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A new approach to pedestal differentiation for soil loss estimation—a case study from a burnt area in north-central Portugal 用于土壤流失估算的基底分异新方法--葡萄牙中北部烧毁地区的案例研究
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01694-3
Frank G. A. Verheijen, Martinho A. S. Martins, Sergio A. Prats, Jan J. Keizer

Soil pedestals have long been used as qualitative indicators of soil splash erosion. In rangelands, plant-capped pedestals, generally grass tussocks, have also been used to quantitatively estimate soil loss since the first half of the twentieth century. In agricultural lands, forests, and badlands, stone-capped pedestals have been used as qualitative and semi-quantitative indicators of active, ‘extreme’ erosion. Little work has been reported on using capstone pedestal data for quantifying soil loss. We postulate that three distinct capstone pedestal types may be present in any given location and that a detailed analysis of a pedestal height histogram may be used to recognize their populations. This analysis can subsequently inform if soil loss can be reliably estimated and if so, which of the existing methods using pedestal height data will provide more accurate results. The three proposed capstone pedestal types are: (1) neo-pedestals formed underneath surface stones exposed by (partial) removal of the soil surface cover; (2) endo-pedestals formed underneath stones that were buried in the soil but have been exposed by erosion; and (3) phoenix-pedestals formed underneath stones from collapsed pedestals. In the pedestal height histogram of any given location, a skew to smaller heights may indicate the existence of endo- and/or phoenix-pedestals, which may be revealed as a bi-(or tri) modal distribution when using a smaller bin size. This concept was applied to a case study where soil loss had been monitored for control plots and mulched plots during a 5-year period following wildfire in a eucalypt plantation. We measured pedestal heights and used methods to quantitatively assess soil loss from soil pedestal data in the available literature. Soil pedestal data at the end of the 5-year period under or overestimated soil loss in the control treatment, with results ranging from 60 to 115% of measured soil loss, depending on the method. It is postulated that phoenix- and endo-pedestals may be a driving factor behind the observed discrepancies. We discuss how future research may provide more insight into dominant processes, and how frequency distributions may be used to select the best methods for estimating soil loss from pedestals.

长期以来,土壤基座一直被用作土壤飞溅侵蚀的定性指标。在牧场,自二十世纪上半叶以来,植物覆盖的基座(通常是草丛)也被用来定量估算土壤流失量。在农田、森林和荒地,石盖基座被用作活跃的 "极端 "侵蚀的定性和半定量指标。利用顶石基座数据来量化土壤流失的工作鲜有报道。我们推测,在任何给定地点都可能存在三种不同的顶石基座类型,对基座高度柱状图的详细分析可用于识别它们的数量。这项分析随后可告知我们是否能可靠地估算出土壤流失量,如果能,现有方法中哪种使用基座高度数据的方法能提供更准确的结果。建议的三种顶石基座类型是(1) 新基座形成于(部分)土壤表层覆盖物被移除后露出的表层石块下;(2) 内基座形成于被埋在土壤中但因侵蚀而露出的石块下;(3) 凤凰基座形成于坍塌基座的石块下。在任何给定地点的基座高度直方图中,向较小高度的倾斜可能表明存在内基座和/或凤基基座,当使用较小的分隔尺寸时,可能会显示为双模态(或三模态)分布。我们将这一概念应用到一项案例研究中,在桉树种植园发生野火后的 5 年时间里,我们对对照地块和覆盖地块的土壤流失情况进行了监测。我们测量了基座高度,并根据现有文献中的土壤基座数据采用了定量评估土壤流失的方法。5 年期末的土壤基座数据低估或高估了对照处理的土壤流失量,根据不同的方法,结果为测量土壤流失量的 60% 到 115%。据推测,凤座和内座可能是造成观察到的差异的一个驱动因素。我们讨论了未来的研究如何更深入地了解主导过程,以及如何利用频率分布来选择估算基座土壤流失的最佳方法。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of thinning and understory removal on water use efficiency of Pinus massoniana: evidence from photosynthetic capacity and stable carbon isotope analyses 疏伐和移除林下植物对马尾松水分利用效率的影响:光合能力和稳定碳同位素分析的证据
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-07 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01666-7
Ting Wang, Qing Xu, Beibei Zhang, Deqiang Gao, Ying Zhang, Jing Jiang, Haijun Zuo

Understanding the relationship between forest management and water use efficiency (WUE) is important for evaluating forest adaptability to climate change. However, the effects of thinning and understory removal on WUE and its key controlling processes are not well understood, which limits our comprehension of the physiological mechanisms of various management practices. In this study, four forest management measures (no thinning: NT; understory removal: UR; light thinning: LT; and heavy thinning: HT) were carried out in Pinus massoniana plantations in a subtropical region of China. Photosynthetic capacity and needle stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) were measured to assess instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEinst) and long-term water use efficiency (WUEi). Multiple regression models and structural equation modelling (SEM) identified the effects of soil properties and physiological performances on WUEinst and WUEi. The results show that WUEinst values among the four treatments were insignificant. However, compared with the NT stand (35.8 μmol·mol−1), WUEi values significantly increased to 41.7 μmol·mol−1 in the UR, 50.1 μmol·mol−1 in the LT and 46.6 μmol·mol−1 in HT treatments, largely explained by photosynthetic capacity and soil water content. Understory removal did not change physiological performance (needle water potential and photosynthetic capacity). Thinning increased the net photosynthetic rate (An) but not stomatal conductance (gs) or predawn needle water potential (ψpd), implying that the improvement in water use efficiency for thinned stands was largely driven by radiation interception than by soil water availability. In general, thinning may be an appropriate management measure to promote P. massoniana WUE to cope with seasonal droughts under future extreme climates.

了解森林管理与水分利用效率(WUE)之间的关系对于评估森林对气候变化的适应性非常重要。然而,人们对疏伐和林下植物移除对水分利用效率及其关键控制过程的影响还不甚了解,这限制了我们对各种管理措施的生理机制的理解。在本研究中,四种森林管理措施(不疏伐:NT;清除林下植被:NTNT;清除林下植被:UR;轻度疏伐LT;以及重度疏伐:HT)。测量了光合能力和针叶稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),以评估瞬时水分利用效率(WUEinst)和长期水分利用效率(WUEi)。多元回归模型和结构方程建模(SEM)确定了土壤特性和生理表现对 WUEinst 和 WUEi 的影响。结果表明,四种处理的 WUEinst 值不显著。然而,与新植株(35.8 μmol-mol-1)相比,UR、LT 和 HT 处理的 WUEi 值分别显著增加到 41.7 μmol-mol-1、50.1 μmol-mol-1和 46.6 μmol-mol-1,这主要是由光合能力和土壤含水量造成的。移除下层植物并没有改变生理性能(针叶水势和光合能力)。疏伐提高了净光合速率(An),但没有提高气孔导度(gs)或黎明前针叶水势(ψpd),这意味着疏伐林分水分利用效率的提高主要是由辐射拦截而非土壤水分供应驱动的。总之,在未来极端气候条件下,疏伐可能是提高P. massoniana水分利用效率以应对季节性干旱的适当管理措施。
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引用次数: 0
Differences and similarities in radial growth of Betula species to climate change 桦树物种径向生长对气候变化的异同影响
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-02-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01690-7
Di Liu, Yang An, Zhao Li, Zhihui Wang, Yinghui Zhao, Xiaochun Wang
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引用次数: 0
More tree growth reduction due to consecutive drought and its legacy effect for a semiarid larch plantation in Northwest China 中国西北半干旱落叶松种植园连续干旱造成的树木生长量减少及其遗留影响
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01691-6
Yanfang Wan, Pengtao Yu, Yanhui Wang, Jiamei Li, Yushi Bai, Yipeng Yu, Bingbing Liu, Xiaocha Wei

Extreme climate has increasingly led to negative impacts on forest ecosystems globally, especially in semiarid areas where forest ecosystems are more vulnerable. However, it is poorly understood how tree growth is affected by different drought events. In 2006–2009, the larch plantations in the semiarid areas of Northwest China were negatively affected by four consecutive dry years, which was a very rare phenomenon that may occur frequently under future climate warming. In this study, we analyzed the effect of these consecutive dry years on tree growth based on the data of the tree rings in the dominant layer of the forest canopy on a larch plantation. We found that the tree-ring width index (RWI) in dry years was lower than that in normal years, and it experienced a rapidly decreasing trend from 2006 to 2009 (slope = − 0.139 year−1, r = − 0.94) due to water supply deficits in those dry years. Drought induced legacy effects of tree growth reduction, and consecutive dry years corresponded with greater growth reductions and legacy effects. Growth reductions and legacy effects were significantly stronger in the third and fourth consecutive dry years than that of single dry year (p < 0.05), which might have been due to the cumulative stress caused by consecutive dry years. Our results showed that larch trees experienced greater tree growth reduction due to consecutive dry years and their legacy effect, and the trees had lower recovery rates after consecutive dry years. Our results highlight that consecutive dry years pose a new threat to plantations under climate warming, and thus, the effect of climate extremes on tree growth should be considered in growth models in semiarid areas.

极端气候对全球森林生态系统造成的负面影响越来越大,尤其是在森林生态系统更加脆弱的半干旱地区。然而,人们对不同干旱事件如何影响树木生长还知之甚少。2006-2009 年,中国西北半干旱地区的落叶松人工林受到连续四年干旱的不利影响,这种现象非常罕见,但在未来气候变暖的情况下可能会频繁出现。在本研究中,我们根据落叶松人工林林冠优势层的树年轮数据分析了这些连续干旱年对树木生长的影响。我们发现,干旱年份的树环宽度指数(RWI)低于正常年份,而且从 2006 年到 2009 年,RWI 呈快速下降趋势(斜率 = - 0.139 year-1,r = - 0.94),原因是这些干旱年份供水不足。干旱会导致树木生长量减少,而连续干旱年份则会导致树木生长量减少和遗留效应增加。连续第三和第四个干旱年的生长减少和遗留效应明显强于单个干旱年(p < 0.05),这可能是由于连续干旱年造成的累积压力所致。我们的研究结果表明,连续干旱年及其遗留效应导致落叶松树体生长量减少,连续干旱年后树体恢复率较低。我们的研究结果突出表明,在气候变暖的情况下,连续干旱年对人工林构成了新的威胁,因此在半干旱地区的生长模型中应考虑极端气候对树木生长的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Aging Mongolian pine plantations face high risks of drought-induced growth decline: evidence from both individual tree and forest stand measurements 老化的蒙古松人工林面临干旱引起的生长衰退的高风险:单株树木和林分测量的证据
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01677-4
Mingyong Li, Leilei Yang, Yu Cao, Dedong Wu, Guangyou Hao

Discerning vulnerability differences among different aged trees to drought-driven growth decline or to mortality is critical to implement age-specific countermeasures for forest management in water-limited areas. An important species for afforestation in dry environments of northern China, Mongolian pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Litv.) has recently exhibited growth decline and dieback on many sites, particularly pronounced in old-growth plantations. However, changes in response to drought stress by this species with age as well as the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, tree-ring data and remotely sensed vegetation data were combined to investigate variations in growth at individual tree and stand scales for young (9 − 13 years) and aging (35 − 52 years) plantations of Mongolian pine in a water-limited area of northern China. A recent decline in tree-ring width in the older plantation also had lower values in satellited-derived normalized difference vegetation indices and normalized difference water indices relative to the younger plantations. In addition, all measured growth-related metrics were strongly correlated with the self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index during the growing season in the older plantation. Sensitivity of growth to drought of the older plantation might be attributed to more severe hydraulic limitations, as reflected by their lower sapwood- and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivities. Our study presents a comprehensive view on changes of growth with age by integrating multiple methods and provides an explanation from the perspective of plant hydraulics for growth decline with age. The results indicate that old-growth Mongolian pine plantations in water-limited environments may face increased growth declines under the context of climate warming and drying.

鉴别不同树龄的树木对干旱导致的生长衰退或死亡的脆弱性差异,对于在水资源有限地区实施针对不同树龄的森林管理对策至关重要。作为中国北方干旱环境造林的重要树种,蒙古松(Pinus sylvestris var.然而,人们对该树种随着年龄增长对干旱胁迫的响应变化及其内在机制还知之甚少。本研究结合树环数据和遥感植被数据,研究了中国北方限水地区年轻(9 - 13 年)和衰老(35 - 52 年)的蒙古松人工林在单棵树和林分尺度上的生长变化。与较年轻的人工林相比,较年长人工林的树环宽度最近有所下降,卫星衍生的归一化差异植被指数和归一化差异水分指数值也较低。此外,在老植被的生长季节,所有测量的生长相关指标都与自校准帕尔默干旱严重程度指数密切相关。老植株的生长对干旱的敏感性可能归因于更严重的水力限制,这反映在其较低的边材和叶片特异性水力传导率上。我们的研究综合了多种方法,对生长随树龄的变化提出了全面的看法,并从植物水力学的角度解释了生长随树龄下降的原因。研究结果表明,在气候变暖和干燥的背景下,限水环境中的老龄蒙古松人工林可能会面临更严重的生长衰退。
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引用次数: 0
April–September minimum temperature reconstruction based on Sabina tibetica ring-width chronology in the central eastern Tibetan Plateau, China 基于中国青藏高原中东部Sabina tibetica环宽年代学的4-9月最低气温重建
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-19 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01682-7
Teng Li, Jianfeng Peng, Tsun Fung Au, Jinbao Li

Minimum temperatures have remarkable impacts on tree growth at high-elevation sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but the shortage of long-term and high-resolution paleoclimate records inhibits understanding of recent minimum temperature anomalies. In this study, a warm season (April–September) reconstruction is presented for the past 467 years (1550–2016) based on Sabina tibetica ring-width chronology on the Lianbaoyeze Mountain of the central eastern Tibetan Plateau. Eight warm periods and eight cold periods were identified. Long-term minimum temperature variations revealed a high degree of coherence with nearby reconstructions. Spatial correlations between our reconstruction and global sea surface temperatures suggest that warm season minimum temperature anomalies in the central eastern Tibetan Plateau were strongly influenced by large-scale ocean atmospheric circulations, such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation.

最低气温对青藏高原高海拔地区的树木生长有显著影响,但长期和高分辨率古气候记录的缺乏阻碍了对近期最低气温异常的了解。本研究基于青藏高原中东部莲花山 Sabina tibetica 环宽年代学,重建了过去 467 年(1550-2016 年)的暖季(4 月-9 月)气候。确定了八个温暖期和八个寒冷期。长期最低气温的变化与附近的重建结果具有高度的一致性。我们的重建与全球海表温度之间的空间相关性表明,青藏高原中东部暖季最低气温异常受到大尺度海洋大气环流的强烈影响,如厄尔尼诺-南方涛动和大西洋多年涛动。
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引用次数: 0
Disentangling the effects of management and climate change on habitat suitability for saproxylic species in boreal forests 厘清管理和气候变化对北方森林无患子物种栖息地适宜性的影响
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01678-3
Ellinoora Ekman, María Triviño, Clemens Blattert, Adriano Mazziotta, Maria Potterf, Kyle Eyvindson

Forest degradation induced by intensive forest management and temperature increase by climate change are resulting in biodiversity decline in boreal forests. Intensive forest management and high-end climate emission scenarios can further reduce the amount and diversity of deadwood, the limiting factor for habitats for saproxylic species in European boreal forests. The magnitude of their combined effects and how changes in forest management can affect deadwood diversity under a range of climate change scenarios are poorly understood. We used forest growth simulations to evaluate how forest management and climate change will individually and jointly affect habitats of red-listed saproxylic species in Finland. We simulated seven forest management regimes and three climate scenarios (reference, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) over 100 years. Management regimes included set aside, continuous cover forestry, business-as-usual (BAU) and four modifications of BAU. Habitat suitability was assessed using a species-specific habitat suitability index, including 21 fungal and invertebrate species groups. “Winner” and “loser” species were identified based on the modelled impacts of forest management and climate change on their habitat suitability. We found that forest management had a major impact on habitat suitability of saproxylic species compared to climate change. Habitat suitability index varied by over 250% among management regimes, while overall change in habitat suitability index caused by climate change was on average only 2%. More species groups were identified as winners than losers from impacts of climate change (52%–95% were winners, depending on the climate change scenario and management regime). The largest increase in habitat suitability index was achieved under set aside (254%) and the climate scenario RCP8.5 (> 2%), while continuous cover forestry was the most suitable regime to increase habitat suitability of saproxylic species (up to + 11%) across all climate change scenarios. Our results show that close-to-nature management regimes (e.g., continuous cover forestry and set aside) can increase the habitat suitability of many saproxylic boreal species more than the basic business-as-usual regime. This suggests that biodiversity loss of many saproxylic species in boreal forests can be mitigated through improved forest management practices, even as climate change progresses.

集约化森林管理导致的森林退化和气候变化引起的气温升高正在造成北方森林生物多样性的减少。密集型森林管理和高端气候排放情景会进一步减少枯木的数量和多样性,而枯木是欧洲北方森林中脂质物种栖息地的限制因素。人们对它们的综合影响程度以及在一系列气候变化情景下森林管理的变化如何影响枯木多样性还知之甚少。我们利用森林生长模拟来评估森林管理和气候变化将如何单独或共同影响芬兰列入红色名录的枯枝落叶物种的栖息地。我们模拟了 100 年内的七种森林管理制度和三种气候情景(参考、RCP4.5 和 RCP8.5)。管理机制包括预留、连续覆盖林业、"一切照旧"(BAU)以及对 "一切照旧 "的四种修改。栖息地适宜性采用特定物种栖息地适宜性指数进行评估,包括 21 个真菌和无脊椎动物物种群。根据森林管理和气候变化对栖息地适宜性的模拟影响,确定了 "优胜 "和 "失败 "物种。我们发现,与气候变化相比,森林管理对有袋类物种栖息地适宜性的影响更大。不同管理制度下的栖息地适宜性指数差异超过 250%,而气候变化导致的栖息地适宜性指数总体变化平均仅为 2%。在气候变化的影响下,获胜的物种组多于失败的物种组(52%-95%为获胜物种组,具体取决于气候变化情景和管理制度)。在预留(254%)和 RCP8.5 气候情景(> 2%)下,栖息地适宜性指数的增幅最大,而在所有气候变化情景下,连续覆盖林业是最适合提高脂毛目物种栖息地适宜性的管理制度(最多+ 11%)。我们的研究结果表明,与 "一切照旧 "的基本管理制度相比,接近自然的管理制度(如连续覆盖林业和预留林地)更能提高许多北方无患子物种的栖息地适宜性。这表明,即使气候变化不断加剧,也可以通过改进森林管理方法来减轻北方森林中许多有翅目物种的生物多样性损失。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of urbanization and forest type on species composition and diversity, forest characteristics, biomass carbon sink, and their associations in Changchun, Northeast China: implications for urban carbon stock improvement 城市化与森林类型对东北长春物种组成与多样性、森林特征、生物质碳汇及其关联的影响:对改善城市碳储量的启示
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01688-1
Yuanyuan Wang, Xinzhu Dai, Xingling Chen, Dan Zhang, Guiqing Lin, Yuanhang Zhou, Tianyi Wang, Yulong Cui

Differences in forest attributes and carbon sequestration of each organ and layer between broadleaved and conifer forests of central and outer urban areas are not well-defined, hindering the precise management of urban forests and improvement of function. To clarify the effect of two forest types with different urbanization intensities, we determined differences in vegetation composition and diversity, structural traits, and carbon stocks of 152 plots (20 m × 20 m) in urban park forests in Changchun, which had the largest green quantity and carbon density effectiveness. We found that 1.1-fold thicker and healthier trees, and 1.6- to 2.0-fold higher, healthier, denser, and more various shrubs but with sparser trees and herbs occurred in the central urban forests (p < 0.05) than in the outer forests. The conifer forests exhibited 30–70% obviously higher tree aboveground carbon sequestration (including stem and leaf) and 20% bigger trees, especially in the outer forests (p < 0.05). In contrast, 1.1- to 1.5-fold higher branch stocks, healthier and more diverse trees were found in broadleaved forests of both the inner and outer forests (p < 0.05). Plant size and dominant species had similarly important roles in carbon stock improvement, especially big-sized woody plants and Pinus tabuliformis. In addition, a higher number of deciduous or needle species positively affected the broadleaved forest of the central urban area and conifer forest of the outer urban area, respectively. These findings can be used to guide precise management and accelerate the improvement of urban carbon function in Northeast China in the future.

城市中心区和外围区阔叶林和针叶林的森林属性和各器官、各层固碳量的差异尚不十分明确,阻碍了城市森林的精确管理和功能提升。为了明确不同城市化强度的两种森林类型的影响,我们测定了长春市绿量和碳密度效益最大的城市公园森林中 152 个地块(20 m × 20 m)的植被组成和多样性、结构特征和碳储量的差异。我们发现,与外围森林相比,城市中心森林的乔木更茂密、更健康,是外围森林的 1.1 倍;灌木更高、更健康、更密集、更多样,是外围森林的 1.6 至 2.0 倍,但乔木和草本植物更稀疏(p < 0.05)。针叶林的树木地上碳吸收量(包括茎叶)明显增加了 30-70%,树木的体积增大了 20%,尤其是在外围森林(p < 0.05)。相比之下,内层和外层阔叶林的枝条储量高出 1.1-1.5 倍,树木更健康、更多样化(p < 0.05)。植物的大小和优势树种对碳储量的提高也有同样重要的作用,尤其是大规格木本植物和红松。此外,较多的落叶树种或针叶树种分别对城市中心区的阔叶林和城市外围区的针叶林产生了积极影响。这些研究结果可用于指导未来的精确管理,并加速改善中国东北地区的城市碳功能。
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引用次数: 0
Histological, physio-biochemical, and transcriptomic analyses reveal the potential limiting factors for successful grafting of pecan 组织学、生理生化和转录组分析揭示了山核桃成功嫁接的潜在限制因素
2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01681-8
Z. Mo, Xufeng Yang, Longjiao Hu, Min Zhai, J. Xuan
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引用次数: 0
Can urban forests provide acoustic refuges for birds? Investigating the influence of vegetation structure and anthropogenic noise on bird sound diversity 城市森林能否为鸟类提供声学庇护所?研究植被结构和人为噪音对鸟类声音多样性的影响
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-023-01689-0
Zezhou Hao, Chengyun Zhang, Le Li, Bing Sun, Shuixing Luo, Juyang Liao, Qingfei Wang, Ruichen Wu, Xinhui Xu, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Nancai Pei

As a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, urban forests play a pivotal role in protecting urban biodiversity by providing suitable habitats for acoustic spaces. Previous studies note that vegetation structure is a key factor influencing bird sounds in urban forests; hence, adjusting the frequency composition may be a strategy for birds to avoid anthropogenic noise to mask their songs. However, it is unknown whether the response mechanisms of bird vocalizations to vegetation structure remain consistent despite being impacted by anthropogenic noise. It was hypothesized that anthropogenic noise in urban forests occupies the low-frequency space of bird songs, leading to a possible reshaping of the acoustic niches of forests, and the vegetation structure of urban forests is the critical factor that shapes the acoustic space for bird vocalization. Passive acoustic monitoring in various urban forests was used to monitor natural and anthropogenic noises, and sounds were classified into three acoustic scenes (bird sounds, human sounds, and bird-human sounds) to determine interconnections between bird sounds, anthropogenic noise, and vegetation structure. Anthropogenic noise altered the acoustic niche of urban forests by intruding into the low-frequency space used by birds, and vegetation structures related to volume (trunk volume and branch volume) and density (number of branches and leaf area index) significantly impact the diversity of bird sounds. Our findings indicate that the response to low and high frequency signals to vegetation structure is distinct. By clarifying this relationship, our results contribute to understanding of how vegetation structure influences bird sounds in urban forests impacted by anthropogenic noise.

作为陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,城市森林通过为声学空间提供合适的栖息地,在保护城市生物多样性方面发挥着举足轻重的作用。以往的研究指出,植被结构是影响城市森林中鸟类声音的一个关键因素;因此,调整频率组成可能是鸟类避免人为噪声掩盖其歌声的一种策略。然而,尽管受到人为噪声的影响,鸟类发声对植被结构的反应机制是否保持一致,目前还不得而知。假设城市森林中的人为噪声占据了鸟类鸣唱的低频空间,可能导致森林声学壁龛的重塑,而城市森林的植被结构是塑造鸟类发声声学空间的关键因素。在不同的城市森林中使用被动声学监测仪监测自然和人为噪声,并将声音分为三种声学场景(鸟声、人声和鸟-人声),以确定鸟声、人为噪声和植被结构之间的相互联系。人为噪声通过侵入鸟类使用的低频空间改变了城市森林的声学生态位,而与体积(树干体积和树枝体积)和密度(树枝数量和叶面积指数)相关的植被结构则对鸟类声音的多样性产生了显著影响。我们的研究结果表明,低频和高频信号对植被结构的响应是不同的。通过阐明这种关系,我们的研究结果有助于理解植被结构如何影响受人为噪声影响的城市森林中的鸟类声音。
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Journal of Forestry Research
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