Pub Date : 2018-07-19DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525-C1-010
Y. Rojanasakul
{"title":"Nanomaterial carcinogenicity: Role of cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment","authors":"Y. Rojanasakul","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525-C1-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525-C1-010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75724568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-04-15DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000561
E. Ibrahim, Js Gushit, S. Salami, M. Dalen
Soil and water samples from surroundings of selected Electricity Transformer installations belonging to the Jos Electricity Distribution (JED) Plc, Jos were analyzed for different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) widely used as coolants. The EPA 3550 and 3510 methods were used for the sampling, preparation and extraction of the soil and water samples respectively. The extracts were cleaned up using column chromatography packed with silica gel (120 mesh). Thereafter, it was concentrated for characterization and quantification using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy Detector (GC-MSD). Fifteen (15) congeners were identified and quantified in the soil samples. The result obtained shows C52 to have the highest concentration with the value of 5.84 mg/kg. The range for the concentrations of the various congeners identified are: C18 (0.00-0.05 mg/kg), C20 (0.27-0.70 mg/kg), C28 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C29 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C44 (0.15-0.54 mg/kg), C52 (0.09-5.84 mg/kg), C101 (0.38-0.51 mg/kg), C137 (0. 45-1.79 mg/kg), C142 (0.00-0.55 mg/kg), C153 (0.37-1.20 mg/kg), C170 (0.15-1.59 mg/kg), C180 (0.00-0.47 mg/kg) and C194 (0.00-0.32 mg/kg). Similarly, for the water samples only C20, C28, C29, C101, C105 and C153 were identified and quantified. The result shows C153 having the highest concentration with the value of 0.57 mg/l followed by C105 (0.48 mg/l), C101 (0.37 mg/l), C28 and C29 have same concentration of 0.28 mg/l. From thirty samples analyzed, the result of the soils is below the Canadian Reference maximum allowable limit while that of water has some values higher than the recommended allowable limit. The studies showed various concentrations are link with ages of Transformer installation, as those installed earlier had more congeners with higher concentrations than the recent ones.
{"title":"Accumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBS) in Soil and Water from Electrical Transformers Installation Sites in Selected Locations in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State, Nigeria","authors":"E. Ibrahim, Js Gushit, S. Salami, M. Dalen","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000561","url":null,"abstract":"Soil and water samples from surroundings of selected Electricity Transformer installations belonging to the Jos Electricity Distribution (JED) Plc, Jos were analyzed for different congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) widely used as coolants. The EPA 3550 and 3510 methods were used for the sampling, preparation and extraction of the soil and water samples respectively. The extracts were cleaned up using column chromatography packed with silica gel (120 mesh). Thereafter, it was concentrated for characterization and quantification using Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectroscopy Detector (GC-MSD). Fifteen (15) congeners were identified and quantified in the soil samples. The result obtained shows C52 to have the highest concentration with the value of 5.84 mg/kg. The range for the concentrations of the various congeners identified are: C18 (0.00-0.05 mg/kg), C20 (0.27-0.70 mg/kg), C28 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C29 (0.28-0.39 mg/kg), C44 (0.15-0.54 mg/kg), C52 (0.09-5.84 mg/kg), C101 (0.38-0.51 mg/kg), C137 (0. 45-1.79 mg/kg), C142 (0.00-0.55 mg/kg), C153 (0.37-1.20 mg/kg), C170 (0.15-1.59 mg/kg), C180 (0.00-0.47 mg/kg) and C194 (0.00-0.32 mg/kg). Similarly, for the water samples only C20, C28, C29, C101, C105 and C153 were identified and quantified. The result shows C153 having the highest concentration with the value of 0.57 mg/l followed by C105 (0.48 mg/l), C101 (0.37 mg/l), C28 and C29 have same concentration of 0.28 mg/l. From thirty samples analyzed, the result of the soils is below the Canadian Reference maximum allowable limit while that of water has some values higher than the recommended allowable limit. The studies showed various concentrations are link with ages of Transformer installation, as those installed earlier had more congeners with higher concentrations than the recent ones.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"52 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81105966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-12DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000550
K. Salavoura
Hygiene hypothesis as a cause of adult diseases emerged in 1989 by David Strachmann. Since then controversial studies have been published and recently the importance of the microbiome in the rapidly increasing prevalence of some diseases is established. Microbiome is considered the symbiotic group of pathogens within mammals that consists from the bacteria of epidermis, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. The concept of the ‘exposome’ is a broader term to include not only symbiotic pathogens, but a great variety of exogenous and endogenous chemicals in one’s lifetime. Exogenous exposures include environmental chemicals, whereas endogenous are formed from different metabolic processes. The long term toxic results of these chemicals are due to epigenetic modifications of the genome with greatly unknown consequences.
{"title":"The Hygiene Hypothesis and the Participation of Chemical Products","authors":"K. Salavoura","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000550","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000550","url":null,"abstract":"Hygiene hypothesis as a cause of adult diseases emerged in 1989 by David Strachmann. Since then controversial studies have been published and recently the importance of the microbiome in the rapidly increasing prevalence of some diseases is established. Microbiome is considered the symbiotic group of pathogens within mammals that consists from the bacteria of epidermis, gastrointestinal and respiratory tract. The concept of the ‘exposome’ is a broader term to include not only symbiotic pathogens, but a great variety of exogenous and endogenous chemicals in one’s lifetime. Exogenous exposures include environmental chemicals, whereas endogenous are formed from different metabolic processes. The long term toxic results of these chemicals are due to epigenetic modifications of the genome with greatly unknown consequences.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"70 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78388079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-02DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000544
Jiabin Wang, Yanhua Wu, Weilin Shi, Juan Gao
Purpose: Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly detected in agricultural soils of China, which can post potential threats to human health. Understanding their sorption to soils is important in assessing their transport and bioavailability in environment. Limited research focuses on the influence of soil organic carbon (SOC) on PAEs adsorption to soils at different depths and increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) after adsorption. Materials and Methods: Batch sorption experiments of diethyl phthalate (DEP) to four types of soils were conducted in this study, including black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, paddy soil, and red soil. Total concentration of solute DEP and the concentration of free DEP not sorbed to DOC were measured with HPLC. The UV absorbance of supernatant was measured and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm was calculated for DOC aromaticity. Sorption isotherms of DEP to soil particles were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model. Results and Discussion: Partial SOC can dissolve to DOC in solution, and 47.4- 89.4% of total DEP can be sorbed to DOC. Increasing DEP in solution can enhance aliphatic SOC dissolving. The sorption coefficients of DEP are higher to fluvo-aquic soils (Koc for surface soils 1820 L kg-1 and subsurface soils 1388 L kg-1) than to other soils (<520 L kg-1), which indicates that SOC fractions of different soils have varied affinity to DEP. Conclusions: SOC plays an important role in DEP sorption to soil particles. Soil samples from surface layers have higher affinity than those from subsurface layers. DOC from SOC in solution is important for DEP transport in soil, and organic pollution can accelerate SOC dissolving.
目的:邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)在中国农业土壤中普遍存在，对人体健康有潜在威胁。了解它们对土壤的吸附对评估它们在环境中的迁移和生物有效性具有重要意义。有限的研究主要集中在土壤有机碳(SOC)对PAEs在不同深度土壤吸附的影响以及吸附后溶解有机碳(DOC)的增加。材料与方法:研究了邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)在黑土、潮土、水稻土和红壤四种土壤上的批量吸附实验。用高效液相色谱法测定溶质DEP总浓度和未吸附到DOC上的游离DEP浓度。测定了上清液的紫外吸光度，计算了254 nm处DOC芳香性的比紫外吸光度。DEP对土壤颗粒的吸附等温线拟合为Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型。结果与讨论:部分有机碳能在溶液中溶解到DOC中，总DEP的47.4 ~ 89.4%能吸附到DOC中。增加溶液中的DEP可以促进脂肪族有机碳的溶解。河流-潮土对DEP的吸附系数(表层土壤Koc为1820 L kg-1，地下土壤Koc为1388 L kg-1)高于其他土壤(<520 L kg-1)，表明不同土壤有机碳组分对DEP的亲和力存在差异。结论:有机碳对土壤颗粒对DEP的吸附起重要作用。表层土壤样品的亲和力高于亚表层土壤样品。溶液中有机碳的DOC对土壤中DEP的运移起重要作用，有机污染会加速有机碳的溶解。
{"title":"SOC Effects on Diethyl Phthalate Sorption to Four Soils in China","authors":"Jiabin Wang, Yanhua Wu, Weilin Shi, Juan Gao","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000544","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly detected in agricultural soils of China, which can post potential threats to human health. Understanding their sorption to soils is important in assessing their transport and bioavailability in environment. Limited research focuses on the influence of soil organic carbon (SOC) on PAEs adsorption to soils at different depths and increased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) after adsorption. Materials and Methods: Batch sorption experiments of diethyl phthalate (DEP) to four types of soils were conducted in this study, including black soil, fluvo-aquic soil, paddy soil, and red soil. Total concentration of solute DEP and the concentration of free DEP not sorbed to DOC were measured with HPLC. The UV absorbance of supernatant was measured and specific UV absorbance at 254 nm was calculated for DOC aromaticity. Sorption isotherms of DEP to soil particles were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich model. Results and Discussion: Partial SOC can dissolve to DOC in solution, and 47.4- 89.4% of total DEP can be sorbed to DOC. Increasing DEP in solution can enhance aliphatic SOC dissolving. The sorption coefficients of DEP are higher to fluvo-aquic soils (Koc for surface soils 1820 L kg-1 and subsurface soils 1388 L kg-1) than to other soils (<520 L kg-1), which indicates that SOC fractions of different soils have varied affinity to DEP. Conclusions: SOC plays an important role in DEP sorption to soil particles. Soil samples from surface layers have higher affinity than those from subsurface layers. DOC from SOC in solution is important for DEP transport in soil, and organic pollution can accelerate SOC dissolving.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"76 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74603404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-02DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000540
A. Ba, Akaninwor Jo, Igwe Fu, Amadi Ei
A study on the biochemical impact of sludge obtained from wastewater treatment plant on soil properties within Port- Harcourt environment were investigated. Parameters such as; pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), total organic matter (TOM), total organic carbon (TOC), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were assessed in the different soil samples using standard methods, to know the impact of the applied sludge on the biochemical properties of soil. The result showed a significant increase in N, P, K and TOM levels for the test soil (2.37 mg/kg, 32.89 mg/kg, 32.15 mg/kg, and 3.12 mg/kg) respectively over the control (0.93 mg/kg, 11.09 mg/kg, 36.35 mg/kg, and 2.14 mg/kg) respectively. Zn, Pb, Ni and TOC which are essential to plants and animals were also found to be significantly higher in the test soil (19.26 mg/kg, 5.71 mg/kg, 1.60 mg/kg, and 1.81 mg/kg) respectively over the control (8.62 mg/kg, 2.58 mg/kg, 0.52 mg/kg, and 1.24 mg/kg) respectively. The physicochemical, nutrient, and heavy metal parameters of the test soil samples were all significantly different (p<0.05) when compared to their controls. These results revealed that the natural organic fertilizer (sludge) obtained from wastewater treatment plant in Port-Harcourt with its low toxicity level enriched the impacted soil with essential biochemical nutrients such as N, P, K, and can be used in place of the very expensive artificial inorganic fertilizer with little cost and side effects for the enrichment of soil nutrient qualities.
{"title":"Biochemical Impact of Sludge Obtained from Wastewater Treatment Plant on Soil Properties within Port Harcourt Environment","authors":"A. Ba, Akaninwor Jo, Igwe Fu, Amadi Ei","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000540","url":null,"abstract":"A study on the biochemical impact of sludge obtained from wastewater treatment plant on soil properties within Port- Harcourt environment were investigated. Parameters such as; pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), total organic matter (TOM), total organic carbon (TOC), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) were assessed in the different soil samples using standard methods, to know the impact of the applied sludge on the biochemical properties of soil. The result showed a significant increase in N, P, K and TOM levels for the test soil (2.37 mg/kg, 32.89 mg/kg, 32.15 mg/kg, and 3.12 mg/kg) respectively over the control (0.93 mg/kg, 11.09 mg/kg, 36.35 mg/kg, and 2.14 mg/kg) respectively. Zn, Pb, Ni and TOC which are essential to plants and animals were also found to be significantly higher in the test soil (19.26 mg/kg, 5.71 mg/kg, 1.60 mg/kg, and 1.81 mg/kg) respectively over the control (8.62 mg/kg, 2.58 mg/kg, 0.52 mg/kg, and 1.24 mg/kg) respectively. The physicochemical, nutrient, and heavy metal parameters of the test soil samples were all significantly different (p<0.05) when compared to their controls. These results revealed that the natural organic fertilizer (sludge) obtained from wastewater treatment plant in Port-Harcourt with its low toxicity level enriched the impacted soil with essential biochemical nutrients such as N, P, K, and can be used in place of the very expensive artificial inorganic fertilizer with little cost and side effects for the enrichment of soil nutrient qualities.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88477116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The toxicity of zinc phosphide-based rodenticide formulated and sold in Nigeria was investigated. Preliminary toxicity study was conducted using 24 rats and based results a dosage of zinc phosphide-based rodenticides 1 g to 200 g feed was adopted for this study. A further batch of 30 albino rats was procured for the main study. The rats were observed for period of 3 and 6 hours. At the end of the time interval, the animals were euthanized under chloroform anesthesia, blood samples were collected into sterile ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and heparin sample bottles. Kidney and liver organs were collected and stored in 40% formaldehyde. Biochemical parameters, ALT, AST, Creatinine, urea, uric acid and potassium concentrations were enhanced 3 and 6 hours after administration of the rodenticide to the albino rats. There were also elevations for total WBC and PLT values. The enhancement of most of the biochemical and hematological parameters investigated suggest the possible failures of several organs of the rats studied. Histological slides indicated breakdown of cellular matrix compared to the slide obtained for the control. Also, there was congestion of liver sinusoids. The sinusoidal congestion found after 6 hours of ZP administration in this study may be the reason for the markedly elevated ALT and AST levels.
{"title":"Toxicity of Zinc Phosphide-Based Rodenticide Formulated and Sold in Nigeria","authors":"Enebeli Maureen Nneka, Boisa Ndokiari, Nwachoko Ndidi","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000546","url":null,"abstract":"The toxicity of zinc phosphide-based rodenticide formulated and sold in Nigeria was investigated. Preliminary toxicity study was conducted using 24 rats and based results a dosage of zinc phosphide-based rodenticides 1 g to 200 g feed was adopted for this study. A further batch of 30 albino rats was procured for the main study. The rats were observed for period of 3 and 6 hours. At the end of the time interval, the animals were euthanized under chloroform anesthesia, blood samples were collected into sterile ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid and heparin sample bottles. Kidney and liver organs were collected and stored in 40% formaldehyde. Biochemical parameters, ALT, AST, Creatinine, urea, uric acid and potassium concentrations were enhanced 3 and 6 hours after administration of the rodenticide to the albino rats. There were also elevations for total WBC and PLT values. The enhancement of most of the biochemical and hematological parameters investigated suggest the possible failures of several organs of the rats studied. Histological slides indicated breakdown of cellular matrix compared to the slide obtained for the control. Also, there was congestion of liver sinusoids. The sinusoidal congestion found after 6 hours of ZP administration in this study may be the reason for the markedly elevated ALT and AST levels.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"68 5 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76336119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-27DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000545
S. Pappas, Naveen Kumar, U. Turaga, S. Ramkumar, R. Kendall
The production and use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are increasing in the United States and across the globe. The Ag NPs may enter the terrestrial ecosystem with the application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer on agricultural farms. The present study investigated the influence of soil pH on the uptake of Ag NPs by insects. Two insects A. domesticus and T. molitor were selected for the experiment. The insects were exposed to Ag NPs under different soil pH including: 5, 6, 7, 8 (control), and 9. The Ag NPs were characterized prior to the study with transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The concentration of silver in insects was measured with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Increased levels of silver in insects was observed in normal and alkaline soil as compared to acidic soil treatment groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference due to insect species in the silver uptake.
{"title":"The Influence of Soil pH on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in a Terrestrial System","authors":"S. Pappas, Naveen Kumar, U. Turaga, S. Ramkumar, R. Kendall","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000545","url":null,"abstract":"The production and use of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are increasing in the United States and across the globe. The Ag NPs may enter the terrestrial ecosystem with the application of sewage sludge as a fertilizer on agricultural farms. The present study investigated the influence of soil pH on the uptake of Ag NPs by insects. Two insects A. domesticus and T. molitor were selected for the experiment. The insects were exposed to Ag NPs under different soil pH including: 5, 6, 7, 8 (control), and 9. The Ag NPs were characterized prior to the study with transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The concentration of silver in insects was measured with inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. Increased levels of silver in insects was observed in normal and alkaline soil as compared to acidic soil treatment groups. Additionally, there was no significant difference due to insect species in the silver uptake.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"12 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88214935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-16DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000543
El-Said Ag, Badawy Na, Garamon Se
In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems. Batch experiments were also carried out for mono- and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics. Rice husk ash (RHA) has been studied for their adsorption properties pertaining to mono component solutions of metal ions. However, to treat waste water with new materials, their performance needs to be ascertained in multi component system. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of rice husk ash surfaces before and after the adsorbent was equilibrated with the metal ions solution, clearly establishes the presence of the metal ions and some surface modifications can be observed on the rice husk ash particles adsorption with (i) surface chemistry of the pellets on the surface of rice husk ash and (ii) inside layers of the rice husk ash. Applicability of the isotherm models namely Freundlish and Langmuir to predict the equilibrium uptake of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) in mono, binary and tertiary systems have also been tested.
{"title":"Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Rice Husk Ash Low Cost Adsorbent","authors":"El-Said Ag, Badawy Na, Garamon Se","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000543","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study, adsorption of Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) ions on rice husk ash (RHA) has been investigated in single, binary and tertiary systems. Batch experiments were also carried out for mono- and multi-component systems with varying metal ions concentrations (mg/l) to investigate the competitive adsorption characteristics. Rice husk ash (RHA) has been studied for their adsorption properties pertaining to mono component solutions of metal ions. However, to treat waste water with new materials, their performance needs to be ascertained in multi component system. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of rice husk ash surfaces before and after the adsorbent was equilibrated with the metal ions solution, clearly establishes the presence of the metal ions and some surface modifications can be observed on the rice husk ash particles adsorption with (i) surface chemistry of the pellets on the surface of rice husk ash and (ii) inside layers of the rice husk ash. Applicability of the isotherm models namely Freundlish and Langmuir to predict the equilibrium uptake of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) in mono, binary and tertiary systems have also been tested.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"56 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80894093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-14DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000542
S. Seneff, L. Orlando
Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN), also known as chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu), is an unusual form of kidney disease not associated with diabetes, hypertension, or glomerular nephritis. It has a number of known risk factors, none of which adequately explain the skyrocketing prevalence of the disease among sugarcane workers in El Salvador and Nicaragua. In this paper, we narrow the research focus from agricultural chemicals, in general, to glyphosate, in particular, an herbicide routinely used on sugarcane. We explain how glyphosate compellingly contributes to CKDu, by reviewing the evidence for glyphosate’s direct toxicity to kidneys and showing how the herbicide amplifies the damage to kidneys from other known risk factors. Using standard web search on index words and phrases, we gathered and perused a large collection of papers describing the pathology of MeN and associated metrics, on the one hand, and the mechanisms of toxicity of glyphosate in humans, animals and in in vitro studies, on the other hand. We show that glyphosate is used on sugarcane in three distinct ways, with exposure greatest when the herbicide is used as a ripener near harvest time. We identify several pathologies associated with MeN that have been found to be implicated in papers on glyphosate exposure, such as enhancing the growth of Clostridia species and fungus, promoting arsenic toxicity, suppressing the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), disrupting fructose metabolism, and promoting dehydration and high serum urate. A companion paper explains how glyphosate’s substitution for glycine could cause additional renal damage. Together, these two papers strongly suggest that glyphosate is a causative agent in CKDu. Overall, the research literature provides compelling evidence that glyphosate exposure is a significant factor in MeN. Glyphosate usage on crops should be curtailed in order to protect the agricultural worker population from this devastating and life-threatening disease.
{"title":"Is Glyphosate a Key Factor in Mesoamerican Nephropathy","authors":"S. Seneff, L. Orlando","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000542","url":null,"abstract":"Mesoamerican nephropathy (MeN), also known as chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu), is an unusual form of kidney disease not associated with diabetes, hypertension, or glomerular nephritis. It has a number of known risk factors, none of which adequately explain the skyrocketing prevalence of the disease among sugarcane workers in El Salvador and Nicaragua. In this paper, we narrow the research focus from agricultural chemicals, in general, to glyphosate, in particular, an herbicide routinely used on sugarcane. We explain how glyphosate compellingly contributes to CKDu, by reviewing the evidence for glyphosate’s direct toxicity to kidneys and showing how the herbicide amplifies the damage to kidneys from other known risk factors. Using standard web search on index words and phrases, we gathered and perused a large collection of papers describing the pathology of MeN and associated metrics, on the one hand, and the mechanisms of toxicity of glyphosate in humans, animals and in in vitro studies, on the other hand. We show that glyphosate is used on sugarcane in three distinct ways, with exposure greatest when the herbicide is used as a ripener near harvest time. We identify several pathologies associated with MeN that have been found to be implicated in papers on glyphosate exposure, such as enhancing the growth of Clostridia species and fungus, promoting arsenic toxicity, suppressing the synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), disrupting fructose metabolism, and promoting dehydration and high serum urate. A companion paper explains how glyphosate’s substitution for glycine could cause additional renal damage. Together, these two papers strongly suggest that glyphosate is a causative agent in CKDu. Overall, the research literature provides compelling evidence that glyphosate exposure is a significant factor in MeN. Glyphosate usage on crops should be curtailed in order to protect the agricultural worker population from this devastating and life-threatening disease.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81106895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-02DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000538
Okwulehie Ic, Nwoko Mc, Achufusi Jn, Onyeizu Ur, Ezera Vn
This study was conducted to study the yield and some macro-morphological characters of Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit bodies cultivated on Hydrochloric acid (HCl) optimized oil palm bunch (OPB) substrate. Concentrated HCl was diluted in tap water at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and were used to induce changes on the initial pH (9.5) of OPB to 8.9, 8.2, 7.9, 6.2 and control (9.1) respectively; after soaking for 48 hrs. One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Correlation test were adopted for data analysis. Mean separation was also done by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at probability level of 5%. Results showed that 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% HCl treated OPB substrates produced P. pulmonarius primordia after 9, 9, 10, 11 and control (12 days) respectively. Results further revealed that 0.4% HCl treated OPB substrate induced the highest (900 g/kg) fruit body yield and Biological Efficiency (90%) while control (493 g/kg and B.E 49.3%) respectively, produced the lowest quantity of fruit bodies. Some macro-morphological characters of harvested fruit bodies revealed that mean cap size (C.Scm) and Weight (wt.g/kg) of fruit bodies were highest (3.83 cm and 3.5 g/kg) in 0.4% HCl treated OPB respectively. Mean Stipe Length (S.Lcm) was highest (2.77 cm) in 0.3% OPB substrate and was significant at p ≤ 0.05. S.L and C.S of fruit bodies as well as C.S and Wt. were significantly correlated while there was no correlation between S.L and Wt. of fruit bodies. HCl was found as a suitable acid buffer for the optimization of the pH of the highly alkaline OPB for cultivation of P. pulmonarius fruit bodies. Oil palm bunch should therefore be adopted in the commercial production of the Oyster mushroom if certified safe for human consumption.
{"title":"Yield and Some Macro-Morphological Characters of Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fries) Quel. Fruit Bodies Cultivated on HCl-Optimized Oil Palm Bunch Substrate","authors":"Okwulehie Ic, Nwoko Mc, Achufusi Jn, Onyeizu Ur, Ezera Vn","doi":"10.4172/2161-0525.1000538","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000538","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to study the yield and some macro-morphological characters of Pleurotus pulmonarius fruit bodies cultivated on Hydrochloric acid (HCl) optimized oil palm bunch (OPB) substrate. Concentrated HCl was diluted in tap water at 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% and were used to induce changes on the initial pH (9.5) of OPB to 8.9, 8.2, 7.9, 6.2 and control (9.1) respectively; after soaking for 48 hrs. One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Correlation test were adopted for data analysis. Mean separation was also done by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at probability level of 5%. Results showed that 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% HCl treated OPB substrates produced P. pulmonarius primordia after 9, 9, 10, 11 and control (12 days) respectively. Results further revealed that 0.4% HCl treated OPB substrate induced the highest (900 g/kg) fruit body yield and Biological Efficiency (90%) while control (493 g/kg and B.E 49.3%) respectively, produced the lowest quantity of fruit bodies. Some macro-morphological characters of harvested fruit bodies revealed that mean cap size (C.Scm) and Weight (wt.g/kg) of fruit bodies were highest (3.83 cm and 3.5 g/kg) in 0.4% HCl treated OPB respectively. Mean Stipe Length (S.Lcm) was highest (2.77 cm) in 0.3% OPB substrate and was significant at p ≤ 0.05. S.L and C.S of fruit bodies as well as C.S and Wt. were significantly correlated while there was no correlation between S.L and Wt. of fruit bodies. HCl was found as a suitable acid buffer for the optimization of the pH of the highly alkaline OPB for cultivation of P. pulmonarius fruit bodies. Oil palm bunch should therefore be adopted in the commercial production of the Oyster mushroom if certified safe for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":15742,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology","volume":"54 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77530061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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