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Applying palaeoecological analogues to contemporary challenges: community-level effects of canopy gaps caused by systematic decline of a prevalent tree species 将古生态学类比应用于当代挑战:一种常见树种的系统性衰退造成的树冠缺口的群落效应
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01781-z
Julia Webb, Anne E. Goodenough

Temperate woodland vegetation is initially determined by spatiotemporal and historical factors, mediated by complex biotic interactions. However, catastrophic events such as disease outbreaks (e.g., sweet chestnut blight, ash dieback), infestations of insect pests, and human-accelerated climate change can create canopy gaps due to systematic decline in, or loss of, tree species that was once an important part of the canopy. Resultant cascade effects have the potential to alter the composition of woodland ecosystems quickly and radically, but inherent lag times make primary research into these effects challenging. Here, we explore change in woodland vegetation at 10 sites in response to canopy opening using the Elm Decline, a rapid loss of Ulmus in woodlands across northwestern Europe ~ 5800 years ago that coexisted alongside other stressors such as increasing human activity, as a palaeoecological analogue. For arboreal taxa, community evenness significantly decreased, within-site turnover significantly increased, and richness remained unchanged. Changes in arboreal taxa were highly site-specific but there was a substantial decline in woody climbing taxa, especially Hedera (ivy), across the majority of sites. For shrub taxa, richness significantly increased but evenness and turnover remained consistent. Interestingly, however, there was a significant increase in abundance of shrubs at 70% of sites, including Calluna (heather), Ilex (holly) and Corylus (hazel), suggesting structural change. Surprisingly, there was no change in richness, evenness or turnover for herb taxa, possibly because change was highly variable spatially. However, there was a marked uptick in the disturbance indicator Plantago (plantain). Overall, these findings suggest that woodlands with sustained reduction in, or loss of, a tree species that once formed an important part of the canopy has profound, but often spatially idiosyncratic, impacts on vegetation diversity (richness), composition (evenness), stability (turnover), and on abundance of specific taxa, especially within the shrub layer. Use of this palaeoecological analogue, which was itself complicated by cooccurring changes in human activity, provides a valuable empirical insight into possible cascade effects of similar change in canopy opening in contemporary settings, including Ash Dieback.

温带林地植被最初是由时空和历史因素决定的,并由复杂的生物相互作用促成。然而,疾病爆发(如甜栗疫病、白蜡树枯死)、虫害和人类加速的气候变化等灾难性事件会造成树冠缺口,原因是曾经是树冠重要组成部分的树种系统性减少或消失。由此产生的连带效应有可能迅速而彻底地改变林地生态系统的组成,但固有的滞后性使得对这些效应的初步研究具有挑战性。榆树衰退是欧洲西北部林地中榆树的迅速减少(约 5800 年前),与人类活动增加等其他压力因素同时存在,在这里,我们以榆树衰退作为古生态学类比,探讨了 10 个地点的林地植被随树冠开放而发生的变化。就树栖类群而言,群落均匀度显著下降,群落内更替率显著上升,而丰富度保持不变。树栖类群的变化在很大程度上取决于具体地点,但在大多数地点,木质攀援类群,尤其是常春藤类群的数量大幅减少。灌木类群的丰富度显著增加,但均匀度和周转率保持一致。但有趣的是,在 70% 的地点,灌木丰度显著增加,包括石南花(石楠)、冬青(冬青)和榛子(榛树),这表明结构发生了变化。令人惊讶的是,草本类群的丰富度、均匀度和更替率都没有变化,这可能是因为变化在空间上存在很大差异。不过,干扰指标车前草(Plantago)却明显上升。总之,这些研究结果表明,林地中曾经构成树冠重要组成部分的树种持续减少或消失,会对植被多样性(丰富度)、组成(均匀度)、稳定性(更替率)和特定分类群的丰度(尤其是灌木层)产生深远的影响,但这些影响往往在空间上具有特异性。这种古生态模拟本身就因人类活动的同时变化而变得复杂,利用这种模拟,可以对当代环境中树冠开阔度的类似变化可能产生的连带效应(包括白蜡树倒伏)进行有价值的实证研究。
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引用次数: 0
A stacking-based model for the spread of Botryosphaeria laricina 基于堆叠的幼虫传播模型
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01768-w
Hongwei Zhou, Shibo Zhang, Meng Xie, Xiaodong Li, Yifan Chen, Wenhao Dai

Botryosphaeria laricina (larch shoot blight) was first identified in 1973 in Jilin Province, China. The disease spread rapidly and caused considerable damage because its pathogenesis was unknown at the time and there were no effective controls or quarantine methods. At present, it shows a spreading trend, but most research can only conduct physiological analyses within a relatively short period, combining individual influencing factors. Nevertheless, methods such as neural network models, ensemble learning algorithms, and Markov models are used in pest and disease prediction and forecasting. However, there may be fitting issues or inherent limitations associated with these methods. This study obtained B. laricina data at the county level from 2003 to 2021. The dataset was augmented using the SMOTE algorithm, and then algorithms such as XGBoost were used to select the significant features from a combined set of 12 features. A new stacking fusion model has been proposed to predict the status of B. laricina. The model is based on random forest, gradient boosted decision tree, CatBoost and logistic regression algorithms. The accuracy, recall, specificity, precision, F1 value and AUC of the model reached 90.9%, 91.6%, 90.4%, 88.8%, 90.2% and 96.2%. The results provide evidence of the strong performance and stability of the model. B. laricina is mainly found in the northeast and this study indicates that it is spreading northwest. Reasonable means should be used promptly to prevent further damage and spread.

落叶松枝枯病(Botryosphaeria laricina)于 1973 年首次在中国吉林省被发现。由于当时尚不清楚其发病机理,也没有有效的防治或检疫方法,因此该病传播迅速,造成了巨大损失。目前,该病呈蔓延趋势,但大多数研究只能在较短时间内结合个别影响因素进行生理学分析。不过,神经网络模型、集合学习算法和马尔可夫模型等方法已被用于病虫害预测和预报。然而,这些方法可能存在拟合问题或固有的局限性。本研究获得了 2003 年至 2021 年县级的幼虫数据。使用 SMOTE 算法对数据集进行增强,然后使用 XGBoost 等算法从 12 个特征的组合集中选择重要特征。研究人员提出了一种新的堆叠融合模型来预测 B. laricina 的状况。该模型基于随机森林、梯度提升决策树、CatBoost 和逻辑回归算法。该模型的准确率、召回率、特异性、精确度、F1 值和 AUC 分别达到了 90.9%、91.6%、90.4%、88.8%、90.2% 和 96.2%。这些结果证明了该模型的强大性能和稳定性。B. laricina 主要分布在东北地区,本研究表明它正在向西北地区扩散。应及时采取合理措施,防止其进一步危害和扩散。
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引用次数: 0
Characteristics and expression of heat shock gene Lghsp17.4 in Lenzites gibbosa, a white rot fungus of wood 木材白腐菌 Lenzites gibbosa 热休克基因 Lghsp17.4 的特征和表达
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01778-8
Lianrong Feng, Yujie Chi, Jian Zhang, Xuxin Yang, Shuying Han

Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) act as molecular chaperones that can prevent the accumulation of damaged proteins during abiotic stress, especially heat shock, but the mechanism is not clear. To study the function of sHSPs in Lenzites gibbosa, a common polypore in northern temperate forests that causes spongy white rot of broadleaf trees, under temperature stress, L. gibbosa mycelia were grown at 25 °C for 9 d, treated at 33 °C for 15, 30, 60, and 120 min before sequencing the transcriptomes. From among 32 heat shock protein (HSP) genes found in the screen of the transcriptome data, a highly expressed gene was cloned and named Lghsp17.4. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the expression of the gene Lghsp17.4 under heat shock and dye stress. Both treatments induced higher expression of Lghsp17.4 at the transcriptional level, indicating that Lghsp17.4 might function in the response to heat stress and dye degradation. We previously found that L. gibbosa generally had a heat shock reaction (HSR) during degradation of aromatic compounds, and HSPs were always produced with manganese peroxidases (MnPs) and other lignin-degrading enzymes. Therefore, we measured the activity of MnPs in L. gibbosa after 33 °C heat shock to analyze the relationship between MnPs expression and Lghsp17.4 expression. Heat shocks of 0–30 min increased MnPs activity, and the change in MnPs activity were closely positively correlated with the expression levels of Lghsp17.4 over time, indicating a potential connection and interaction between LgHSP17.4 and MnPs during the HSR in L. gibbosa. Thus, LgHSP17.4 might have a positive regulatory effect on the HSR in L. gibbosa and be a critical component of a stress resistance mechanism.

小热休克蛋白(sHSPs)是一种分子伴侣蛋白,可防止非生物胁迫(尤其是热休克)过程中受损蛋白质的积累,但其作用机制尚不清楚。L. gibbosa菌丝体在25 °C下生长9 d,在33 °C下处理15、30、60和120 min,然后进行转录组测序。从筛选出的 32 个热休克蛋白(HSP)基因中,克隆出一个高表达基因,命名为 Lghsp17.4。利用 RT-qPCR 分析了 Lghsp17.4 基因在热休克和染料胁迫下的表达情况。结果表明,两种处理都能在转录水平上诱导 Lghsp17.4 的高表达,表明 Lghsp17.4 可能在热胁迫和染料降解的响应中起作用。之前我们发现,L. gibbosa在降解芳香族化合物的过程中通常会发生热休克反应(HSR),而HSP总是与锰过氧化物酶(MnPs)和其他木质素降解酶一起产生。因此,我们测定了33 °C热冲击后吉勃菌中MnPs的活性,以分析MnPs表达与Lghsp17.4表达之间的关系。0-30分钟的热冲击增加了MnPs的活性,而MnPs活性的变化与Lghsp17.4的表达水平密切正相关,这表明LgHSP17.4与MnPs之间在长臂猿HSR过程中存在潜在的联系和相互作用。因此,LgHSP17.4 可能对长臂猿的 HSR 有积极的调节作用,是抗逆机制的一个重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 0
Leaf functional traits and ecological strategies of common plant species in evergreen broad-leaved forests on Huangshan Mountain 黄山常绿阔叶林常见植物物种的叶功能特征和生态策略
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01780-0
Ningjie Wang, Ting Lv, Lu Wang, Shuifei Chen, Lei Xie, Yanming Fang, Hui Ding

The survival strategy of plants is to adjust their functional traits to adapt to the environment. However, these traits and survival strategies of evergreen broad-leaved forest species are not well understood. This study examined 10 leaf functional traits (LFTs) of 70 common plant species in an evergreen broad-leaved forest in Huangshan Mountain to decipher their adaptive strategies. The phylogenetic signals of these LFTs were assessed and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC) and correlation analyses were carried out. LFTs were analyzed to determine their CSR (C: competitor, S: stress-tolerator, R: ruderal) strategies. The results show that plant species exhibit different leaf functional traits and ecological strategies (nine strategies were identified; the most abundant were S/CS and S/CSR strategies). Some traits showed significant phylogenetic signals, indicating the effect of phylogeny on LFTs to an extent. Trait variations among species suggest distinct adaptation strategies to environmental changes. The study species were mainly clustered on the C-S strategy axis, with a high S component. Species leaning toward the C-strategy end (e.g., deciduous species), favored a resource acquisition strategy characterized by higher specific leaf area (SLA), greater nutrient contents (N and P), lower leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and reduced nutrient utilization efficiency (C: N and C: P). Conversely, species closer to the S-strategy end (e.g., evergreen species) usually adopted a resource conservative strategy with trait combinations contrary to those of C-strategy species. Overall, this study corroborated the applicability of the CSR strategy at a local scale and provides insights into the varied trait combinations and ecological strategies employed by plant species to adapt to their environment. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in biodiversity maintenance.

植物的生存策略是调整其功能特性以适应环境。然而,人们对常绿阔叶林物种的这些性状和生存策略并不十分了解。本研究考察了黄山常绿阔叶林中70种常见植物的10个叶片功能性状,以解读其适应策略。研究评估了这些叶功能特征的系统发育信号,并进行了系统发育独立对比(PIC)和相关分析。通过分析 LFTs,确定了它们的 CSR(C:竞争者;S:压力调节者;R:野蛮者)策略。结果表明,植物物种表现出不同的叶片功能性状和生态策略(确定了九种策略;最多的是 S/CS 和 S/CSR 策略)。一些性状显示出明显的系统发育信号,在一定程度上表明系统发育对叶片功能特征的影响。物种间的性状差异表明它们对环境变化采取了不同的适应策略。研究物种主要集中在 C-S 策略轴上,其中 S 成分较高。偏向 C 策略一端的物种(如落叶物种)倾向于资源获取策略,其特点是比叶面积(SLA)更大、养分含量(N 和 P)更高、叶干物质含量(LDMC)更低、养分利用效率(C:N 和 C:P)更低。相反,接近 S-策略一端的物种(如常绿物种)通常采取资源保守策略,其性状组合与 C-策略物种相反。总之,本研究证实了CSR策略在局部尺度上的适用性,并对植物物种为适应环境而采用的不同性状组合和生态策略提供了深入的见解。这些发现有助于更好地理解生物多样性的维护机制。
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引用次数: 0
Tree diversity drives understory carbon storage rather than overstory carbon storage across forest types 树木多样性驱动不同森林类型的林下碳储存,而不是林上碳储存
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01776-w
Saif Ullah, Jianping Wu, Jawad Ali Shah, Xuemei Wang, Yueming Lyu, Zhiwen Guo, Kashif Ali, Deyun Chen, Han Sun

Although numerous studies have proposed explanations for the specific and relative effects of stand structure, plant diversity, and environmental conditions on carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems, understanding how these factors collectively affect C storage in different community layers (trees, shrubs, and herbs) and forest types (mixed, broad-leaved (E), broad-leaved (M), and coniferous forest) continues to pose challenges. To address this, we used structural equation models to quantify the influence of biotic factors (mean DBH, mean height, maximum height, stem density, and basal area) and abiotic factors (elevation and canopy openness), as well as metrics of species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index, Simpson index, and Pielou’s evenness) in various forest types. Our analysis revealed the critical roles of forest types and elevation in explaining a substantial portion of variability in C storage in the overstory layer, with a moderate influence of stand factors (mean DBH and basal area) and a slightly negative impact of tree species diversity (Shannon–Wiener index). Notably, forest height emerged as the primary predictor of C storage in the herb layer. Regression relationships further highlighted the significant contribution of tree species diversity to mean height, understory C storage, and branch biomass within the forest ecosystem. Our insights into tree species diversity, derived from structural equation modeling of C storage in the overstory, suggest that the effects of tree species diversity may be influenced by stem biomass in statistical reasoning within temperate forests. Further research should also integrate tree species diversity with tree components biomass, forest mean height, understory C, and canopy openness to understand complex relationships and maintain healthy and sustainable ecosystems in the face of global climate challenges.

尽管许多研究都提出了林分结构、植物多样性和环境条件对森林生态系统碳储量的具体和相对影响的解释,但要理解这些因素如何共同影响不同群落层(乔木、灌木和草本植物)和森林类型(混交林、阔叶林(E)、阔叶林(M)和针叶林)的碳储量仍然是一个挑战。为了解决这个问题,我们使用结构方程模型来量化各种森林类型中生物因素(平均 DBH、平均高度、最大高度、茎干密度和基部面积)和非生物因素(海拔高度和树冠开阔度)以及物种多样性指标(香农-维纳指数、辛普森指数和皮鲁均匀度)的影响。我们的分析表明,森林类型和海拔在解释上层碳储量的大部分变化方面起着关键作用,林分因子(平均 DBH 和基部面积)的影响适中,树种多样性(香农-维纳指数)的影响略微负面。值得注意的是,森林高度是预测草本层碳储量的主要因素。回归关系进一步凸显了树种多样性对森林生态系统中平均高度、林下碳储量和枝条生物量的重要贡献。我们从上层C储量的结构方程建模中得出的关于树种多样性的见解表明,在温带森林的统计推理中,树种多样性的影响可能会受到茎干生物量的影响。进一步的研究还应将树种多样性与树木成分生物量、森林平均高度、林下碳储量和树冠开阔度结合起来,以了解复杂的关系,并在面对全球气候挑战时维持健康和可持续的生态系统。
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引用次数: 0
Minimum area of primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest community based on biomass 根据生物量计算的朝鲜松原始阔叶林群落最小面积
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01758-y
Huibin Yang, Qingxi Guo

Based on the survey data of nine primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest plots ranging from 1 to 10.4 ha in Heilongjiang Province, this study used the moving window method and GIS technology to analyze the variation characteristics of the spatial distribution pattern of forest biomass in each plot. We explored the minimum area that can reflect the structural and functional characteristics of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest, and used computer simulation random sampling method to verify the accuracy of the minimum area. The results showed that: (1) Through the analysis of the spatial distribution raster map of biomass deviation in the plots at various scales of 10 − 100 m, there is a minimum area (0.64 ha) for the critical range of biomass density variation in the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest. This minimum area based on biomass density can indirectly reflect the comprehensive characteristics of productivity level per unit area, structure, function, and environmental quality of the primitive broad-leaved Korean pine forest community. (2) Using computer simulation random sampling, it was found that only by sampling in a specific plot larger than or equal to the minimum area can equivalent or similar results be achieved as random sampling within the plot, indicating that the minimum area determined by the moving window method is accurate. (3) The minimum area determined in this paper is an excellent indicator reflecting the complexity of community structure, which can be used for comparing changes in community structure and function before and after external disturbances, and has a good evaluation effect. This minimum area can also be used as a basis for scientific and reasonable setting of plot size in the investigation and monitoring work of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in this region, thereby achieving the goals of improving work efficiency and saving work costs.

本研究以黑龙江省 1 至 10.4 公顷的 9 个朝鲜松原始阔叶林地块的调查数据为基础,利用移动窗口法和 GIS 技术分析了各地块森林生物量空间分布格局的变化特征。探索了能够反映原始朝鲜松阔叶林结构和功能特征的最小面积,并利用计算机模拟随机抽样方法验证了最小面积的准确性。结果表明(1)通过对 10-100 米不同尺度地块生物量偏差空间分布栅格图的分析,原始朝鲜阔叶松林生物量密度变化临界范围存在一个最小面积(0.64 公顷)。这个以生物量密度为基础的最小面积可以间接反映原始阔叶朝鲜松林群落的单位面积生产力水平、结构、功能和环境质量等综合特征。(2)利用计算机模拟随机取样发现,只有在大于或等于最小面积的特定小区中取样,才能取得与小区内随机取样相同或相似的结果,说明移动窗口法确定的最小面积是准确的。(3)本文确定的最小面积是反映群落结构复杂程度的一个很好的指标,可用于比较外来干扰前后群落结构和功能的变化,具有很好的评价效果。该最小面积也可作为该地区朝鲜松阔叶林调查监测工作中科学合理设置小区面积的依据,从而达到提高工作效率、节约工作成本的目的。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing forest hydrological research: exploring global research trends and future directions through scientometric analysis 推进森林水文研究:通过科学计量分析探索全球研究趋势和未来方向
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01771-1
Tanzeel Javaid Aini Farooqi, Rubén Portela, Zhou Xu, Shulin Pan, Muhammad Irfan, Arshad Ali

Forest hydrology, the study of water dynamics within forested catchments, is crucial for understanding the intricate relationship between forest cover and water balances across different scales, from ecosystems to landscapes, or from catchment watersheds. The intensified global changes in climate, land use and cover, and pollution that occurred over the past century have brought about adverse impacts on forests and their services in water regulation, signifying the importance of forest hydrological research as a re-emerging topic of scientific interest. This article reviews the literature on recent advances in forest hydrological research, intending to identify leading countries, institutions, and researchers actively engaged in this field, as well as highlighting research hotspots for future exploration. Through a systematic analysis using VOSviewer, drawing from 17,006 articles retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection spanning 2000–2022, we employed scientometric methods to assess research productivity, identify emerging topics, and analyze academic development. The findings reveal a consistent growth in forest hydrological research over the past two decades, with the United States, Charles T. Driscoll, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences emerging as the most productive country, author, and institution, respectively. The Journal of Hydrology emerges as the most co-cited journal. Analysis of keyword co-occurrence and co-cited references highlights key research areas, including climate change, management strategies, runoff-erosion dynamics, vegetation cover changes, paired catchment experiments, water quality, aquatic biodiversity, forest fire dynamics and hydrological modeling. Based on these findings, our study advocates for an integrated approach to future research, emphasizing the collection of data from diverse sources, utilization of varied methodologies, and collaboration across disciplines and institutions. This holistic strategy is essential for developing sustainable approaches to forested watershed planning and management. Ultimately, our study provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers, guiding future research directions towards forest hydrological research and applications.

森林水文学是对森林集水区内水动态的研究,对于了解从生态系统到景观或集水区等不同尺度的森林覆盖与水平衡之间的复杂关系至关重要。过去一个世纪中,全球气候、土地利用和植被以及污染的变化加剧,给森林及其在水调节方面的服务带来了不利影响,这表明森林水文研究作为一个新出现的科学课题的重要性。本文综述了有关森林水文研究最新进展的文献,旨在找出活跃在这一领域的主要国家、机构和研究人员,并强调未来探索的研究热点。我们使用 VOSviewer 对 2000-2022 年间从科学网核心数据库中检索到的 17,006 篇文章进行了系统分析,并采用科学计量学方法评估了研究成果、确定了新兴课题并分析了学术发展。研究结果表明,在过去二十年中,森林水文研究持续增长,美国、查尔斯-T-德里斯科尔和中国科学院分别成为最有生产力的国家、作者和机构。水文学学报》成为被共同引用最多的期刊。对关键词共同出现率和共同引用参考文献的分析突出了关键研究领域,包括气候变化、管理策略、径流侵蚀动力学、植被变化、配对集水实验、水质、水生生物多样性、森林火灾动力学和水文建模。基于这些发现,我们的研究主张在未来的研究中采用综合方法,强调从不同来源收集数据、利用各种方法以及跨学科和跨机构合作。这种整体战略对于制定可持续的森林流域规划和管理方法至关重要。最终,我们的研究为研究人员、从业人员和政策制定者提供了宝贵的见解,为森林水文研究和应用指引了未来的研究方向。
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引用次数: 0
Properties of ions may explain elemental stoichiometry in late- and early-wood: a case study in Scots pine tree rings 离子特性可解释晚期和早期木材中的元素化学计量:苏格兰松树年轮案例研究
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01779-7
Vladimir L. Gavrikov, Ruslan A. Sharafutdinov, Alexey I. Fertikov, Eugene A. Vaganov

Understanding why elements are distributed in tree xylem in a particular way is a significant challenge in dendrochemistry. This study explored a hypothesis that metal elements in the xylem interact due to differences in physical properties such as ionic radius and ionization potential. Scots pine in an even-aged stand established during the early 1970s in eastern Siberia was the study species. Increment cores were taken from the north and south sides of trees and scanned with an X-ray fluorescent multi scanner. With the help of X-ray scanning, the following elements were analyzed: aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), strontium (Sr) and zinc (Zn). Scanning data on the elements were split into early-wood and late-wood data for each year of growth. The following ratios were analyzed: Ca/Sr, Fe/Ca, Fe/Sr, Al/Cu, Al/Zn, Ti/Mn, and Mn/K. Among these, ones having a consistent pattern across tree rings, the ratios show a more or less dependable relationship: that an element shows a larger decrease (relative another element) that has a larger ionic radius and lower ionization potential. Hypothetically, this may be due to the advantage of an ion with smaller ionic radius and higher ionization potential under a deficit of accommodation centers in organic molecules. An experiment approach should be applied to clarify the relationships.

了解元素在树木木质部中以特定方式分布的原因是树木化学领域的一项重大挑战。本研究探讨了木质部中的金属元素因离子半径和电离电位等物理特性的差异而相互作用的假设。研究树种是 20 世纪 70 年代初在西伯利亚东部建立的匀龄林中的苏格兰松。研究人员从树木的南北两侧提取了增量岩心,并使用 X 射线荧光多重扫描仪进行了扫描。在 X 射线扫描的帮助下,对以下元素进行了分析:铝(Al)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、钛(Ti)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锶(Sr)和锌(Zn)。各元素的扫描数据按生长年份分为早期木材数据和晚期木材数据。对以下比率进行了分析:Ca/Sr、Fe/Ca、Fe/Sr、Al/Cu、Al/Zn、Ti/Mn 和 Mn/K。其中,在树年轮中具有一致模式的比率或多或少显示出一种可靠的关系:一种元素(相对于另一种元素)的离子半径越大、电离电位越低,其下降幅度就越大。推测这可能是由于在有机分子中缺乏容纳中心的情况下,离子半径较小、电离电位较高的离子具有优势。应采用实验方法来阐明其中的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Pollen source affects acorn production in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) 花粉源对有花梗橡树(Quercus robur L.)橡子产量的影响
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01777-9
Ryan McClory, Richard H. Ellis, Martin Lukac, Jo Clark

Acorn production in oaks (Quercus spp.) shows considerable inter-annual variation, known as masting. The effects of pollen sourced from trees within or outside the stand on acorn production were investigated in pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in an ancient mixed woodland during two moderate masting years. Comparisons were made between natural pollination, hand pollinations with out-of-stand pollen, in-stand pollen or a 1:1 combination of the two pollen sources, and for bagged flowers left unpollinated. After all treatments, > 85% of the flowers or developing acorns were aborted between May and August of both years. When flowers were protected with pollen bags and no pollen added, no acorns were produced. In contrast, hand pollination with out-of-stand pollen produced the most acorns both years and significantly more than within-stand pollen or natural pollination in 2022. Hand pollination with out-of-stand or within-stand pollen provided significantly more acorns than natural pollination in 2023. In 2022, hand pollination with a 1:1 mixture of out-of-stand and within-stand pollen yielded an intermediate number of mature acorns between those for the out-of-stand and within-stand pollination treatments. The study provides clear evidence of maternal choice during acorn development in pedunculate oak and of the benefits of pollen supplementation. It also confirms that pedunculate oak is a fruit-maturation masting species; abortion of pollinated flowers and immature acorns determines a mast year (rather than the number of flowers produced) at this site.

橡树(Quercus spp.)的橡子产量显示出相当大的年际变化,即所谓的萌发。研究人员调查了在两个中度凋落年中,在一片古老的混合林地中,有梗橡树(Quercus robur L.)从林内或林外采集花粉对橡子产量的影响。比较了自然授粉、用林外花粉、林内花粉或两种花粉源 1:1 的组合进行人工授粉以及未授粉的袋装花。经过所有处理后,在这两年的 5 月至 8 月期间,85% 的花或正在发育的橡子流产。用花粉袋保护花朵而不添加花粉时,没有结出橡子。相比之下,用架外花粉进行人工授粉在这两年结出的橡子最多,2022 年明显多于架内花粉或自然授粉。2023 年,用站外花粉或站内花粉人工授粉结出的橡子明显多于自然授粉。2022 年,用站外花粉和站内花粉按 1:1 的比例混合人工授粉产生的成熟橡子数量介于站外授粉和站内授粉处理之间。这项研究清楚地证明了有柄栎在橡子发育过程中的母本选择以及补充花粉的益处。该研究还证实了截干栎是一种果实成熟期较短的树种;授粉花和未成熟橡子的凋落决定了该地点的萌芽年(而不是花的生产数量)。
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引用次数: 0
Tradeoffs of nitrogen investment between leaf resorption and photosynthesis across soil fertility in Quercus mongolica seedlings during the hardening period 柞树幼苗硬化期在叶片吸收和光合作用之间的氮投资与土壤肥力的权衡
IF 3 2区 农林科学 Q1 FORESTRY Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-024-01775-x
Zexia Dong, Jiaxi Wang, Jingfei Chen, Guolei Li, Yong Liu, Yining Li, Yufan Zhu, Xiaoqian Meng

The most important process before leaf senescence is nutrient resorption, which reduces nutrient loss and maximizes plant fitness during the subsequent growth period. However, plants must retain certain levels of nitrogen (N) in their leaves to maintain carbon assimilation during hardening. The objective of this study was to investigate the tradeoffs in N investment between leaf N resorption and N for photosynthesis in seedlings with increased soil fertility during the hardening period. A field experiment was conducted to determine if and how soil fertility treatments (17, 34, or 68 mg N seedling−1) affected N resorption and allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus in Quercus mongolica leaves during the hardening period. Seedlings were sampled at T1 (after terminal bud formation), T2 (between terminal bud formation and end of the growing period), and T3 (at the end of the growing period). Results showed that photosynthetic N content continued to rise in T2, while N resorption started from non-photosynthetic N. Leaf N allocation to the photosynthetic apparatus increased as soil fertility increased, delaying N resorption. Additionally, soil fertility significantly affected N partitioning among different photosynthetic components, maintaining or increasing photosynthetic traits during senescence. This study demonstrates a tradeoff in N investment between resorption and photosynthesis to maintain photosynthetic assimilation capacity during the hardening period, and that soil fertility impacts this balance. Q. mongolica leaves primarily resorbed N from the non-photosynthetic apparatus and invested it in the photosynthetic apparatus, whereas different photosynthetic N component allocations effectively improved this pattern.

叶片衰老前最重要的过程是养分吸收,这可以减少养分损失,并在随后的生长期最大限度地提高植物的适应能力。然而,植物必须在叶片中保留一定水平的氮(N),以维持硬化期间的碳同化。本研究的目的是调查在土壤肥力增加的情况下,幼苗在硬化期叶片氮吸收和光合作用所需的氮之间的权衡。我们进行了一项田间试验,以确定土壤肥力处理(17、34 或 68 毫克 N 苗-1)是否以及如何影响硬化期柞树叶片对氮的吸收和对光合装置的分配。分别在 T1(顶芽形成后)、T2(顶芽形成至生长期结束)和 T3(生长期结束时)对幼苗进行取样。结果表明,光合作用的氮含量在 T2 期持续上升,而非光合作用的氮则开始被吸收;随着土壤肥力的提高,叶片分配给光合装置的氮增加,推迟了氮的吸收。此外,土壤肥力会显著影响氮在不同光合成分之间的分配,从而在衰老期维持或增加光合特性。这项研究表明,在硬化期,为维持光合同化能力,需要在氮的吸收和光合作用之间进行权衡,而土壤肥力会影响这种平衡。Q. mongolica叶片主要从非光合装置中吸收氮,并将其投入到光合装置中,而不同的光合作用氮组分分配有效地改善了这种模式。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Forestry Research
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