Pub Date : 2023-10-29DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2275214
Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Reza Ebadpour, Mohammad Jafari
ABSTRACTOrganic energetic compounds containing aluminum (OECAl) are hazardous materials, which have extensive applications in industries. For military and commercial high explosives, Gurney velocity is the terminal velocity of explosively-propelled metal liner on the bases of the ratio of the mass of metal to the mass of explosive. Due to the high cost of experimental determination of Gurney velocity, it is suitable to have a low-cost experimental method for reliable estimation of Gurney velocity of OECAl. A novel approach is introduced to use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a highly energetic laser pulse to atomize and excite samples (a plasma) for assessment of the Gurney velocity of OECAl. Five compositions of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-based aluminized explosives are studied through the LIBS technique to detect their atomic and molecular emissions in the air atmosphere. Plasma emissions of these compositions are recorded where the atomic line of Al as well as molecular bands of AlO and CN have the highest intensities at some wavelengths. Intensities of Al (λ = 394.38 and 396.16 nm), CN (λ = 388.29 and 422.70 nm), and AlO (λ = 467.19, 484.25, and 464.84 nm) peaks are correlated with their Gurney velocities. The intensity of Al at 396.16 nm gives the best linear relationship (r2 = 0.981) with the Gurney velocity of OECAl samples.KEYWORDS: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopyorganic energetic compounds containing aluminumplasma emissionsafetyterminal velocity of the explosively-propelled metal liner AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the research committee of Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT) for supporting this work.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Availability of Data and MaterialsThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.List of SymbolsTableDisplay Table
{"title":"Assessment of the terminal velocity of explosively-propelled metal liner using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","authors":"Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Reza Ebadpour, Mohammad Jafari","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2275214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2275214","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTOrganic energetic compounds containing aluminum (OECAl) are hazardous materials, which have extensive applications in industries. For military and commercial high explosives, Gurney velocity is the terminal velocity of explosively-propelled metal liner on the bases of the ratio of the mass of metal to the mass of explosive. Due to the high cost of experimental determination of Gurney velocity, it is suitable to have a low-cost experimental method for reliable estimation of Gurney velocity of OECAl. A novel approach is introduced to use laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as a highly energetic laser pulse to atomize and excite samples (a plasma) for assessment of the Gurney velocity of OECAl. Five compositions of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)-based aluminized explosives are studied through the LIBS technique to detect their atomic and molecular emissions in the air atmosphere. Plasma emissions of these compositions are recorded where the atomic line of Al as well as molecular bands of AlO and CN have the highest intensities at some wavelengths. Intensities of Al (λ = 394.38 and 396.16 nm), CN (λ = 388.29 and 422.70 nm), and AlO (λ = 467.19, 484.25, and 464.84 nm) peaks are correlated with their Gurney velocities. The intensity of Al at 396.16 nm gives the best linear relationship (r2 = 0.981) with the Gurney velocity of OECAl samples.KEYWORDS: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopyorganic energetic compounds containing aluminumplasma emissionsafetyterminal velocity of the explosively-propelled metal liner AcknowledgmentsWe would like to thank the research committee of Malek Ashtar University of Technology (MUT) for supporting this work.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Availability of Data and MaterialsThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.List of SymbolsTableDisplay Table","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136133984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACTThe impact of processing operations such as chemical synthesis conditions, milling, coating and pressing operations on the crystallographic structure of HMX has been studied using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. Strong differences in grain morphology and X-ray patterns were first observed after synthesis on two different setups with different washing methods. Diffraction pattern refinements were tentatively performed on the basis of known structures and assuming preferential orientations. The impossibility of achieving satisfactory agreement, even considering the orientation of several planes, could be attributed to the presence of polymorphism or hydrates. The possible new polymorphs or hydrates were metastable since milling led to the stable ß-HMX polymorph. No such transformation occurred during the coating operation, but an increase in structural defects was observed. Finally, the pressing step did not induce any transformation but surprisingly led to a decrease in structural defects, probably due to isotropic deformation of the crystallographic cell and the repairing effect of the associated thermal treatment.Keywords: Crystallographyenergetic materialsHMXProcessing operationsX-Ray diffraction AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank Dr Jean-François Willart for useful discussions.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2267558
{"title":"Structural evolution of HMX during processing operations","authors":"Mathieu Guerain, Pascal Palmas, Alexandre Lecardeur","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2267558","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2267558","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe impact of processing operations such as chemical synthesis conditions, milling, coating and pressing operations on the crystallographic structure of HMX has been studied using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. Strong differences in grain morphology and X-ray patterns were first observed after synthesis on two different setups with different washing methods. Diffraction pattern refinements were tentatively performed on the basis of known structures and assuming preferential orientations. The impossibility of achieving satisfactory agreement, even considering the orientation of several planes, could be attributed to the presence of polymorphism or hydrates. The possible new polymorphs or hydrates were metastable since milling led to the stable ß-HMX polymorph. No such transformation occurred during the coating operation, but an increase in structural defects was observed. Finally, the pressing step did not induce any transformation but surprisingly led to a decrease in structural defects, probably due to isotropic deformation of the crystallographic cell and the repairing effect of the associated thermal treatment.Keywords: Crystallographyenergetic materialsHMXProcessing operationsX-Ray diffraction AcknowledgmentsThe authors wish to thank Dr Jean-François Willart for useful discussions.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2267558","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136211298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-08DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2268056
Zhiqiang Wang, Renzhe Zong, Yi Wang, Shanhu Sun, Jinjiang Xu, Yi Tong
ABSTRACTThermal expansion is an important structural parameter to evaluate the structural stability and performance reliability of energetic materials. In order to further understand the thermal expansion characteristics and mechanism of high-energy insensitive explosive 3-nitro-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (NTO), the thermal expansion characteristics of α-NTO were studied by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Based on the Rietveld full-spectrum fitting structure refinement principle, the thermal expansion coefficient of α-NTO was obtained. The results show that α-NTO exhibits obvious reversible anisotropic thermal expansion under the action of thermal field. Based on infrared and Raman spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculation methods, the crystal packing structure of α-NTO at different temperatures and its correlation with thermal expansion characteristics were studied. It is believed that the functional groups that produce hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond receptors in the crystal structure of α-NTO under thermal stimulation play a leading role. At the same time, compared with the thermal expansion characteristics of other explosive crystals, the influence of crystal packing on the thermal stability of explosive crystal structure was analyzed. The results show that the thermal expansion anisotropy of layered packing explosive crystals with strong hydrogen bonding is more obvious.KEYWORDS: Crystal packingin-situ X-ray diffractionNTOthermal expansion AcknowledgmentsThank you to the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, and the Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics for their support.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2268056Additional informationFundingThis research were funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 22275177 and grant number 21975234.
{"title":"Thermal expansion characteristics of high energy insensitive explosive α-NTO","authors":"Zhiqiang Wang, Renzhe Zong, Yi Wang, Shanhu Sun, Jinjiang Xu, Yi Tong","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2268056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2268056","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThermal expansion is an important structural parameter to evaluate the structural stability and performance reliability of energetic materials. In order to further understand the thermal expansion characteristics and mechanism of high-energy insensitive explosive 3-nitro-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (NTO), the thermal expansion characteristics of α-NTO were studied by in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Based on the Rietveld full-spectrum fitting structure refinement principle, the thermal expansion coefficient of α-NTO was obtained. The results show that α-NTO exhibits obvious reversible anisotropic thermal expansion under the action of thermal field. Based on infrared and Raman spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculation methods, the crystal packing structure of α-NTO at different temperatures and its correlation with thermal expansion characteristics were studied. It is believed that the functional groups that produce hydrogen bonds and hydrogen bond receptors in the crystal structure of α-NTO under thermal stimulation play a leading role. At the same time, compared with the thermal expansion characteristics of other explosive crystals, the influence of crystal packing on the thermal stability of explosive crystal structure was analyzed. The results show that the thermal expansion anisotropy of layered packing explosive crystals with strong hydrogen bonding is more obvious.KEYWORDS: Crystal packingin-situ X-ray diffractionNTOthermal expansion AcknowledgmentsThank you to the State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, and the Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics for their support.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availability statementThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.Supplementary materialSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2268056Additional informationFundingThis research were funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 22275177 and grant number 21975234.","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135198629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-02DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2021.2017075
Xinhua Zhao, Jianxin Xu, Luyao Zhang, Lizhen Chen, Jianlong Wang
ABSTRACT The solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was measured by using a laser monitoring system in binary (N-methyl pyrrolidone + acetone, ethanol, water) mixed solvents with temperatures changing from 293.15 K to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The experimental solubility data for FOX-7 were correlated and fitted to thermodynamic models such as van’t Hoff model, modified Apelblat model, and Yaws model. The results show that the solubility of FOX-7 increases with increasing temperature and N-methyl pyrrolidone ratio. Three models can be used to correlate the solubility data commendably. However, the Yaws model fits best for the solvent system selected in this work. At last, the standard dissolution enthalpy, standard dissolution entropy, and standard Gibbs free energy of FOX-7 can be calculated. It was found that the dissolution of FOX-7 in all test solvents was endothermic and non-spontaneous.
{"title":"Solubility and thermodynamics properties of FOX-7 in binary (N-methyl pyrrolidone + acetone, ethanol, water) mixed solvents","authors":"Xinhua Zhao, Jianxin Xu, Luyao Zhang, Lizhen Chen, Jianlong Wang","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2021.2017075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2021.2017075","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The solubility of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) was measured by using a laser monitoring system in binary (N-methyl pyrrolidone + acetone, ethanol, water) mixed solvents with temperatures changing from 293.15 K to 333.15 K under 0.1 MPa. The experimental solubility data for FOX-7 were correlated and fitted to thermodynamic models such as van’t Hoff model, modified Apelblat model, and Yaws model. The results show that the solubility of FOX-7 increases with increasing temperature and N-methyl pyrrolidone ratio. Three models can be used to correlate the solubility data commendably. However, the Yaws model fits best for the solvent system selected in this work. At last, the standard dissolution enthalpy, standard dissolution entropy, and standard Gibbs free energy of FOX-7 can be calculated. It was found that the dissolution of FOX-7 in all test solvents was endothermic and non-spontaneous.","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139324312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-05DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2255174
Jin-Qiang Zhou, Yi-Ming Wang, Hua Fang, Peng Deng, Jian-Xin Nie, Xueyong Guo, R. Liu
{"title":"Combustion performance and mechanism of DAP-4/Al composites with WO3 nanoparticles","authors":"Jin-Qiang Zhou, Yi-Ming Wang, Hua Fang, Peng Deng, Jian-Xin Nie, Xueyong Guo, R. Liu","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2255174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2255174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43535336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-26DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2240336
Xueyong Guo, Di Wang, Kai Sun, Yan-li Zhu, Shuji Wang, C. Wu
{"title":"Incorporation of CL-20 into TKX-50 to improve thermal reactivity","authors":"Xueyong Guo, Di Wang, Kai Sun, Yan-li Zhu, Shuji Wang, C. Wu","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2240336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2240336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2219678
Sabrina Wahler, Peter Chung, T. Klapötke
{"title":"Training machine learning models based on the structural formula for the enthalpy of vaporization and sublimation and a thorough analysis of Trouton’s rules","authors":"Sabrina Wahler, Peter Chung, T. Klapötke","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2219678","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2219678","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41421148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-16DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2236608
S. Abdous, M. Derradji, Karim Khiari, Oussama Mehelli, Abdeljalil Zegaoui, Wen-ben Liu
{"title":"Design of advanced and highly effective partially bio-energetic polybenzoxazines as the next generation of reactive structure materials","authors":"S. Abdous, M. Derradji, Karim Khiari, Oussama Mehelli, Abdeljalil Zegaoui, Wen-ben Liu","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2236608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2236608","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47575225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1080/07370652.2023.2236620
Mohammed Dourari, A. F. Tarchoun, D. Trache, A. Abdelaziz, Roufaida Tiliouine, Tessnim Barkat, W. Bessa, Slimane Bekhouche
{"title":"Effect of core-shell structure of MgAl-CuO nanothermite coated with potassium perchlorate on the thermo-kinetic behavior of NC/DEGDN composite","authors":"Mohammed Dourari, A. F. Tarchoun, D. Trache, A. Abdelaziz, Roufaida Tiliouine, Tessnim Barkat, W. Bessa, Slimane Bekhouche","doi":"10.1080/07370652.2023.2236620","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2023.2236620","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15754,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energetic Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47761927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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