Pub Date : 2016-09-19DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569510
U. Blieske, N. Reiners, R. Gecke, A. Maixner, P. Schorpp, N. Schwarze, N. Wolf, D. Korber, J. Muenzberg
This paper summarizes the climatic and national preconditions for photovoltaic energy production in Chile and Bolivia. Furthermore, design process, realization and monitoring of three different photovoltaic energy supply systems for professional schools in Chile and Bolivia are presented: Two 3-phase grid integrated systems and a 1-phase island system. The energy supply is part of an overall professional training concept under the leadership of Cristo Vive Bolivia and Cristo Vive Chile. Monitoring and calculations show that the energy demand of both schools can already be covered by moderate size PV systems on a monthly basis with performance ratios between 82% and 85%. The PV systems allow the shift from class-room education to project and problem based learning in the training program of young professionals in the field of renewable energy.
{"title":"PV-systems for demonstration and training purposes in South America","authors":"U. Blieske, N. Reiners, R. Gecke, A. Maixner, P. Schorpp, N. Schwarze, N. Wolf, D. Korber, J. Muenzberg","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569510","url":null,"abstract":"This paper summarizes the climatic and national preconditions for photovoltaic energy production in Chile and Bolivia. Furthermore, design process, realization and monitoring of three different photovoltaic energy supply systems for professional schools in Chile and Bolivia are presented: Two 3-phase grid integrated systems and a 1-phase island system. The energy supply is part of an overall professional training concept under the leadership of Cristo Vive Bolivia and Cristo Vive Chile. Monitoring and calculations show that the energy demand of both schools can already be covered by moderate size PV systems on a monthly basis with performance ratios between 82% and 85%. The PV systems allow the shift from class-room education to project and problem based learning in the training program of young professionals in the field of renewable energy.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"93 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114118253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-19DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569508
D. Bogdanov, Otto Koskinen, A. Aghahosseini, C. Breyer
The existing fossil fuel based power sector has to be transformed towards carbon neutrality in close future to limit global warming to 2°C. The 100% renewable energy (RE) based system will be discussed in the paper. Such a system can be built using already existing energy generation, storage and transmission technologies. A regional integration of Europe, Eurasia and MENA energy systems will facilitate access to lower cost energy sources in neighboring regions, provide additional flexibility in the system and decrease the need in energy storage and increase the system stability because of more distributed generation. Additional demand from synthetic gas generation will additionally decrease the energy storage demand, additional flexibility enables the system to use lower cost energy sources and the primary energy generation cost decreases. Finally, such an integration can provide a sustainable and economically feasible energy system with total LCOE of about 50 €/MWh for the year 2030 cost assumptions. Even for a much higher energy demand in the system the total LCOE will be around 42 €/MWh - lower than coal-CCS or new nuclear options.
{"title":"Integrated renewable energy based power system for Europe, Eurasia and MENA regions","authors":"D. Bogdanov, Otto Koskinen, A. Aghahosseini, C. Breyer","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569508","url":null,"abstract":"The existing fossil fuel based power sector has to be transformed towards carbon neutrality in close future to limit global warming to 2°C. The 100% renewable energy (RE) based system will be discussed in the paper. Such a system can be built using already existing energy generation, storage and transmission technologies. A regional integration of Europe, Eurasia and MENA energy systems will facilitate access to lower cost energy sources in neighboring regions, provide additional flexibility in the system and decrease the need in energy storage and increase the system stability because of more distributed generation. Additional demand from synthetic gas generation will additionally decrease the energy storage demand, additional flexibility enables the system to use lower cost energy sources and the primary energy generation cost decreases. Finally, such an integration can provide a sustainable and economically feasible energy system with total LCOE of about 50 €/MWh for the year 2030 cost assumptions. Even for a much higher energy demand in the system the total LCOE will be around 42 €/MWh - lower than coal-CCS or new nuclear options.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129376746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-09-19DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569485
Maximilian J. Zangs, Timur Yunusov, W. Holderbaum, B. Potter
Increasing domestic demand for electric energy is expected to put significant strain on the existing power distribution networks. In order to delay or prevent costly network reinforcement, some UK Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) are investigating the use of Battery Energy Storage Solutions (BESS), or other demand response systems, in the Low-Voltage (LV) power distribution networks to reduce peak demand. In most cases the control strategies, and metrics of success, are evaluated on a half-hourly basis and so sub-half-hourly (i.e. minute by minute) variations in demand are not effectively addressed. In this work, a closed-loop optimisation methodology is proposed that adjusts the pre-scheduled charging profile of a BESS in a sub-half-hourly manner in order to improve network operation whilst maintain the same average net energy flow over the half-hour period. This new approach guarantees that the BESS follows its predetermined half-hourly schedule, yet voltage and power imbalance, network losses, and feeder overloading are additionally mitigated through sub-half-hourly control actions. For validation, this paper presents a case study based on the real BESS installed in Bracknell as part of Thames Valley Vision project with Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution (SSE-PD) evaluated on the IEEE LV test case feeder model.
{"title":"On-line adjustment of battery schedules for supporting LV distribution network operation","authors":"Maximilian J. Zangs, Timur Yunusov, W. Holderbaum, B. Potter","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569485","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569485","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing domestic demand for electric energy is expected to put significant strain on the existing power distribution networks. In order to delay or prevent costly network reinforcement, some UK Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) are investigating the use of Battery Energy Storage Solutions (BESS), or other demand response systems, in the Low-Voltage (LV) power distribution networks to reduce peak demand. In most cases the control strategies, and metrics of success, are evaluated on a half-hourly basis and so sub-half-hourly (i.e. minute by minute) variations in demand are not effectively addressed. In this work, a closed-loop optimisation methodology is proposed that adjusts the pre-scheduled charging profile of a BESS in a sub-half-hourly manner in order to improve network operation whilst maintain the same average net energy flow over the half-hour period. This new approach guarantees that the BESS follows its predetermined half-hourly schedule, yet voltage and power imbalance, network losses, and feeder overloading are additionally mitigated through sub-half-hourly control actions. For validation, this paper presents a case study based on the real BESS installed in Bracknell as part of Thames Valley Vision project with Scottish and Southern Energy Power Distribution (SSE-PD) evaluated on the IEEE LV test case feeder model.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116512903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569498
Patrick Deck, C. Dick
For renewable energies power electronics is a key technology whereas much of the power conversion in the future grid or power plants is done using power electronic converters. By establishing cheaper and smaller solutions to solve the problems dealing with high power transmission the expansion of renewable energies can be advanced. As highly efficient actuators these converters have to be properly designed to meet the standards in every possible issue. One commonly used topology element is the so called “hard switched” half bridge converter (two quadrant chopper, inverter leg) consisting of two semiconductor switches and a single filter inductance to limit current and voltage ripple. In high current applications this inductor is the largest and an expensive part. Thus reducing the size of this inductance will be a very important goal in future power electronic designs. This paper presents a new power electronic building block to use in many hard switched power electronic devices especially for high current applications. To reduce size and therefore increase power density an inverse coupled inductor (CI) is implemented and experimentally verified. Size and cost reduction are achieved by canceling out part of the magnetic DC-flux in the coupled inductor core. To do so the coupled inductor needs to be driven by two 180 degrees phase shifted inverter legs, resulting also in a reduced output capacitance. The converter corresponds to the principals of a two quadrant chopper hence bidirectional use. Renewable energy technologies will strongly benefit since the common hard switched converter legs can be replaced in nearly every wind, solar, storage etc. application by a smaller, cheaper CI solution. The system is operated at full duty cycle range (0...1), elevated power levels and can be controlled by commonly used control theory.
{"title":"Power electronic building-block using an inverse coupled inductor based on tape-wound cores","authors":"Patrick Deck, C. Dick","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569498","url":null,"abstract":"For renewable energies power electronics is a key technology whereas much of the power conversion in the future grid or power plants is done using power electronic converters. By establishing cheaper and smaller solutions to solve the problems dealing with high power transmission the expansion of renewable energies can be advanced. As highly efficient actuators these converters have to be properly designed to meet the standards in every possible issue. One commonly used topology element is the so called “hard switched” half bridge converter (two quadrant chopper, inverter leg) consisting of two semiconductor switches and a single filter inductance to limit current and voltage ripple. In high current applications this inductor is the largest and an expensive part. Thus reducing the size of this inductance will be a very important goal in future power electronic designs. This paper presents a new power electronic building block to use in many hard switched power electronic devices especially for high current applications. To reduce size and therefore increase power density an inverse coupled inductor (CI) is implemented and experimentally verified. Size and cost reduction are achieved by canceling out part of the magnetic DC-flux in the coupled inductor core. To do so the coupled inductor needs to be driven by two 180 degrees phase shifted inverter legs, resulting also in a reduced output capacitance. The converter corresponds to the principals of a two quadrant chopper hence bidirectional use. Renewable energy technologies will strongly benefit since the common hard switched converter legs can be replaced in nearly every wind, solar, storage etc. application by a smaller, cheaper CI solution. The system is operated at full duty cycle range (0...1), elevated power levels and can be controlled by commonly used control theory.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127320781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569494
M. Adam, D. Walter, K. Backes, J. Steinweg
In the “Solar-supported heat stations” joint project funded by BMWi (venture partner: Institut für Solarenergieforschung Hamelin), hydraulic concepts for solar heat stations to support heating and DHW in multi-family housing are being investigated and compared with the help of simulations and hardware-in-the-loop tests. The aim is the definition of best-practice solutions. It is not only the system with the highest energy savings which will be considered to be “optimum” but that which offers the best compromise between lower overall costs and high energy savings (in addition to low equipment complexity and error susceptibility. The concepts being analysed are divided into central and decentral concepts. Nowadays the standard for new construction of multi-family housing is a central buffer storage system with freshwater station. Hot water storage systems are also being used. In particular, they are combined with solar heat storage systems when built in existing housing stock. Tank-in-tank storage systems only enable smaller hot water capacities and are rarely used in multi-family housing. In the future it is probable that more systems will be built with home stations in which hot water is provided decentrally. The concept of a heat station with a buffer storage system and a freshwater station was measured in the laboratory on a hardware-in-the-loop test bench. The system consists of a gas-fired boiler, a 1500 litre buffer storage system with freshwater station and a solar station with stratified solar charging. The simulation models were successfully validated using the measurements. The measurements show that the system works well with regard to comfort requirements but was not perfectly suitable for use in multi-family housing which is fitted with a continuously-operated circulation system. The heating of the lower storage layers due to the circulation had a disadvantageous effect on the solar energy input. Corresponding solution approaches were further investigated (in the laboratory and using the validated models in a simulation). For the estimation of the solar combi systems' performance a benchmark has been developed comparing the end energy savings of a system to a fictional maximum potential.
{"title":"Classification of hydraulic designs and hardware-in-the-loop-tests of solar assisted heating systems for multi-family houses","authors":"M. Adam, D. Walter, K. Backes, J. Steinweg","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569494","url":null,"abstract":"In the “Solar-supported heat stations” joint project funded by BMWi (venture partner: Institut für Solarenergieforschung Hamelin), hydraulic concepts for solar heat stations to support heating and DHW in multi-family housing are being investigated and compared with the help of simulations and hardware-in-the-loop tests. The aim is the definition of best-practice solutions. It is not only the system with the highest energy savings which will be considered to be “optimum” but that which offers the best compromise between lower overall costs and high energy savings (in addition to low equipment complexity and error susceptibility. The concepts being analysed are divided into central and decentral concepts. Nowadays the standard for new construction of multi-family housing is a central buffer storage system with freshwater station. Hot water storage systems are also being used. In particular, they are combined with solar heat storage systems when built in existing housing stock. Tank-in-tank storage systems only enable smaller hot water capacities and are rarely used in multi-family housing. In the future it is probable that more systems will be built with home stations in which hot water is provided decentrally. The concept of a heat station with a buffer storage system and a freshwater station was measured in the laboratory on a hardware-in-the-loop test bench. The system consists of a gas-fired boiler, a 1500 litre buffer storage system with freshwater station and a solar station with stratified solar charging. The simulation models were successfully validated using the measurements. The measurements show that the system works well with regard to comfort requirements but was not perfectly suitable for use in multi-family housing which is fitted with a continuously-operated circulation system. The heating of the lower storage layers due to the circulation had a disadvantageous effect on the solar energy input. Corresponding solution approaches were further investigated (in the laboratory and using the validated models in a simulation). For the estimation of the solar combi systems' performance a benchmark has been developed comparing the end energy savings of a system to a fictional maximum potential.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128908144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569489
Sebastian Janocha, S. Baum, I. Stadler
This paper deals with the mathematical optimization of electricity generation of a domestic energy system with different electricity generation systems: a small combined heat and power (CHP) plant, a battery system, and a photovoltaic (PV) system, and simultaneously the optimization of shiftable electric loads. Due to the intermittent availability of renewable sources it is necessary to store the surplus energy in times of higher generation and to provide energy in times of lower generation. Currently electricity storage systems are not economically well developed to store high amounts of energy for long periods of time. An alternative option to expensive electricity storage would be to shift electric loads into periods of time high electricity generation which would be more efficient and cost saving. In fact, beside the optimization of electricity generation it is also possible to optimize simultaneously the electric shiftable loads. This method should not only be cost saving and effective but more efficient compared to the conventional demand side management methods (DSM). In the traditional DSM method, the peak demand is moved in times of lower demand, which not necessarily is the most cost saving method. The optimization should reduce the total costs of the entire system.
{"title":"Cost minimization by optimization of electricity generation and demand side management","authors":"Sebastian Janocha, S. Baum, I. Stadler","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569489","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with the mathematical optimization of electricity generation of a domestic energy system with different electricity generation systems: a small combined heat and power (CHP) plant, a battery system, and a photovoltaic (PV) system, and simultaneously the optimization of shiftable electric loads. Due to the intermittent availability of renewable sources it is necessary to store the surplus energy in times of higher generation and to provide energy in times of lower generation. Currently electricity storage systems are not economically well developed to store high amounts of energy for long periods of time. An alternative option to expensive electricity storage would be to shift electric loads into periods of time high electricity generation which would be more efficient and cost saving. In fact, beside the optimization of electricity generation it is also possible to optimize simultaneously the electric shiftable loads. This method should not only be cost saving and effective but more efficient compared to the conventional demand side management methods (DSM). In the traditional DSM method, the peak demand is moved in times of lower demand, which not necessarily is the most cost saving method. The optimization should reduce the total costs of the entire system.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"406 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126682401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569501
H. Jahn, H. Pfisterer, J. Broederdorff, U. Koenzen
One of the main objectives of the social and political discussions in Germany is the use of regenerative electrical energy produced by wind turbines or photovoltaic. Due to the fact that the regenerative energy sources are not always available the consumption of the energy needs to be controlled. The energy generation, distribution and consumption is one of the most complex systems a modern society has to organize. Since five years politicians and researcher are discussing smart grid solutions. The motivation for the project “LokSMART” was to design a local smart grid (Fig. 1) and installing this smart grid right now.
{"title":"Local smart grids NOW!","authors":"H. Jahn, H. Pfisterer, J. Broederdorff, U. Koenzen","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569501","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main objectives of the social and political discussions in Germany is the use of regenerative electrical energy produced by wind turbines or photovoltaic. Due to the fact that the regenerative energy sources are not always available the consumption of the energy needs to be controlled. The energy generation, distribution and consumption is one of the most complex systems a modern society has to organize. Since five years politicians and researcher are discussing smart grid solutions. The motivation for the project “LokSMART” was to design a local smart grid (Fig. 1) and installing this smart grid right now.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"96 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128386969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569505
Johannes Rullof, K. Lambers, C. Dick, U. Blieske, J. Hadji-Minaglou, F. Scholzen
In recent years, the possibility to combine photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal collectors into one hybrid module (PVT-module) has been increasingly investigated. PVT-modules produce thermal and electrical energy at the same time. As the efficiency of a photovoltaic module decreases with temperature, the temperature of the heat transfer media is often limited to about 30 °C and the PVT-module is combined with a heat pump, which increases the temperature on the “warm side”. This paper deals with a PVT-module, which combines a microchannel based evaporator of a CO2 (R744) heat pump with a PV panel (PVT-direct). The PVT-direct overall system is reduced to the refrigerant circuit due to the direct refrigerant expansion in the PVT-module. A conventional PVT heat pump system has an additional glycol-water circuit. Since a pump and an additional heat exchanger for the secondary cycle were omitted, the system has increased efficiency. Due to lower module temperatures, the increase of the photovoltaic efficiency is a further advantage of the PVT-direct-module. To prove the feasibility of the PVT-direct heat pump system, the Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy (CIRE) is developing and modeling a test facility for this purpose within the research project “PVT-direkt”. Furthermore, a functional PVT-direct-module with a microchannel based evaporator was designed and built. Much importance has been given to experimental studies under laboratory conditions in order to investigate (1) the adjustment of the functionality and layout of the PVT-direct-module for characterizing the joining of brazed joints in aluminum microchannel evaporators and (2) the influence of the backside aluminum plate of the PVT-direct-module regarding leakage currents and parasitic capacitances. The overall results obtained in these experimental studies are analyzed in this paper.
{"title":"Experimental studies on the development of a solar hybrid module with an aluminum microchannel evaporator","authors":"Johannes Rullof, K. Lambers, C. Dick, U. Blieske, J. Hadji-Minaglou, F. Scholzen","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569505","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, the possibility to combine photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal collectors into one hybrid module (PVT-module) has been increasingly investigated. PVT-modules produce thermal and electrical energy at the same time. As the efficiency of a photovoltaic module decreases with temperature, the temperature of the heat transfer media is often limited to about 30 °C and the PVT-module is combined with a heat pump, which increases the temperature on the “warm side”. This paper deals with a PVT-module, which combines a microchannel based evaporator of a CO2 (R744) heat pump with a PV panel (PVT-direct). The PVT-direct overall system is reduced to the refrigerant circuit due to the direct refrigerant expansion in the PVT-module. A conventional PVT heat pump system has an additional glycol-water circuit. Since a pump and an additional heat exchanger for the secondary cycle were omitted, the system has increased efficiency. Due to lower module temperatures, the increase of the photovoltaic efficiency is a further advantage of the PVT-direct-module. To prove the feasibility of the PVT-direct heat pump system, the Cologne Institute for Renewable Energy (CIRE) is developing and modeling a test facility for this purpose within the research project “PVT-direkt”. Furthermore, a functional PVT-direct-module with a microchannel based evaporator was designed and built. Much importance has been given to experimental studies under laboratory conditions in order to investigate (1) the adjustment of the functionality and layout of the PVT-direct-module for characterizing the joining of brazed joints in aluminum microchannel evaporators and (2) the influence of the backside aluminum plate of the PVT-direct-module regarding leakage currents and parasitic capacitances. The overall results obtained in these experimental studies are analyzed in this paper.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133518970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569491
S. Fasbender, Christian Brosig, Evandro Dresch, E. Waffenschmidt
Hybrid energy systems have the potential to bring modern energy services to the 17% of the global population with no access to electricity. The use of diesel generators to provide power for such applications has been the standard for several decades, but due to decreasing prices of photovoltaics, hybrid systems are becoming more common. As a special challenge expanding existing diesel generators with photovoltaics leads to increased dynamic specification and non-favored operation states for the diesel engine. While it is common to limit the photovoltaics or to add a battery storage to reduce non-favorite operation states, this paper presents load shifting and control as a solution for dispatch. 25 different households are simulated including in total 108 different devices and in total 1737 individual electrical consumers. The devices are operated based on ratings of the users to improve the overall subjective satisfaction with the control.
{"title":"A tool for the simulation of large PV-diesel-systems with different dispatch strategies","authors":"S. Fasbender, Christian Brosig, Evandro Dresch, E. Waffenschmidt","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569491","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid energy systems have the potential to bring modern energy services to the 17% of the global population with no access to electricity. The use of diesel generators to provide power for such applications has been the standard for several decades, but due to decreasing prices of photovoltaics, hybrid systems are becoming more common. As a special challenge expanding existing diesel generators with photovoltaics leads to increased dynamic specification and non-favored operation states for the diesel engine. While it is common to limit the photovoltaics or to add a battery storage to reduce non-favorite operation states, this paper presents load shifting and control as a solution for dispatch. 25 different households are simulated including in total 108 different devices and in total 1737 individual electrical consumers. The devices are operated based on ratings of the users to improve the overall subjective satisfaction with the control.","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122219073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-06-01DOI: 10.1109/IESC.2016.7569486
M. Toure, D. Kobor, L. Ndiaye, A. Ndiaye, M. Tine, S. Bastide, M. P. Thaury, C. Vilar
In this paper, we present a detailed study on surface nanostructuration of <;100> oriented p-type Silicon using a Cu assisted chemical etching. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to describe the evolution of the surface morphology and structures during etching. The results show that the formation of either pyramids or inverted pyramids is mainly dependant on the etching time. Well-defined large-scale homogeneous but locally irregular pyramid-like structures are obtained on the silicon surface with quasi-perfect shapes. AFM measurements show the sample surface roughness with 0.6 μm of pyramids height and 1.2 μm of inverted pyramids depth. Samples with inverted pyramid structures have a low reflectivity (12 %) compared to those with pyramid structures (18 %) in the wavelength range of 450-1000 nm The Tauc plots of the nanostructures confirm the excellent absorbance of the inverted pyramids in a large band in UV-Visible and IR. The nanostructures have a pseudo-direct gap behaviour with values of Egd of 2.60, 2.55, 2.65, 2.45 and 2.05 eVand indirect band gap (Egi) values of 1.10, 0.95, 0.95, 0.85 and 1.05 eV respectively for 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min etching time. The values of Urbach tail energy calculated using Urbach law 160, 77, 67, 40 and 67 meV are smaller than those found using Tauc plot (0.33, 0.32, 0.36, 0.25 and 0.34 eV).
{"title":"Influence of pyramids and inverted pyramids on silicon optical properties","authors":"M. Toure, D. Kobor, L. Ndiaye, A. Ndiaye, M. Tine, S. Bastide, M. P. Thaury, C. Vilar","doi":"10.1109/IESC.2016.7569486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IESC.2016.7569486","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a detailed study on surface nanostructuration of <;100> oriented p-type Silicon using a Cu assisted chemical etching. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to describe the evolution of the surface morphology and structures during etching. The results show that the formation of either pyramids or inverted pyramids is mainly dependant on the etching time. Well-defined large-scale homogeneous but locally irregular pyramid-like structures are obtained on the silicon surface with quasi-perfect shapes. AFM measurements show the sample surface roughness with 0.6 μm of pyramids height and 1.2 μm of inverted pyramids depth. Samples with inverted pyramid structures have a low reflectivity (12 %) compared to those with pyramid structures (18 %) in the wavelength range of 450-1000 nm The Tauc plots of the nanostructures confirm the excellent absorbance of the inverted pyramids in a large band in UV-Visible and IR. The nanostructures have a pseudo-direct gap behaviour with values of Egd of 2.60, 2.55, 2.65, 2.45 and 2.05 eVand indirect band gap (Egi) values of 1.10, 0.95, 0.95, 0.85 and 1.05 eV respectively for 10, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min etching time. The values of Urbach tail energy calculated using Urbach law 160, 77, 67, 40 and 67 meV are smaller than those found using Tauc plot (0.33, 0.32, 0.36, 0.25 and 0.34 eV).","PeriodicalId":158346,"journal":{"name":"2016 International Energy and Sustainability Conference (IESC)","volume":"134 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130442468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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