated as a function of concentrations of bisphenol A-based polycarbonate, frequency, and temperature. The composite samples contained different bisphenol A-based polycarbonate concentrations of 0, 4, 8, 10, and 15 by wt%. The gamma irradiation process was performed at different gamma doses of 0, 100, 300, and 500 Gy. The AC electrical properties of the tested samples were studied before and after gamma irradiation within a frequency range of 200 kHz to 1 MHz. The results show that after irradiation, a consistent decrease in complex impedance values (Z∗) was observed, indicating an increase in conductivity due to radiation-induced scission of the composite structure. Dielectric properties, including the dielectric constant (εr) and dielectric loss (εi), exhibited an increase with higher doses and higher polycarbonate concentrations, signifying the formation of defect sites and charge carrier trapping. AC electrical conductivity (σac) displayed a notable rise post irradiation, with temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 110 °C, and higher radiation doses and higher temperatures led to increased conductivity. The activation energy ( Ea) decreased as the radiation dose increased, reflecting structural modifications induced by radiation.
{"title":"Effects of Gamma Irradiation on the AC Electrical Properties of Cross-Linked Epoxy Resin/Bisphenol A-Based Polycarbonate Composites","authors":"Ziad Alqudah, Hassan K. Juwhari, Z. Elimat","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120503","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of gamma radiation on the AC electrical properties of highly cross-linked epoxy resin/bisphenol A-based polycarbonate samples have been investigated as a function of concentrations of bisphenol A-based polycarbonate, frequency, and temperature. The composite samples contained different bisphenol A-based polycarbonate concentrations of 0, 4, 8, 10, and 15 by wt%. The gamma irradiation process was performed at different gamma doses of 0, 100, 300, and 500 Gy. The AC electrical properties of the tested samples were studied before and after gamma irradiation within a frequency range of 200 kHz to 1 MHz. The results show that after irradiation, a consistent decrease in complex impedance values (Z∗) was observed, indicating an increase in conductivity due to radiation-induced scission of the composite structure. Dielectric properties, including the dielectric constant (εr) and dielectric loss (εi), exhibited an increase with higher doses and higher polycarbonate concentrations, signifying the formation of defect sites and charge carrier trapping. AC electrical conductivity (σac) displayed a notable rise post irradiation, with temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 110 °C, and higher radiation doses and higher temperatures led to increased conductivity. The activation energy ( Ea) decreased as the radiation dose increased, reflecting structural modifications induced by radiation.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"100 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138605715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Kozlovskiy, G. Z. Moldabayeva, D. Shlimas, D. Borgekov, Vyacheslav S. Rusakov
Conducting high-temperature tests on ceramics-containing lithium, which are employed as tritium breeding materials, plays a crucial role in comprehending their ability to withstand degradation and maintain their strength properties throughout operation. From the standpoint of fusion research, it is imperative to grasp these phenomena in order to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of reactors. Additionally, these factors could impact the choice of particular materials and designs for blanket materials. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate alterations in the strength characteristics of ceramics-containing lithium when subjected to high-temperature thermal stability tests, while also preserving the hardness stability and resistance to cracking in ceramics subjected to cyclic tests. Lithium-containing ceramics based on lithium titanate (Li2TiO3), lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4), and lithium methacyrconate (Li2ZrO3), having a high structural ordering degree and good strength properties, were chosen as objects for assessing resistance to high-temperature degradation. During the studies, it was discovered that the presence of interphase boundaries in the composition of ceramics linked to the development of impurity phases results in crack resistance growth during long-term high-temperature tests simulating the stress effect on the material. At the same time, an assessment of high-temperature aging as a result of modeling destruction processes showed that ceramics based on lithium metazirconate are the most resistant to degradation of strength properties. By simulating high-temperature aging processes, it became feasible to establish connections between structural alterations resulting from the thermal expansion of the crystal lattice and oxygen migration phenomena occurring at elevated temperatures. These factors collectively contribute to a detrimental reduction in the strength properties of ceramics-containing lithium.
{"title":"The Influence of High-Temperature Tests on the Resistance to Degradation and Reduction in Strength Properties of Lithium-Containing Ceramics Used as Blanket Materials for Tritium Breeding","authors":"A. Kozlovskiy, G. Z. Moldabayeva, D. Shlimas, D. Borgekov, Vyacheslav S. Rusakov","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120504","url":null,"abstract":"Conducting high-temperature tests on ceramics-containing lithium, which are employed as tritium breeding materials, plays a crucial role in comprehending their ability to withstand degradation and maintain their strength properties throughout operation. From the standpoint of fusion research, it is imperative to grasp these phenomena in order to guarantee the safety and effectiveness of reactors. Additionally, these factors could impact the choice of particular materials and designs for blanket materials. The primary objective of this research is to evaluate alterations in the strength characteristics of ceramics-containing lithium when subjected to high-temperature thermal stability tests, while also preserving the hardness stability and resistance to cracking in ceramics subjected to cyclic tests. Lithium-containing ceramics based on lithium titanate (Li2TiO3), lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4), and lithium methacyrconate (Li2ZrO3), having a high structural ordering degree and good strength properties, were chosen as objects for assessing resistance to high-temperature degradation. During the studies, it was discovered that the presence of interphase boundaries in the composition of ceramics linked to the development of impurity phases results in crack resistance growth during long-term high-temperature tests simulating the stress effect on the material. At the same time, an assessment of high-temperature aging as a result of modeling destruction processes showed that ceramics based on lithium metazirconate are the most resistant to degradation of strength properties. By simulating high-temperature aging processes, it became feasible to establish connections between structural alterations resulting from the thermal expansion of the crystal lattice and oxygen migration phenomena occurring at elevated temperatures. These factors collectively contribute to a detrimental reduction in the strength properties of ceramics-containing lithium.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"88 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Vladislav S. Shikalov, Diana A. Katanaeva, T. Vidyuk, A. Golyshev, V. Kosarev, Elena E. Kornienko, Alexander G. Malikov, Victor V. Atuchin
Laser processing is an effective post-treatment method for modifying the structure and improving the properties of cold-sprayed coatings. In the present work, the possibility of fabricating a hard and wear-resistant Ti-based cermet coating by cold spray followed by laser remelting was studied. A mixture of titanium and chromium carbide powders in a ratio of 60/40 wt.% was deposited by cold spray onto a titanium alloy substrate, which ensured the formation of a composite coating with a residual chromium carbide content of about 12–13 wt.%. The optimal values of laser beam power (2 kW) and scanning speed (75 mm/s) leading to the qualitative fusion of the coating with the substrate with minimal porosity and absence of defects were revealed. The microstructure and phase composition of as-sprayed and remelted coatings were examined with SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. It was shown that the phase composition of the as-sprayed coating did not change compared to the feedstock mixture, while the remelted coating was transformed into a β-Ti(Cr) solid solution with uniformly distributed nonstoichiometric TiCx particles. Due to the change in microstructure and phase composition, the remelted coating was characterized by an attractive combination of higher microhardness (437 HV0.1) and lower specific wear rate (0.25 × 10−3 mm3/N × m) under dry sliding wear conditions compared to the as-sprayed coating and substrate. Laser remelting of the coating resulted in a change in the dominant wear mechanism from oxidative–abrasive to oxidative–adhesive with delamination.
{"title":"Microstructural Modification of Cold-Sprayed Ti-Cr3C2 Composite Coating by Laser Remelting","authors":"Vladislav S. Shikalov, Diana A. Katanaeva, T. Vidyuk, A. Golyshev, V. Kosarev, Elena E. Kornienko, Alexander G. Malikov, Victor V. Atuchin","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120500","url":null,"abstract":"Laser processing is an effective post-treatment method for modifying the structure and improving the properties of cold-sprayed coatings. In the present work, the possibility of fabricating a hard and wear-resistant Ti-based cermet coating by cold spray followed by laser remelting was studied. A mixture of titanium and chromium carbide powders in a ratio of 60/40 wt.% was deposited by cold spray onto a titanium alloy substrate, which ensured the formation of a composite coating with a residual chromium carbide content of about 12–13 wt.%. The optimal values of laser beam power (2 kW) and scanning speed (75 mm/s) leading to the qualitative fusion of the coating with the substrate with minimal porosity and absence of defects were revealed. The microstructure and phase composition of as-sprayed and remelted coatings were examined with SEM, EDS and XRD analysis. It was shown that the phase composition of the as-sprayed coating did not change compared to the feedstock mixture, while the remelted coating was transformed into a β-Ti(Cr) solid solution with uniformly distributed nonstoichiometric TiCx particles. Due to the change in microstructure and phase composition, the remelted coating was characterized by an attractive combination of higher microhardness (437 HV0.1) and lower specific wear rate (0.25 × 10−3 mm3/N × m) under dry sliding wear conditions compared to the as-sprayed coating and substrate. Laser remelting of the coating resulted in a change in the dominant wear mechanism from oxidative–abrasive to oxidative–adhesive with delamination.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"86 15","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. L. Camacho-Rios, G. Herrera-Pérez, Marco Antonio Ruiz Esparza-Rodríguez, Raúl Pérez-Bustamante, John Edison García-Herrera, J. Betancourt-Cantera, D. Lardizábal‐Gutiérrez
The current work shows the optimization of the preparation of nanosized titanium carbide in situ through mechanical alloying. Metallic titanium powders, along with two carbon sources, carbon nanotubes, and stearic acid, were used to reduce the particle size (around 11 nm) using an SPEX 800 high-energy mill. The combined use of 2 wt % of these carbon sources and n-heptane as a liquid process control agent proved crucial in generating nanoscale powder composites through a simple and scalable synthesis process within a 4 h timeframe. The uses of 20 wt % of both carbon sources were compared to determine the ability of carbon nanotubes to form carbides and the decomposition of process control agent during mechanical milling. The structure of the composites and starting materials were evaluated through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology features (average particle size and shape) were monitored via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.
{"title":"Optimization of In Situ Formation of a Titanium Carbide Nanohybrid via Mechanical Alloying Using Stearic Acid and Carbon Nanotubes as Carbon Sources","authors":"M. L. Camacho-Rios, G. Herrera-Pérez, Marco Antonio Ruiz Esparza-Rodríguez, Raúl Pérez-Bustamante, John Edison García-Herrera, J. Betancourt-Cantera, D. Lardizábal‐Gutiérrez","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120502","url":null,"abstract":"The current work shows the optimization of the preparation of nanosized titanium carbide in situ through mechanical alloying. Metallic titanium powders, along with two carbon sources, carbon nanotubes, and stearic acid, were used to reduce the particle size (around 11 nm) using an SPEX 800 high-energy mill. The combined use of 2 wt % of these carbon sources and n-heptane as a liquid process control agent proved crucial in generating nanoscale powder composites through a simple and scalable synthesis process within a 4 h timeframe. The uses of 20 wt % of both carbon sources were compared to determine the ability of carbon nanotubes to form carbides and the decomposition of process control agent during mechanical milling. The structure of the composites and starting materials were evaluated through X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, while the morphology features (average particle size and shape) were monitored via scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"84 22","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dauren Yessengaliev, Marzhan Mukhametkhan, Yerlan Mukhametkhan, Gulnar Zhabalova, Bauyrzhan Kelamanov, Olga Kolesnikova, Bakhytzhan Shyngysbayev, Laura Aikozova, Kuralay Kaskataeva, Yerbol Kuatbay
Ferrous metallurgy has been and remains one of the main types of production activities that enables humanity to extract, process and produce basic equipment for all types of activities. The growth of ore production as well as the reduction in world reserves of the raw material base have lead to the search for effective methods of processing and preparation of waste for metallurgical processing. The mining and metallurgical sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has its an integrated mining and metallurgical complex with its own coal, iron ore, and energy base, uses iron ores from several deposits. It also includes ash and sludge storage tanks, which store valuable metallurgical waste, such as converter production sludge, rolling scale, and others, the use of which is hindered by the presence of certain harmful impurities in the composition (a rather high content of non-ferrous metals, especially zinc, a high content of oils, etc.). These valuable technological wastes require additional research that may contribute to their use as a charge or as iron-containing components of the charge. Based on the urgency of the tasks of dephosphorylation of iron ores and utilization of human-made waste (converter sludge and rolling scale), studies were conducted to try to eliminate existing problems. The results of the research work make it possible to obtain metals based on prepared pellets with a significantly low phosphorus content; this will enable the use of an oiled rolling scale and converter sludge for the production of a metalized product for steel smelting. The resulting metalized products make it possible to dispose of scale and converter sludge by 70%, and the degree of iron extraction exceeds existing methods by 1–3.5% (92.1–94% vs. 95.6%).
黑色冶金一直是并且仍然是生产活动的主要类型之一，它使人类能够提取，加工和生产所有类型活动的基本设备。矿石生产的增长以及世界原料基础储量的减少，促使人们寻找处理和制备用于冶金加工的废物的有效方法。哈萨克斯坦共和国的采矿和冶金部门拥有一个综合的采矿和冶金综合体，拥有自己的煤炭、铁矿石和能源基地，使用来自几个矿床的铁矿石。它还包括灰和污泥储存罐，储存有价值的冶金废物，如转炉生产污泥，轧制水垢等，其使用受到某些有害杂质成分(相当高含量的有色金属，特别是锌，高含量的油等)的存在的阻碍。这些有价值的技术废物需要进一步的研究，以有助于将其用作电荷或作为电荷的含铁成分。针对铁矿石脱磷和人为性废弃物(转炉污泥和滚垢)资源化利用任务的迫切性，针对存在的问题进行了研究。研究工作的结果使制备的颗粒获得含磷量显著降低的金属成为可能;这将使使用带油的轧辊和转炉污泥生产用于钢铁冶炼的金属化产品成为可能。经金属化处理后的产品对水垢和转炉污泥的去除率可达70%，铁的提取率比现有方法高出1-3.5% (92.1-94% vs. 95.6%)。
{"title":"Studies of the Possibility of Improving the Quality of Iron Ores and Processing of Technogenic Composite Iron-Containing Waste of Metallurgical Production","authors":"Dauren Yessengaliev, Marzhan Mukhametkhan, Yerlan Mukhametkhan, Gulnar Zhabalova, Bauyrzhan Kelamanov, Olga Kolesnikova, Bakhytzhan Shyngysbayev, Laura Aikozova, Kuralay Kaskataeva, Yerbol Kuatbay","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120501","url":null,"abstract":"Ferrous metallurgy has been and remains one of the main types of production activities that enables humanity to extract, process and produce basic equipment for all types of activities. The growth of ore production as well as the reduction in world reserves of the raw material base have lead to the search for effective methods of processing and preparation of waste for metallurgical processing. The mining and metallurgical sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which has its an integrated mining and metallurgical complex with its own coal, iron ore, and energy base, uses iron ores from several deposits. It also includes ash and sludge storage tanks, which store valuable metallurgical waste, such as converter production sludge, rolling scale, and others, the use of which is hindered by the presence of certain harmful impurities in the composition (a rather high content of non-ferrous metals, especially zinc, a high content of oils, etc.). These valuable technological wastes require additional research that may contribute to their use as a charge or as iron-containing components of the charge. Based on the urgency of the tasks of dephosphorylation of iron ores and utilization of human-made waste (converter sludge and rolling scale), studies were conducted to try to eliminate existing problems. The results of the research work make it possible to obtain metals based on prepared pellets with a significantly low phosphorus content; this will enable the use of an oiled rolling scale and converter sludge for the production of a metalized product for steel smelting. The resulting metalized products make it possible to dispose of scale and converter sludge by 70%, and the degree of iron extraction exceeds existing methods by 1–3.5% (92.1–94% vs. 95.6%).","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"67 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Natural rubber, sourced from Hevea brasiliensis trees mainly in southeast Asia, is a critically important resource for transportation, national security, and medical products, among other uses. The guayule shrub is a domestic alternative source of natural rubber that is emerging with advantages over Hevea since it is well-suited for many medical and consumer applications. Biochar is a sustainable form of carbon made from biomass that is a potential replacement for petroleum-sourced carbon black, the most common filler for rubber composites. The coppiced-wood species hybrid poplar (Populus × canadensis) and Paulownia elongata are both rapidly growing hardwoods that have shown promise as feedstocks for biochar that can be used as fillers in common rubber composites such as Hevea natural rubber, styrene-butadiene, and polybutadiene. In this work, poplar and paulownia biochars were used to partially replace carbon black as filler in guayule rubber composites. Guayule composites with up to 60% of the carbon black replaced with poplar or paulownia biochar had higher tensile strength, elongation, and toughness compared to the 100% carbon black-filled control. These composites would be excellent candidates for rubber applications such as gloves, belts, hoses, and seals, while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and Hevea natural rubber.
{"title":"Replacement of Carbon Black with Coppiced Biochar in Guayule Rubber Composites Improves Tensile Properties","authors":"Steven C. Peterson, Colleen M. McMahan","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120499","url":null,"abstract":"Natural rubber, sourced from Hevea brasiliensis trees mainly in southeast Asia, is a critically important resource for transportation, national security, and medical products, among other uses. The guayule shrub is a domestic alternative source of natural rubber that is emerging with advantages over Hevea since it is well-suited for many medical and consumer applications. Biochar is a sustainable form of carbon made from biomass that is a potential replacement for petroleum-sourced carbon black, the most common filler for rubber composites. The coppiced-wood species hybrid poplar (Populus × canadensis) and Paulownia elongata are both rapidly growing hardwoods that have shown promise as feedstocks for biochar that can be used as fillers in common rubber composites such as Hevea natural rubber, styrene-butadiene, and polybutadiene. In this work, poplar and paulownia biochars were used to partially replace carbon black as filler in guayule rubber composites. Guayule composites with up to 60% of the carbon black replaced with poplar or paulownia biochar had higher tensile strength, elongation, and toughness compared to the 100% carbon black-filled control. These composites would be excellent candidates for rubber applications such as gloves, belts, hoses, and seals, while reducing dependence on fossil fuels and Hevea natural rubber.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"72 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138606591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. R. N. Murthy, Emad Makki, S. Potti, Anupama Hiremath, G. Bolar, J. Giri, T. Sathish
Composites materials like jute/epoxy exhibit high hardness and are considered as difficult-to-machine materials. As a result, alternatives to conventional machining become essential to post-process the composites. Accordingly, due to its non-thermal nature, abrasive water jet machining has recently come to be seen as one of the most promising machining methods for composite materials. In the current study, the impact of machining parameters such as traverse speed (TS), standoff distance (SOD) and abrasive mass flow rate (MFR) on machined surface roughness (Ra) has been investigated. In addition, the optimum combination of process parameters to machine a jute fiber-reinforced polymer composite with minimum Ra is predicted. The experimental results are analyzed using Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches to determine the optimum set of process parameters to achieve the lowest roughness values. Without making any changes in the machining conditions, the optimum set of values is determined for two conditions by reinforcing the fiber with 45° inclination and 90° inclination. The results reflect the different optimum combinations for each fiber inclination. For 45° fiber inclination, to achieve the minimum Ra value, the predicted combination is TS = 30 mm/min, SOD = 2 mm and MFR = 0.35 kg/min. When the fiber inclination is 90°, the predicted optimum combination is TS = 25 mm/min, SOD = 2 mm, and MFR = 0.35 kg/min. It is evident from the results that the optimum combination will be changed according to the machining conditions as well as material properties. The results confirm the effect of fiber orientation on surface roughness. The specimen with 45° fiber inclination produces a lower Ra with an average of 4.116 µm, and the specimen with 90° fiber inclination generates a higher Ra with an average of 4.961 µm.
{"title":"Optimization of Process Parameters to Minimize the Surface Roughness of Abrasive Water Jet Machined Jute/Epoxy Composites for Different Fiber Inclinations","authors":"B. R. N. Murthy, Emad Makki, S. Potti, Anupama Hiremath, G. Bolar, J. Giri, T. Sathish","doi":"10.3390/jcs7120498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120498","url":null,"abstract":"Composites materials like jute/epoxy exhibit high hardness and are considered as difficult-to-machine materials. As a result, alternatives to conventional machining become essential to post-process the composites. Accordingly, due to its non-thermal nature, abrasive water jet machining has recently come to be seen as one of the most promising machining methods for composite materials. In the current study, the impact of machining parameters such as traverse speed (TS), standoff distance (SOD) and abrasive mass flow rate (MFR) on machined surface roughness (Ra) has been investigated. In addition, the optimum combination of process parameters to machine a jute fiber-reinforced polymer composite with minimum Ra is predicted. The experimental results are analyzed using Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approaches to determine the optimum set of process parameters to achieve the lowest roughness values. Without making any changes in the machining conditions, the optimum set of values is determined for two conditions by reinforcing the fiber with 45° inclination and 90° inclination. The results reflect the different optimum combinations for each fiber inclination. For 45° fiber inclination, to achieve the minimum Ra value, the predicted combination is TS = 30 mm/min, SOD = 2 mm and MFR = 0.35 kg/min. When the fiber inclination is 90°, the predicted optimum combination is TS = 25 mm/min, SOD = 2 mm, and MFR = 0.35 kg/min. It is evident from the results that the optimum combination will be changed according to the machining conditions as well as material properties. The results confirm the effect of fiber orientation on surface roughness. The specimen with 45° fiber inclination produces a lower Ra with an average of 4.116 µm, and the specimen with 90° fiber inclination generates a higher Ra with an average of 4.961 µm.","PeriodicalId":15435,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Composites Science","volume":"9 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138624296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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