Pub Date : 2016-07-11DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000197
M. Sarker, Farhana Rashid, M. Tanmay
The present study was conducted to quantify the water quality parameters and plankton concentrations of the Meghna river estuary during the spawning season of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisa) and also to establish knowledge about the habitat. Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is one of the flagship anadromous fish species of Bangladesh that migrate downstream for spawning purposes only through the Ganges-Meghna river system route. The study period constitutes two spawning seasons of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) (June 2014 and February, March 2015). The water quality parameters and plankton concentrations were measured and analyzed by standard methods. A total of 50 genera of plankton identified from the water body belonging to the group Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae, Coscinodiscophyceae, Copepoda, Rotifera, Cladoceran, Protozoa, Crustacean larvae and Meroplankton. The phytoplankton density was varied from 2.93×103 to 7.94×103 cells/L and zooplankton density of 1.15×103 cells/L to 1.8×103 cells/L. The plankton concentrations were strongly correlated with the fluctuations of water quality. The water temperature and phytoplankton density was positively correlated (r = 0.75), on the other hand, negative correlation was found between phyplankton and transparency (r = - 0.84). Bacillariophyceae was the most dominant group contributing 78% of phytoplankton and among zooplankton, Copepoda contributes 36%. Shannon-Weiner species diversity index (HE¹) used as an indicator of water quality. It ranged from 2.07 to 2.74 (phytoplankton) and 1.82 to 2.38 (zooplankton). The mean value of phytoplankton was 2.42 ± 0.19 and zooplankton was 2.14 ± 0.16 and it was within the range of 1 to 3, so the water body is moderately polluted. The phytoplankton cell density is a good indicator to determine the trophic status of a particular water body. The mean cell density of phytoplankton was 5372 cells/L and could be classified as oligotrophic. Oligotrophic water body characters lack nutrients which resulted in the lowest density of plankton. Based on plankton density it can be concluded that during spawning season, plankton profile is low which might be hindered Hilsa to migrate this spawning ground.
{"title":"Assessment of Coastal Water Habitat with Reference to the Variability of Plankton during Spawning Season of Indian River Shad in Greater Noakhali-Bangladesh","authors":"M. Sarker, Farhana Rashid, M. Tanmay","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000197","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was conducted to quantify the water quality parameters and plankton concentrations of the Meghna river estuary during the spawning season of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisa) and also to establish knowledge about the habitat. Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) is one of the flagship anadromous fish species of Bangladesh that migrate downstream for spawning purposes only through the Ganges-Meghna river system route. The study period constitutes two spawning seasons of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) (June 2014 and February, March 2015). The water quality parameters and plankton concentrations were measured and analyzed by standard methods. A total of 50 genera of plankton identified from the water body belonging to the group Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae, Coscinodiscophyceae, Copepoda, Rotifera, Cladoceran, Protozoa, Crustacean larvae and Meroplankton. The phytoplankton density was varied from 2.93×103 to 7.94×103 cells/L and zooplankton density of 1.15×103 cells/L to 1.8×103 cells/L. The plankton concentrations were strongly correlated with the fluctuations of water quality. The water temperature and phytoplankton density was positively correlated (r = 0.75), on the other hand, negative correlation was found between phyplankton and transparency (r = - 0.84). Bacillariophyceae was the most dominant group contributing 78% of phytoplankton and among zooplankton, Copepoda contributes 36%. Shannon-Weiner species diversity index (HE¹) used as an indicator of water quality. It ranged from 2.07 to 2.74 (phytoplankton) and 1.82 to 2.38 (zooplankton). The mean value of phytoplankton was 2.42 ± 0.19 and zooplankton was 2.14 ± 0.16 and it was within the range of 1 to 3, so the water body is moderately polluted. The phytoplankton cell density is a good indicator to determine the trophic status of a particular water body. The mean cell density of phytoplankton was 5372 cells/L and could be classified as oligotrophic. Oligotrophic water body characters lack nutrients which resulted in the lowest density of plankton. Based on plankton density it can be concluded that during spawning season, plankton profile is low which might be hindered Hilsa to migrate this spawning ground.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84134139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-11DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000196
Radhika Kapur
Natural resources and environmental concerns have been prevalent not only in India, but in other countries of the world as well, but in most cases, India has been the major country that has experienced the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. In this research manuscript, main focus has been laid upon India; India is the most populous country in the world and with the impact of population explosion, there is exhaustion of natural resources and environmental degradation. The main areas that have been highlighted are rural poverty and environmental degradation, effects of disasters and natural hazards, assessing risks, impacts and opportunities from natural resources and the environment, precise insinuations for environment, sustainability and green development, greening rural development and economic growth and environmental sustainability. The issues have been taken into account and the measures also have been underscored that are essential in order to lead to preservation and sustenance of natural resources and the environment.
{"title":"Natural Resources and Environmental Issues","authors":"Radhika Kapur","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000196","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000196","url":null,"abstract":"Natural resources and environmental concerns have been prevalent not only in India, but in other countries of the world as well, but in most cases, India has been the major country that has experienced the depletion of natural resources and environmental degradation. In this research manuscript, main focus has been laid upon India; India is the most populous country in the world and with the impact of population explosion, there is exhaustion of natural resources and environmental degradation. The main areas that have been highlighted are rural poverty and environmental degradation, effects of disasters and natural hazards, assessing risks, impacts and opportunities from natural resources and the environment, precise insinuations for environment, sustainability and green development, greening rural development and economic growth and environmental sustainability. The issues have been taken into account and the measures also have been underscored that are essential in order to lead to preservation and sustenance of natural resources and the environment.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86752526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000195
D. Astuti, H. Ashari, S. NPrijono
Enggano Island of Indonesia has Psittacula parakeet bird; namely Psittacula longicauda modesta. Phylogenetically, the position of the bird has not been studied yet. The present study used DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to analyze phylogenetic relationships within Psittacula parakeet birds; especially to reveal the phylogenetic position of Psittacula longicauda modesta. Blood samples were collected from two Psittacula species; Psittacula alexandri from Jawa island, and Psittacula longicauda (Psittacula longicauda modesta from Enggano island and P. l. defontainei from Natuna island). Blood samples were taken from each bird and DNA was extracted from each blood sample. PCR was performed to amplify a single fragment of cyt b gene, by using a pair of nucleotide primer. The DNA targets were then be sequenced. Totally 868-bp of cyt b was used to calculate genetic divergence within and between Psittacula parakeet, and to construct phylogenetic trees. DNA sequence data from others Psittacula species were taken from GenBank. Columba livia, Accipiter, and Cacatua were used as outgroup species. The mean genetic divergence within Psittacula longicauda was 2.16% for P. l. modesta vs P. l. defontainei, 2.37% for P. l. modesta vs P. l. longicauda, and 1.51% for P. l. defontainei vs P. l. longicauda. The mean genetic divergences within Psittacula were 0.0512 ± 0.0051. Both Phylogenetic (NJ and ML) trees showed that P. l. defontainea (Natuna is.) and P. l. longicauda grouped together and to be sister group, while the position of Psittacula parakeet from Enggano island (P. l. modesta) was distant from and as a sister group of (P. l. defontainei and P. l. longicauda). P. longicauda and P. alexandri group together and appeared to be sister group.
印度尼西亚的Enggano岛有鹦鹉;即长尾鹦鹉。在系统发育上，这种鸟的位置还没有被研究过。本研究利用线粒体细胞色素b (cyt b)基因DNA序列分析了鹦鹉的系统发育关系;特别是揭示了长尾鹦鹉的系统发育位置。采集了2种鹦鹉的血样;来自爪哇岛的亚历山大鹦鹉和长尾鹦鹉(长尾鹦鹉来自英加诺岛，长尾鹦鹉来自纳土纳岛)。从每只鸟身上采集血液样本，并从每个血液样本中提取DNA。使用一对核苷酸引物扩增单个cyt b基因片段。然后对目标DNA进行测序。利用868 bp的cytb序列计算长尾鹦鹉内部和之间的遗传分化，构建系统发育树。其他鹦鹉种类的DNA序列数据取自GenBank。外群种为Columba livia、Accipiter和Cacatua。平均遗传分歧在Psittacula longicauda是2.16% p l . modesta vs p l . defontainei 2.37% p l . modesta vs p l . longicauda 1.51%, p . l . defontainei vs p . l . longicauda。平均遗传差异为0.0512±0.0051。系统发育树(NJ和ML)均表明，纳图纳岛长尾鹦鹉(P. l. modesta)与纳图纳岛长尾鹦鹉(P. l. defontainei和P. longicauda)居同一类群并为姊妹类群，而英加诺岛长尾鹦鹉(P. l. modesta)的位置较远且为姊妹类群。长尾竹和亚历山大竹类群在一起，似乎是姊妹类群。
{"title":"Phylogenetic Position of Psittacula Parakeet Bird from Enggano Island, Based on Analyses of Mitochondrial Cytochrome B Gene","authors":"D. Astuti, H. Ashari, S. NPrijono","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000195","url":null,"abstract":"Enggano Island of Indonesia has Psittacula parakeet bird; namely Psittacula longicauda modesta. Phylogenetically, the position of the bird has not been studied yet. The present study used DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) gene to analyze phylogenetic relationships within Psittacula parakeet birds; especially to reveal the phylogenetic position of Psittacula longicauda modesta. Blood samples were collected from two Psittacula species; Psittacula alexandri from Jawa island, and Psittacula longicauda (Psittacula longicauda modesta from Enggano island and P. l. defontainei from Natuna island). Blood samples were taken from each bird and DNA was extracted from each blood sample. PCR was performed to amplify a single fragment of cyt b gene, by using a pair of nucleotide primer. The DNA targets were then be sequenced. Totally 868-bp of cyt b was used to calculate genetic divergence within and between Psittacula parakeet, and to construct phylogenetic trees. DNA sequence data from others Psittacula species were taken from GenBank. Columba livia, Accipiter, and Cacatua were used as outgroup species. The mean genetic divergence within Psittacula longicauda was 2.16% for P. l. modesta vs P. l. defontainei, 2.37% for P. l. modesta vs P. l. longicauda, and 1.51% for P. l. defontainei vs P. l. longicauda. The mean genetic divergences within Psittacula were 0.0512 ± 0.0051. Both Phylogenetic (NJ and ML) trees showed that P. l. defontainea (Natuna is.) and P. l. longicauda grouped together and to be sister group, while the position of Psittacula parakeet from Enggano island (P. l. modesta) was distant from and as a sister group of (P. l. defontainei and P. l. longicauda). P. longicauda and P. alexandri group together and appeared to be sister group.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78394253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-28DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000194
C. Tafangenyasha, B. Kavhu, Knowledge Vingi
An investigation of the status of woodlands at Sengwa Wildlife Research Area (SWRA) revealed factors influencing decline and die-back of woody plants at a time of low elephant densities. The vegetation condition of the study area in the elephant range area of the semi-arid area of northwest Zimbabwe was randomly assessed in 50 × 20 m permanently marked degraded and undegraded plots in a study area approximately 80 km2. Diversity of woody plants increased towards downstream. Percentage elephant damage was slight on undegraded plots and termite damage was three times greater on undegraded plots than degraded plots. Density of woody plants was high following a period of coppice regeneration. The results suggest regeneration of woody plants following a long period of elephant culls between 1960 and 1992 that altered forest structures. It is conceivable that other environmental agents may play the role of elephant damage in the presence of elephant densities < 1 individuals/ km2. Significant differences (p<0.05) in elephant densities (no/km2) were recorded in SWRA between 1958 and 1996, 1958 and 1993 suggesting that increasing elephant densities were negatively impacting on woody cover (%). Woody cover increased from 60% in 1993 to 70% in 1996 inside SWRA. SWRA vegetation may be on regeneration path if no adverse impacts are recorded from other environmental agents including termite activity, fungal attack (Fusarium oxysporum), Lantana camara L. invasions and drought. Epidemic die-back is not yet a common feature in the protected area. The results refute the postulation that elephant alone prevent woodland regeneration and recruitment into larger size classes by feeding on small trees. The findings suggest need to consider end to end cycle of each disturbance factor in order to accurately predict scale of vegetation change in savanna ecosystems.
{"title":"Decline and Die-Back of Woody Plants in a Physiognomic and Floristically Complex Sebungwe Region and the Factors Modifying Mosaic Patch Landscapes at Sengwa Wildlife Area, Zimbabwe","authors":"C. Tafangenyasha, B. Kavhu, Knowledge Vingi","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000194","url":null,"abstract":"An investigation of the status of woodlands at Sengwa Wildlife Research Area (SWRA) revealed factors influencing decline and die-back of woody plants at a time of low elephant densities. The vegetation condition of the study area in the elephant range area of the semi-arid area of northwest Zimbabwe was randomly assessed in 50 × 20 m permanently marked degraded and undegraded plots in a study area approximately 80 km2. Diversity of woody plants increased towards downstream. Percentage elephant damage was slight on undegraded plots and termite damage was three times greater on undegraded plots than degraded plots. Density of woody plants was high following a period of coppice regeneration. The results suggest regeneration of woody plants following a long period of elephant culls between 1960 and 1992 that altered forest structures. It is conceivable that other environmental agents may play the role of elephant damage in the presence of elephant densities < 1 individuals/ km2. Significant differences (p<0.05) in elephant densities (no/km2) were recorded in SWRA between 1958 and 1996, 1958 and 1993 suggesting that increasing elephant densities were negatively impacting on woody cover (%). Woody cover increased from 60% in 1993 to 70% in 1996 inside SWRA. SWRA vegetation may be on regeneration path if no adverse impacts are recorded from other environmental agents including termite activity, fungal attack (Fusarium oxysporum), Lantana camara L. invasions and drought. Epidemic die-back is not yet a common feature in the protected area. The results refute the postulation that elephant alone prevent woodland regeneration and recruitment into larger size classes by feeding on small trees. The findings suggest need to consider end to end cycle of each disturbance factor in order to accurately predict scale of vegetation change in savanna ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80445224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-21DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000193
M. Butnariu
Developing techniques for isolation and identification of biocompounds, from natural products, resulted in a rapid enrichment of carotenoid pigments number. For their isolation from biometabolites mixtures, the physical and chemical properties are taken into account. Carotenoids are sensitive to light, heat, oxygen, acids and alkaline bases. The exposure to light (direct sunlight/ UltraViolet), causes cis–trans photoisomerization, which may lead to their photodestruction. Biological materials containing carotenoids and their solutions must be protected from the action of light. Many carotenoids are thermolabile (xanthophylls); their heating being indicated only when it is absolutely necessary. The separation of carotenoids is done at room temperature or up to –20°C, in the dark. In the case of hot saponification they should be protected by a low–boiling solvent (30–60°C). Carotenoids may be oxidized in the presence of oxygen or peroxides, because of their sensitivity to oxygen in the adsorbed state (in thin layer or column chromatograms). It is necessary to operate in inert conditions (under nitrogen or vacuum). The oxidation during the extraction and saponification can be minimized if it is carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. The exposure of carotenoids to acids, leads to changes such as: the oxidative decomposition, cis–trans isomerization and isomerization of 5,6–epoxides and 5,8–epoxides. The inconveniences are minimized by neutralization (calcium carbonate, pyridine, dimetilalanine). It works with purified solvents, freshly distilled, chlorinated derivatives (dichloromethane or solvents containing hydrochloric acid). The storage of carotenoids should be done in the dark, under an atmosphere of nitrogen or in vacuum, at a temperature of –20°C. The best preservation method is in the crystalline state. The current research techniques are using spectral methods, which provide accurate information on the structure and properties of organic biosubstances. Compared to chemical methods of identification, spectral methods have the advantage that it provides data faster, are accurate, require small amounts of material and enable continuous analysis at different stages of processing of the compound extracted without changing the composition of the biosubstance investigated, which enables its recovery. This chapter presents the main methods of extraction, separation and identification of organic compounds with direct applications on carotenoids.
{"title":"Methods of Analysis (Extraction, Separation, Identification and Quantification) of Carotenoids from Natural Products","authors":"M. Butnariu","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000193","url":null,"abstract":"Developing techniques for isolation and identification of biocompounds, from natural products, resulted in a rapid enrichment of carotenoid pigments number. For their isolation from biometabolites mixtures, the physical and chemical properties are taken into account. Carotenoids are sensitive to light, heat, oxygen, acids and alkaline bases. The exposure to light (direct sunlight/ UltraViolet), causes cis–trans photoisomerization, which may lead to their photodestruction. Biological materials containing carotenoids and their solutions must be protected from the action of light. Many carotenoids are thermolabile (xanthophylls); their heating being indicated only when it is absolutely necessary. The separation of carotenoids is done at room temperature or up to –20°C, in the dark. In the case of hot saponification they should be protected by a low–boiling solvent (30–60°C). Carotenoids may be oxidized in the presence of oxygen or peroxides, because of their sensitivity to oxygen in the adsorbed state (in thin layer or column chromatograms). It is necessary to operate in inert conditions (under nitrogen or vacuum). The oxidation during the extraction and saponification can be minimized if it is carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere. The exposure of carotenoids to acids, leads to changes such as: the oxidative decomposition, cis–trans isomerization and isomerization of 5,6–epoxides and 5,8–epoxides. The inconveniences are minimized by neutralization (calcium carbonate, pyridine, dimetilalanine). It works with purified solvents, freshly distilled, chlorinated derivatives (dichloromethane or solvents containing hydrochloric acid). The storage of carotenoids should be done in the dark, under an atmosphere of nitrogen or in vacuum, at a temperature of –20°C. The best preservation method is in the crystalline state. The current research techniques are using spectral methods, which provide accurate information on the structure and properties of organic biosubstances. Compared to chemical methods of identification, spectral methods have the advantage that it provides data faster, are accurate, require small amounts of material and enable continuous analysis at different stages of processing of the compound extracted without changing the composition of the biosubstance investigated, which enables its recovery. This chapter presents the main methods of extraction, separation and identification of organic compounds with direct applications on carotenoids.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"44 1","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88289791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-21DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000192
Bergallo Hg, Uzêda Mc, Fidalgo Ecc, Sluys Mv, Alves Mas, Costa Tcc, Santos Ma, M. B. Costa, Cozzolino Acr, Rocha Cfd
The Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse areas in the world and considered a hotspot. Several actions are needed for its preservation, among them the implementation of the Biodiversity Corridors. The Atlantic Forest has three biodiversity corridors and the Rio de Janeiro State, which harbors huge species diversity, is in the Serra do Mar Corridor. We developed socioeconomic, political and environmental indicators to present conservation strategies supported by a wide database. These indicators complemented the previous surveys of priority areas which emphasized biotic elements, and their integration allowed the elaboration of strategies for the conservation and management, regionally directed, to support actions to be implemented by the Government. The analysis was done considering three subjects: Anthropic Pressure, Physical and Biotic State, and Present Ability of Response. Data analysis followed a synthesis-aggregation schedule and the resulting database was taken to a workshop, where specialists proposed strategies and actions for the conservation. These strategies were discussed considering vegetation remnant distribution, biological relevance, environmental vulnerability, kind of anthropic pressure in the region and potential for success of the actions proposed, based on the ability of response. Rio de Janeiro State is very diverse in biotic, physical, political, socioeconomic and cultural aspects which demand specific actions for each region. So, depending on the present situation of the natural and anthropic environments and on the present and future sources of degradation, regionally directed actions are applicable. This specificity in conservation actions will enable that the State remnants will be more successfully protected.
{"title":"Bridging Natural and Social Sciences: A Framework for Identify Strategies and Actions for the Conservation of Biodiversity","authors":"Bergallo Hg, Uzêda Mc, Fidalgo Ecc, Sluys Mv, Alves Mas, Costa Tcc, Santos Ma, M. B. Costa, Cozzolino Acr, Rocha Cfd","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000192","url":null,"abstract":"The Atlantic Forest is one of the most diverse areas in the world and considered a hotspot. Several actions are needed for its preservation, among them the implementation of the Biodiversity Corridors. The Atlantic Forest has three biodiversity corridors and the Rio de Janeiro State, which harbors huge species diversity, is in the Serra do Mar Corridor. We developed socioeconomic, political and environmental indicators to present conservation strategies supported by a wide database. These indicators complemented the previous surveys of priority areas which emphasized biotic elements, and their integration allowed the elaboration of strategies for the conservation and management, regionally directed, to support actions to be implemented by the Government. The analysis was done considering three subjects: Anthropic Pressure, Physical and Biotic State, and Present Ability of Response. Data analysis followed a synthesis-aggregation schedule and the resulting database was taken to a workshop, where specialists proposed strategies and actions for the conservation. These strategies were discussed considering vegetation remnant distribution, biological relevance, environmental vulnerability, kind of anthropic pressure in the region and potential for success of the actions proposed, based on the ability of response. Rio de Janeiro State is very diverse in biotic, physical, political, socioeconomic and cultural aspects which demand specific actions for each region. So, depending on the present situation of the natural and anthropic environments and on the present and future sources of degradation, regionally directed actions are applicable. This specificity in conservation actions will enable that the State remnants will be more successfully protected.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"57 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84023296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000191
D. Fernando
The main purpose of this article is to study the viability of Ulpotha micro-cascade rehabilitation under Sri Lanka Australia Natural Resource Management Project (SLANRMP). Rehabilitation of Ulpotha with its natural resources was started on pilot basis in 2004 and completed in the year 2010. It is opportune to study the impacts of Ulpotha rehabilitation with its natural resources. Case study methodology was used for this study and the impacts were analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system. A Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect required information and data for the study. The research commenced in 2013 and more positive impacts of the Ulpotha rehabilitation were noted during the study.
{"title":"Impacts of Ulpotha Micro-cascade Restoration in Galkiriyakanda Mesocascade","authors":"D. Fernando","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000191","url":null,"abstract":"The main purpose of this article is to study the viability of Ulpotha micro-cascade rehabilitation under Sri Lanka Australia Natural Resource Management Project (SLANRMP). Rehabilitation of Ulpotha with its natural resources was started on pilot basis in 2004 and completed in the year 2010. It is opportune to study the impacts of Ulpotha rehabilitation with its natural resources. Case study methodology was used for this study and the impacts were analysed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) system. A Likert scale questionnaire was used to collect required information and data for the study. The research commenced in 2013 and more positive impacts of the Ulpotha rehabilitation were noted during the study.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83304530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-08DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000189
Parihar Vs, Nama Sl, Mathur Sc
Thirteen well-preserved trace fossil species namely Thalassinoides horizontalis, Thalassinoides suevicus, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha borneensis, Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites, Planolites montanus, Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites annularis, Siphonites, Paleomendron, and Phycodes palmatum have been reported from Mandai Formation of the Barmer Basin at Mandai area, western Rajasthan, India. The present study area is located about 15 km southwest of Fatehgarh town on Fatehgarh –Jhinjinyali tar Road. The Mandai Formation is 27 m thick lithostratigraphic unit deposited in the north-western part of the Barmer Basin and overlies on Early Palaeocene Bariyara -Dharvi -Sajit Member of the Akli Formation and overlain by Giral -Thumbli Member of Akli Formation of Early Eocene. The Mandai Formation has mixed siliciclastic, minor carbonate and phosphorite facies and its starts with bioturbated medium to fine grained ferruginous sandstone at the base. These trace fossils are preserved of full relief in yellowish to dark brown medium to fine grained ferruginous sandstone and greyish yellow coarse and coarse to medium grained calcareous sandstone. The entire ichnogenera shows shallow marine depositional environment of Mandai Formation of Barmer Basin. No age can be assigned on the basis of these trace fossil as they have long range (Cambrian to Recent).
{"title":"Shallow Marine Trace Fossils from Mandai Formation of the Barmer Basin, District -Jaisalmer, Western Rajasthan, India","authors":"Parihar Vs, Nama Sl, Mathur Sc","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000189","url":null,"abstract":"Thirteen well-preserved trace fossil species namely Thalassinoides horizontalis, Thalassinoides suevicus, Ophiomorpha nodosa, Ophiomorpha borneensis, Palaeophycus heberti, Palaeophycus tubularis, Planolites, Planolites montanus, Planolites beverleyensis, Planolites annularis, Siphonites, Paleomendron, and Phycodes palmatum have been reported from Mandai Formation of the Barmer Basin at Mandai area, western Rajasthan, India. The present study area is located about 15 km southwest of Fatehgarh town on Fatehgarh –Jhinjinyali tar Road. The Mandai Formation is 27 m thick lithostratigraphic unit deposited in the north-western part of the Barmer Basin and overlies on Early Palaeocene Bariyara -Dharvi -Sajit Member of the Akli Formation and overlain by Giral -Thumbli Member of Akli Formation of Early Eocene. The Mandai Formation has mixed siliciclastic, minor carbonate and phosphorite facies and its starts with bioturbated medium to fine grained ferruginous sandstone at the base. These trace fossils are preserved of full relief in yellowish to dark brown medium to fine grained ferruginous sandstone and greyish yellow coarse and coarse to medium grained calcareous sandstone. The entire ichnogenera shows shallow marine depositional environment of Mandai Formation of Barmer Basin. No age can be assigned on the basis of these trace fossil as they have long range (Cambrian to Recent).","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"54 5-6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72563981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000188
F. Durmaz, N. Karakaya, F. Evrendilek
The provision of diverse ecosystem goods and services by lakes is vital to ecosystem health and economic well-being of nations or regions. Securing ecologically safe lake water quality and quantity through sustainable uses and management practices concerns both present and future generations. The present study quantifies long-term impacts of human-induced disturbances including climate change on water surface areas of the 18 largest Turkish lakes. Spatiotemporal change detection analysis was carried out using long-term Landsat time series data between 1973 and 2014 with the aid of geographical information systems (GIS). Supervised and unsupervised classification techniques were combined to temporally differentiate and spatially delineate lake water surface areas using ancillary data. Over the period of about 40 years, lake surface area decreased for 15 lakes at a mean annual rate of 0.96 km2 but increased for three lakes at a mean annual rate of 0.17 km2. These spatiotemporal changes may be attributed to such human-induced pressures as drought, sectoral water uses/withdrawals, draining, and landfilling. These changes in turn lead to losses of or damages to both marketable and non-marketable ecosystem benefits that the lakes provide with humans at the local-to-regional spatial scales in the long-to-short-term temporal scales. The integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques adopted in this study allows for dynamic monitoring of not only lake water quality and quantity but also other natural resources, thus facilitating a timely and effective development of preventive and mitigative measures.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal Change Detection Analysis of Turkish Lake Water Surface Area in Response to Anthropogenic Ecosystem Disturbances Using Long-Term Landsat TM/ETM+ Data","authors":"F. Durmaz, N. Karakaya, F. Evrendilek","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000188","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of diverse ecosystem goods and services by lakes is vital to ecosystem health and economic well-being of nations or regions. Securing ecologically safe lake water quality and quantity through sustainable uses and management practices concerns both present and future generations. The present study quantifies long-term impacts of human-induced disturbances including climate change on water surface areas of the 18 largest Turkish lakes. Spatiotemporal change detection analysis was carried out using long-term Landsat time series data between 1973 and 2014 with the aid of geographical information systems (GIS). Supervised and unsupervised classification techniques were combined to temporally differentiate and spatially delineate lake water surface areas using ancillary data. Over the period of about 40 years, lake surface area decreased for 15 lakes at a mean annual rate of 0.96 km2 but increased for three lakes at a mean annual rate of 0.17 km2. These spatiotemporal changes may be attributed to such human-induced pressures as drought, sectoral water uses/withdrawals, draining, and landfilling. These changes in turn lead to losses of or damages to both marketable and non-marketable ecosystem benefits that the lakes provide with humans at the local-to-regional spatial scales in the long-to-short-term temporal scales. The integration of remote sensing and GIS techniques adopted in this study allows for dynamic monitoring of not only lake water quality and quantity but also other natural resources, thus facilitating a timely and effective development of preventive and mitigative measures.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79398069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-07DOI: 10.4172/2157-7625.1000190
M. Gaur, A. Misra, Roy Mm, M. Louhaichi, Douglas E. Johnson
The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the western arid region of Rajasthan state. As a result, it frequently experiences spells of drought. Surface water resources are also meagre and distributed unevenly. Drought is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and its direct impacts include like withering of crops, drying of watering points, reduction in fodder for livestock, etc. Such crisis eventually compels Rebari pastoralists to migrate to other places and regions as a coping mechanism against the scarcity of fodder and water in the arid zone of Rajasthan. The scarcity of fodder at any time is a function of stocking rate and carrying capacity of the system at that time, which is affected mainly by the amount of precipitation and livestock population. This has been covered through analysing migration routes and determinants by using the data collected from the ATS plus GPS Collars. It has been found that biomass density changed following grazing across gradients and ground cover. Also, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 5-10% lower inside the grazing area than outside the grazing area.
{"title":"Monitoring of Sheep Migration in Arid Region of Rajasthan, India Using EO Data","authors":"M. Gaur, A. Misra, Roy Mm, M. Louhaichi, Douglas E. Johnson","doi":"10.4172/2157-7625.1000190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7625.1000190","url":null,"abstract":"The annual aggregate spatially normal rainfall is extremely variable and most erratic in the western arid region of Rajasthan state. As a result, it frequently experiences spells of drought. Surface water resources are also meagre and distributed unevenly. Drought is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and its direct impacts include like withering of crops, drying of watering points, reduction in fodder for livestock, etc. Such crisis eventually compels Rebari pastoralists to migrate to other places and regions as a coping mechanism against the scarcity of fodder and water in the arid zone of Rajasthan. The scarcity of fodder at any time is a function of stocking rate and carrying capacity of the system at that time, which is affected mainly by the amount of precipitation and livestock population. This has been covered through analysing migration routes and determinants by using the data collected from the ATS plus GPS Collars. It has been found that biomass density changed following grazing across gradients and ground cover. Also, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 5-10% lower inside the grazing area than outside the grazing area.","PeriodicalId":15637,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecosystem & Ecography","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83490519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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