Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000206
Farah Bani Affan, Ahmed A. Maaroof
In order to investigate whether converting the UK power stations to be based on biomass will reduce CO2 emissions, and while it is in the way converting to biomass-based, Drax power station has been examined. Research regarding CO2 emissions reduction percentage for the biggest UK power station will be shown. The effect on the UK and the biomass supplier climate will be also considered. Moral and material support, as well as sustainability in terms of outside supplier will also be looked at.
{"title":"A Critical Evaluation of the UK Drax Power Station","authors":"Farah Bani Affan, Ahmed A. Maaroof","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000206","url":null,"abstract":"In order to investigate whether converting the UK power stations to be based on biomass will reduce CO2 emissions, and while it is in the way converting to biomass-based, Drax power station has been examined. Research regarding CO2 emissions reduction percentage for the biggest UK power station will be shown. The effect on the UK and the biomass supplier climate will be also considered. Moral and material support, as well as sustainability in terms of outside supplier will also be looked at.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91199594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-31DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000207
Mobeen Ghazanfar, M. F. Malik
Sandfly has a long history of association with humans, which still are suffering from its harmful impacts. It parasites humans and other animals and acts as a source of nuisance and annoyance to them. The present bibliographical study explains the role of Sandfly as a disease vector of Leishmaniasis. This article highlights various aspects of the life of the vector which includes its general description of morphology, biology, life cycle, and major control strategies. Regarding to control strategies of the vector, it was reviewed that chemical control is the most common and efficient technique but sensitivity to is decreasing due to increased insecticide resistance and environmental constraints. This article also highlights the different types of Leishmaniasis and symptoms, treatment, mortality rate and species diversity of Sandfly in Pakistan.
{"title":"Sandfly and Leishmaniasis: A Review","authors":"Mobeen Ghazanfar, M. F. Malik","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000207","url":null,"abstract":"Sandfly has a long history of association with humans, which still are suffering from its harmful impacts. It parasites humans and other animals and acts as a source of nuisance and annoyance to them. The present bibliographical study explains the role of Sandfly as a disease vector of Leishmaniasis. This article highlights various aspects of the life of the vector which includes its general description of morphology, biology, life cycle, and major control strategies. Regarding to control strategies of the vector, it was reviewed that chemical control is the most common and efficient technique but sensitivity to is decreasing due to increased insecticide resistance and environmental constraints. This article also highlights the different types of Leishmaniasis and symptoms, treatment, mortality rate and species diversity of Sandfly in Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75217925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000204
N. Es
The nutritional value of blood meal was investigated for its effects on the growth and mortality in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Juveniles during a 56 days experiment. Blood was gotten from a local abattoir in the Muea neighbourhood and used to produce blood meal which was included in the fish feed at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. A total of 255 Clarias gariepinus Juveniles of mean weight 7.8833 ± 1.481 g and standard length 63.000 ± 2.361 mm were stocked equally in fifteen rectangular plastic tanks of size (0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m) arranged in three replicates per treatment with water level maintained at 75% volume. The fish were fed blood meal containing Crude Protein ranging from 18.74 20.98% and Gross Energy ranging from 3361.89 3607.34 kcal/kg at 5% of their body weight daily in two rations. Weekly weights recorded and feed supplied was used to compute the growth nutrient utilization parameters. The non-parametric tests were used to compare the significant differences for the four treatment groups while a paired sample correlation was used to compare weight gain within treatments. At the end of the 56 days study period, the growth performance parameters were best at treatment fed with 10% blood meal inclusion level, no mortality recorded and with the best feasible cost. The poorest was found at treatment fed with 15% blood meal Inclusion level which also recorded the highest mortality rate. The non-parametric Spearman’s Rho test also gave a negative correlation between weights gained and dissolved oxygen values for all treatments and within weeks, hence the need for a proportionate increase in dissolve oxygen supply during aquaculture practices so as to reduce the oxygen deficiency in fish tanks.
在56天的试验中，研究了血粉的营养价值对非洲鲇鱼幼鱼生长和死亡的影响。血液来自Muea附近的一个当地屠宰场，用于生产血粉，这些血粉以0%、5%、10%、15%和20%的比例包含在鱼饲料中。将255尾平均体重为7.8833±1.481 g、标准体长为63.000±2.361 mm的克拉丽鱼平均放养在15个尺寸为0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m的矩形塑料水箱中，每处理3个重复，水位保持75%容积。饲喂两种饲料，按体重的5%饲喂粗蛋白质含量为18.74 ~ 20.98%、总能量为3361.89 ~ 3607.34 kcal/kg的血粉。采用周体重记录和饲料供给计算生长养分利用参数。非参数检验用于比较四个治疗组的显著差异，而配对样本相关性用于比较治疗组内的体重增加。56 d试验结束时，以10%血粕添加水平饲喂时生长性能参数最佳，无死亡记录，成本最佳。最贫穷的是饲喂15%血粉含量的处理，这也记录了最高的死亡率。非参数Spearman 's Rho检验还显示，在所有处理和数周内，体重增加与溶解氧值之间呈负相关，因此需要在养殖过程中按比例增加溶解氧供应，以减少鱼缸中的缺氧情况。
{"title":"Effects of using Blood Meal on the Growth and Mortality of Catfish","authors":"N. Es","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000204","url":null,"abstract":"The nutritional value of blood meal was investigated for its effects on the growth and mortality in African Catfish Clarias gariepinus Juveniles during a 56 days experiment. Blood was gotten from a local abattoir in the Muea neighbourhood and used to produce blood meal which was included in the fish feed at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. A total of 255 Clarias gariepinus Juveniles of mean weight 7.8833 ± 1.481 g and standard length 63.000 ± 2.361 mm were stocked equally in fifteen rectangular plastic tanks of size (0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m) arranged in three replicates per treatment with water level maintained at 75% volume. The fish were fed blood meal containing Crude Protein ranging from 18.74 20.98% and Gross Energy ranging from 3361.89 3607.34 kcal/kg at 5% of their body weight daily in two rations. Weekly weights recorded and feed supplied was used to compute the growth nutrient utilization parameters. The non-parametric tests were used to compare the significant differences for the four treatment groups while a paired sample correlation was used to compare weight gain within treatments. At the end of the 56 days study period, the growth performance parameters were best at treatment fed with 10% blood meal inclusion level, no mortality recorded and with the best feasible cost. The poorest was found at treatment fed with 15% blood meal Inclusion level which also recorded the highest mortality rate. The non-parametric Spearman’s Rho test also gave a negative correlation between weights gained and dissolved oxygen values for all treatments and within weeks, hence the need for a proportionate increase in dissolve oxygen supply during aquaculture practices so as to reduce the oxygen deficiency in fish tanks.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87572169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000202
Uma Aulwar, Awasthi Rs
The treatment of environmental pollution by microorganisms is a promising technology. Various genetic approaches have been developed and used to optimize the enzymes, metabolic pathways and organisms relevant for biodegradation. Naturally occurring microbial activities are and have been the starting point for all biotechnological applications. It is therefore necessary to isolate bacterial strains with novel metabolic capabilities and to biochemically and genetically elucidate degradative pathways. Microbial biosurfactants are extracellular compounds produced by microbes such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes when grown in culture medium containing hydrophobic/ hydrophilic substrates. Biosurfactants are surface active molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties as their constituents which allow them to interact at interfaces and reduce the surface tension. As compared to their chemical/synthetic counterparts, biosurfactants have unique properties such as high activity, less/or no toxicity, biodegradability and ease of production from renewable resources. There is a useful diversity of biosurfactants due to the wide variety of producer microorganisms. Also their chemical compositions and functional properties can be strongly influenced by environmental conditions.
{"title":"Production of Biosurfactant and their Role in Bioremediation","authors":"Uma Aulwar, Awasthi Rs","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000202","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of environmental pollution by microorganisms is a promising technology. Various genetic approaches have been developed and used to optimize the enzymes, metabolic pathways and organisms relevant for biodegradation. Naturally occurring microbial activities are and have been the starting point for all biotechnological applications. It is therefore necessary to isolate bacterial strains with novel metabolic capabilities and to biochemically and genetically elucidate degradative pathways. Microbial biosurfactants are extracellular compounds produced by microbes such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes when grown in culture medium containing hydrophobic/ hydrophilic substrates. Biosurfactants are surface active molecules having hydrophilic and hydrophobic moieties as their constituents which allow them to interact at interfaces and reduce the surface tension. As compared to their chemical/synthetic counterparts, biosurfactants have unique properties such as high activity, less/or no toxicity, biodegradability and ease of production from renewable resources. There is a useful diversity of biosurfactants due to the wide variety of producer microorganisms. Also their chemical compositions and functional properties can be strongly influenced by environmental conditions.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"170 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73805592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000201
G. Anvesh, C. Giriprasad, M. Rafi
There is a growing interest and concern regarding Green House Gas (GHG) emissions as these is the major contributors of global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) are two main GHGs which get emitted from both natural aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as from anthropogenic activities. In natural aquatic system water storage is an important aspect for meeting the requirements of drinking water, food, and energy. However, development of such water bodies will impact the environment. Recent studies have shown that water bodies play a significant role as the sources of GHG emission, particularly in tropical climatic zones. One possible reason for this is the annual water temperature is much higher in tropical climates. This means that the rate of decomposition is faster leading to higher CO2 and CH4 flux in the water. Indian reservoirs indicate the complete spectrum of different types of reservoir found in the world. Their performance in terms of emission of GHGs is more difficult to trace out. In this paper pathways of GHG emission from a reservoir have been discussed and a tool as suggested by UNESCO/IHA has been used to assess the GHG emission from four existing reservoirs in India. These reservoirs are of different age and are located in different parts and climatic zones of India. Predicted diffusive fluxes in CO2eq have been estimated for the year 2013 as well as over the 100 years of their existence in terms of Tonnes CO2 eq.
{"title":"Greenhouse Gas Diffusive Flux Assessment from Few Indian Reservoirs","authors":"G. Anvesh, C. Giriprasad, M. Rafi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000201","url":null,"abstract":"There is a growing interest and concern regarding Green House Gas (GHG) emissions as these is the major contributors of global warming. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) are two main GHGs which get emitted from both natural aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems as well as from anthropogenic activities. In natural aquatic system water storage is an important aspect for meeting the requirements of drinking water, food, and energy. However, development of such water bodies will impact the environment. Recent studies have shown that water bodies play a significant role as the sources of GHG emission, particularly in tropical climatic zones. One possible reason for this is the annual water temperature is much higher in tropical climates. This means that the rate of decomposition is faster leading to higher CO2 and CH4 flux in the water. Indian reservoirs indicate the complete spectrum of different types of reservoir found in the world. Their performance in terms of emission of GHGs is more difficult to trace out. In this paper pathways of GHG emission from a reservoir have been discussed and a tool as suggested by UNESCO/IHA has been used to assess the GHG emission from four existing reservoirs in India. These reservoirs are of different age and are located in different parts and climatic zones of India. Predicted diffusive fluxes in CO2eq have been estimated for the year 2013 as well as over the 100 years of their existence in terms of Tonnes CO2 eq.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75081167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-05DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000205
M. Freese, S. Petersen, Richard Miller, A. Yost, W. Robinson
Greater sage-grouse (GSG; Centrocercus urophasianus) selectively utilize portions of sagebrush and sagebrush associated habitats within broad and heterogeneous landscapes. Until recently, sage-grouse research has generally focused on fine-scale vegetation structure and composition and less on landscape-scale habitat requirements. Insufficient information at broad scales limits a manager’s ability to interpret and predict habitat use patterns, assess habitat suitability, and target areas for conservation and ecological rehabilitation. We identified environmental attributes associated with GSG habitat use at broad spatial scales. In 2006, we captured 50 GSG, radio-collared each bird, and tracked each bird’s position within a 31,416 ha study area in central Oregon, USA. We monitored birds year-long between March 2006 and March 2008 across the study area. Each time a bird was located, we collected a coordinate position at the point where it was observed. We generated spatially explicit predictor variables in a Geographic Information System to quantify the association between landscape structure and GSG occurrence. Predictor variables included elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, solar radiation, landscape ruggedness, orientation, distance from roads, distance from leks, distance from mesic habitats, and cover type. We used spatial modeling (Maximum Entropy) to 1) develop predictive models of GSG seasonal resource use, 2) generate probability maps for visual assessment, and 3) characterize response curves associated with GSG habitat preference based on individual landscape predictor variables. Results indicate that during the breeding season GSG will use big sagebrush, low sagebrush or complexes of low and mountain big sagebrush cover types. During the summer season, GSG use low sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, and mesic areas. Additionally, summer season use areas include higher elevation sites within or in close proximity to habitats that sustain succulent forbs throughout most of the growing season. Maps of modeled data identify spatially explicit areas of preferred habitat and predicted bird use patterns. This information can help managers identify and protect important GSG habitat across heterogeneous landscapes.
{"title":"Spatial Analysis of Greater Sage-grouse Habitat Use in Relation to Landscape Level Habitat Structure","authors":"M. Freese, S. Petersen, Richard Miller, A. Yost, W. Robinson","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000205","url":null,"abstract":"Greater sage-grouse (GSG; Centrocercus urophasianus) selectively utilize portions of sagebrush and sagebrush associated habitats within broad and heterogeneous landscapes. Until recently, sage-grouse research has generally focused on fine-scale vegetation structure and composition and less on landscape-scale habitat requirements. Insufficient information at broad scales limits a manager’s ability to interpret and predict habitat use patterns, assess habitat suitability, and target areas for conservation and ecological rehabilitation. We identified environmental attributes associated with GSG habitat use at broad spatial scales. In 2006, we captured 50 GSG, radio-collared each bird, and tracked each bird’s position within a 31,416 ha study area in central Oregon, USA. We monitored birds year-long between March 2006 and March 2008 across the study area. Each time a bird was located, we collected a coordinate position at the point where it was observed. We generated spatially explicit predictor variables in a Geographic Information System to quantify the association between landscape structure and GSG occurrence. Predictor variables included elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, solar radiation, landscape ruggedness, orientation, distance from roads, distance from leks, distance from mesic habitats, and cover type. We used spatial modeling (Maximum Entropy) to 1) develop predictive models of GSG seasonal resource use, 2) generate probability maps for visual assessment, and 3) characterize response curves associated with GSG habitat preference based on individual landscape predictor variables. Results indicate that during the breeding season GSG will use big sagebrush, low sagebrush or complexes of low and mountain big sagebrush cover types. During the summer season, GSG use low sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush, and mesic areas. Additionally, summer season use areas include higher elevation sites within or in close proximity to habitats that sustain succulent forbs throughout most of the growing season. Maps of modeled data identify spatially explicit areas of preferred habitat and predicted bird use patterns. This information can help managers identify and protect important GSG habitat across heterogeneous landscapes.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78288180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-05DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000203
Eyongetta Stanley Njieassam
The water quality parameters were evaluated for feasibility of aquaculture in Catfish Clarias gariepinus for 56 days fishe of standard length 63.000 ± 2.361 mm were stocked in equal numbers in fifteen rectangular plastic tanks of size (0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m) in three replicates per treatment with water level maintained at 3/4 full. The water quality values were taken twice a week and recorded till the end of the experiment. The paired sample correlation was used to compare while the non-parametric tests were used to compare the significant differences for the four treatment groups. At the end of the 56 days study period, the non-parametric Spearman’s Rho test also gave a negative correlation between weights gained and dissolved oxygen values for all treatments and within weeks.
采用15个矩形塑料水箱(0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m)，等量放养标准体长63.000±2.361 mm的鲇鱼，每处理3个重复，保持3/4满水位，进行56 d的水质参数评价。每周取两次水质值，记录至实验结束。采用配对样本相关性进行比较，采用非参数检验比较4个治疗组的显著性差异。在56天的研究期结束时，非参数Spearman 's Rho检验也给出了所有处理和几周内体重增加与溶解氧值之间的负相关。
{"title":"Evaluating Water Quality Parameters for Tank Aquaculture of Cat Fish inCameroon","authors":"Eyongetta Stanley Njieassam","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000203","url":null,"abstract":"The water quality parameters were evaluated for feasibility of aquaculture in Catfish Clarias gariepinus for 56 days fishe of standard length 63.000 ± 2.361 mm were stocked in equal numbers in fifteen rectangular plastic tanks of size (0.32 m × 0.45 m × 0.24 m) in three replicates per treatment with water level maintained at 3/4 full. The water quality values were taken twice a week and recorded till the end of the experiment. The paired sample correlation was used to compare while the non-parametric tests were used to compare the significant differences for the four treatment groups. At the end of the 56 days study period, the non-parametric Spearman’s Rho test also gave a negative correlation between weights gained and dissolved oxygen values for all treatments and within weeks.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80428370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-02DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000200
B. Allwin, N. Gokarn, S. Vedamanickam, S. Gopal, ian Ssa
The study was carried out to assess the Human wild pig conflict and how the occurrences of conflict varied with the climatic factors. The areas adjoining the Mudumalai wildlife region, Sathyamangalam wildlife region and Anaimalai wildlife region of Tamil Nadu, India were included in this study programme. The documentation of the quantifiable meteorological factors in the identified conflict areas was done using the weather portal of TNAU. The occurrences of conflict were also classified as low, medium and high based on the intensity. Conflicts were graded as low, medium and high. Low - infrastructure damage, water source contamination, rooting of land and ecological damage, moderate-agricultural crop raiding, livestock preying, damage to forest restoration and grasslands, high- injury to humans, causing fatalities. Suitable management related measures were recommended pertaining to the findings observed in regard to wild pig- human conflicts pertaining to the variations in the meteorological factors of the areas were studied. The findings revealed that the climate played an important part in the vegetation of plants in the study area and this regulated the crops which in turn regulated the occurrences of conflict. Hence this study would prove useful in addressing conservation and conflict issues.
{"title":"Occurrences of Human Wild Pig Conflict in Tamil Nadu - India","authors":"B. Allwin, N. Gokarn, S. Vedamanickam, S. Gopal, ian Ssa","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000200","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out to assess the Human wild pig conflict and how the occurrences of conflict varied with the climatic factors. The areas adjoining the Mudumalai wildlife region, Sathyamangalam wildlife region and Anaimalai wildlife region of Tamil Nadu, India were included in this study programme. The documentation of the quantifiable meteorological factors in the identified conflict areas was done using the weather portal of TNAU. \u0000The occurrences of conflict were also classified as low, medium and high based on the intensity. Conflicts were graded as low, medium and high. Low - infrastructure damage, water source contamination, rooting of land and ecological damage, moderate-agricultural crop raiding, livestock preying, damage to forest restoration and grasslands, high- injury to humans, causing fatalities. Suitable management related measures were recommended pertaining to the findings observed in regard to wild pig- human conflicts pertaining to the variations in the meteorological factors of the areas were studied. The findings revealed that the climate played an important part in the vegetation of plants in the study area and this regulated the crops which in turn regulated the occurrences of conflict. Hence this study would prove useful in addressing conservation and conflict issues.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89851774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-08-01DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000199
C. Potter
The potential for negative effects such as habitat loss and high severity wildfires on endemic and threatened biological resources on the United States Pacific coast from recent climate warming has received increasing attention. This study was designed to quantify, for the first time, variations in forest and coastal bluff scrub canopy density and related growth rates using 30 consecutive years of April-to-June Landsat satellite image data for the central California coast around Big Sur. A trend model was fit to multi-year Landsat NDVI time series using least squares non-linear regression on time. Analysis showed that annual growth rates for coast redwood stands in the Big Sur area, the southern-most range for Sequoia sempervirens on the Pacific coast, have been depressed by periods of drought that exceeded -1.2 standard deviations of long-term annual precipitation. There was no evidence from the Landsat record that recent large wildfires have affected region-wide coast redwood stand structure or growth rates. Nonetheless, extensive wildfires of 2008 did have a marked (albeit temporary) impact on canopy density of the region’s mixed hardwood and Coulter pine forest zones, equivalent to the extreme drought effects of 1990-1991 and 2013-2014 on these higher elevation forest zones.
{"title":"Thirty Year Analysis of Forest and Scrub Canopy Cover on the Big Sur Coast of California using Landsat Imagery","authors":"C. Potter","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000199","url":null,"abstract":"The potential for negative effects such as habitat loss and high severity wildfires on endemic and threatened biological resources on the United States Pacific coast from recent climate warming has received increasing attention. This study was designed to quantify, for the first time, variations in forest and coastal bluff scrub canopy density and related growth rates using 30 consecutive years of April-to-June Landsat satellite image data for the central California coast around Big Sur. A trend model was fit to multi-year Landsat NDVI time series using least squares non-linear regression on time. Analysis showed that annual growth rates for coast redwood stands in the Big Sur area, the southern-most range for Sequoia sempervirens on the Pacific coast, have been depressed by periods of drought that exceeded -1.2 standard deviations of long-term annual precipitation. There was no evidence from the Landsat record that recent large wildfires have affected region-wide coast redwood stand structure or growth rates. Nonetheless, extensive wildfires of 2008 did have a marked (albeit temporary) impact on canopy density of the region’s mixed hardwood and Coulter pine forest zones, equivalent to the extreme drought effects of 1990-1991 and 2013-2014 on these higher elevation forest zones.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88219248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000198
C. Nwakanma, Ikwa Ue, Ubuoh Ei
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is the only widely prevalent coloured pollutant in the atmosphere. The assessment of ambient air quality with special reference to NO2 was carried out in this study at the waste dump site in Osisioma Ngwa Local government Area in Nigeria during the morning and Evening hours of the dry season. Average Air Quality Index (AQI) Pollutant values obtained where within the moderate level as values ranged from Umuigwe Station during morning reading as NO2 (0.04) AQI (86.588); Umujima Station {NO2 (0.05) AQI (89.598)}; Niger Stone Station {NO2 (0.08) AQI (89.838)}; Uratta Amaise Station {NO2 (0.06) AQI (86.894)}; Eyimba market {NO2 (0.06) AQI (79.999)}; Owerrita {NO2 (0.04) AQI (12.36)}; Asaema {NO2 (0.04) AQI (81.580)}. Values obtained from Owerrita Station according to Standards where described to be good and others where described to be moderate. However, with results from PSI for NO2, overall assessment was described as unhealthy for general health condition of the people around that area since values obtained from morning and evening period ranged from 0.02 to 0.09 ppm.
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