Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery最新文献

ObjectivesReticulocyte haemoglobin content (CHr) is a promising tool for evaluating iron status in dogs; however, its usefulness in cats varies. Heinz bodies interfere with haematological analyses on the Advia 120/2120i analyser (Siemens Healthineers), but the effect of Heinz bodies on CHr measurement in feline blood samples is unknown.MethodsIn an analytical intervention study, CHr concentration was measured pairwise in 30 feline blood samples with and without Heinz bodies chemically induced in vitro using 1-acetyl-2-phenylhydrazine (APH).ResultsThe percentage of Heinz bodies and the amount of Heinz body material were assessed by microscopy after staining with New Methylene Blue, and both increased significantly after in vitro APH incubation. After incubation, CHr levels decreased significantly in both samples without APH and in APH-treated samples, but no significant difference was detected between the samples with and without APH.Conclusions and relevanceIn vitro-induced Heinz bodies did not impact CHr levels. Explaining the lesser diagnostic utility of CHr measurements in cats compared with dogs as an effect of Heinz bodies is therefore not substantiated by this in vitro study. Accordingly, variations in feline patient populations and varying definitions of iron deficiency in previous studies are likely the main explanations for the lesser diagnostic utility of CHr measurements in cats.

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the population, concurrent injuries, best diagnostic radiographic projection, management and short-term outcome of cats presenting with a fracture of the greater trochanter.MethodsMedical records, imaging studies, methods of repair, complications and short-term outcome of cats that presented with a fracture of the greater trochanter were retrospectively reviewed at two referral institutions. Radiographs were evaluated using a quantitative scoring system. Short-term outcome (>3-6 months) and complications were determined at the follow-up appointment.ResultsSeventeen cats were included. The mean age was 10.5 months (range 3-16). All 17 cats exhibited concurrent orthopaedic injuries, with 5/17 (29%) presenting with multiple orthopaedic injuries. Coxofemoral luxation was the most common, representing more than half (58.8%) of the concurrent orthopaedic injuries identified, followed by pelvic/sacral fractures (52.9%). Further orthopaedic injuries such as sacroiliac luxation and femoral neck fractures were the least common and were present in 11.7% of the studied population. Greater trochanteric fractures were most easily identified on the ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis, with increased accuracy in the frog-leg ventrodorsal view. Most cats (94.4%) were managed surgically using two or three Kirschner (K)-wires and a tension band wire. Short-term follow-up was available for all 17 cats at a mean of 6.3 months (range 3-8). Major complications were seen in 4/17 (23.5%) patients. These included mild lameness and persistent discomfort due to periosteal reaction, which resolved following surgical or medical intervention. Short-term mobility was considered good in 58.8% of cats, acceptable in 29.5% and poor in the remaining 11.7%.Conclusions and relevanceCoxofemoral luxation was the most prevalent concurrent orthopaedic injury (58.8%). The majority of the greater trochanteric fractures (94.4%) were managed surgically with K-wires and a tension band wire. Ventrodorsal and specifically frog-leg radiographic projections of the pelvis enhance the diagnosis of greater trochanteric fractures. Specific outcomes of greater trochanteric fractures are uncertain because of the high occurrence of concurrent orthopaedic injuries.

ObjectivesTo determine the effects of haemorrhage and fluid over-resuscitation on colloidal osmotic pressure of albumin (COP albumin), plasma (Posm) and effective (Eosm) osmolality in anaesthetised cats.MethodsA total of six cats were given three treatments once, at 2-month intervals, in a randomised, crossover haemorrhage-resuscitation study. The treatments were divided into two phases, a controlled haemorrhage phase and a fluid resuscitation phase, as follows: (1) NoHR = no controlled haemorrhage and no resuscitation; (2) LRS = controlled haemorrhage followed by lactated Ringer's solution infusion (60 ml/kg/h); and (3) TS = controlled haemorrhage followed by 6% tetrastarch 130/0.4 suspended in 0.9% saline infusion (20 ml/kg/h). The resuscitation fluids were administered for 120 mins. Data were collected before haemorrhage, before resuscitation and at 30 min intervals until 120 mins. Variables were calculated at each time point as follows: COP albumin = albumin concentration (g/l) × 0.57; Posm = (2 × sodium) + glucose + blood urea nitrogen; and Eosm = (2 × sodium) + glucose. All Posm and Eosm concentrations were measured as mmol/l. Data were compared using a general linear mixed model (significance: P <0.05).ResultsMean ± SD total haemorrhage volumes for NoHR, LRS and TS were 10.2 ± 2.3, 29.3 ± 9.0 and 29.1 ± 6.3 ml/kg, respectively. The COP albumin decreased over time in all treatments regardless of volumes of blood lost and fluid administered. The decrease in COP albumin was profound and clinically relevant in LRS and TS (both P <0.001). There were no statistical differences in Posm and Eosm over time except in LRS at 90 (P = 0.004) and 120 ml/kg (P <0.001).Conclusions and relevanceThe COP albumin decreased in all treatments but to low and clinically relevant concentrations in LRS and TS, putting the cats at risk of fluid overload. There were no clinically relevant derangements in Posm and Eosm.

ObjectivesOral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common oral tumor in cats but treatment options that provide long-term tumor control are limited. Radiation therapy is a reported treatment option, but local tumor control is still difficult to obtain and additional treatment options are needed. Toceranib phosphate recently emerged as having biologic activity against feline oral SCC. This study is a preliminary evaluation of radiation therapy and toceranib phosphate in cats with oral SCC.MethodsThis non-blinded, retrospective, single-institutional study included all patients between 2011 and 2023 that underwent the same treatment with accelerated radiation therapy and concurrent carboplatin as previously described, with the exception of one additional fraction of radiation. Once the early side effects abated, toceranib phosphate was offered as follow-up maintenance therapy. The median survival time (MST) and progression-free interval (PFI) were assessed for the cats that received toceranib after radiation therapy and carboplatin, and were compared with the cats that received the same radiation and carboplatin protocol within the same time period but did not receive follow-up toceranib.ResultsOverall, 47 cats met the criteria for evaluation; of them, 15 received follow-up toceranib. The MST of all cats was 164 days; there was no significant difference in MST or PFI between the cats that did and did not receive adjuvant toceranib (MST 208 days vs 162 days, respectively; P = 0.35). When comparing cats with lingual tumors, the PFI was significantly longer in the cats that received toceranib than those that did not (142 days vs 104 days, respectively; P = 0.045); however, there was no difference in MST (197 days vs 147 days; P = 0.15).Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that most cats with oral SCC do not benefit from toceranib after radiation therapy. There may be clinical benefit to administering adjuvant toceranib after radiation in cats with lingual SCCs, but the mechanism remains unclear and additional studies are warranted.

ObjectivesThe incidence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis in cats is rising globally, while magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) uroliths remain prevalent. MAP uroliths are commonly associated with urease bacterial infection in dogs. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) could increase the risk of urolithiasis, but there have only been limited studies to date in cats in developing countries. This study evaluates the association between UTI, sex, age and the occurrence of MAP uroliths compared with CaOx uroliths in cats treated for urolithiasis at Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted of medical records from cats undergoing surgery for urolithiasis at Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Thailand between 2016 and 2021. Data retrieval included mineral type, age, sex, breed and culture results. Uroliths were analysed via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) assessed risk factors for MAP urolith formation.ResultsData from 264 cats (168 males, median age 5 years; 95 females, median age 5.1 years; one unidentified) were included. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) was the most common urolith (170/264, 64.4%), followed by MAP urolithiasis (80/264, 30.3%). A total of 176 urine samples were cultured, of which 36/58 MAP cases, 32/107 CaOx cases and 5/11 other urolith cases tested positive. The most common bacteria were Staphylococcus species (21/73, 28.8%), Escherichia coli (16/73, 21.9%) and Enterococcus species (9/73, 12.3%). Multiple logistic regression indicated strong urease-producing bacteria increased MAP risk by 11.93 times (OR 11.93, 95% CI 4.28-33.23) and other bacteria (Enterococcus species, Pasteurella species, Acinetobacter species) increased risk by 3.84 times (OR 3.84, 95% CI 1.32-11.12). Age and sex had no significant effect.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings of this study unveiled an association between strong urease-producing bacteria and MAP in cats with urolithiasis.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of the buried-knot suture technique on gingival wound healing in cats undergoing dental extractions. We hypothesised that a simple buried-knot interrupted suture would provide a healing advantage at the extraction sites.MethodsA prospective, randomised, split-mouth design was used, involving 40 cats sequentially included in the study. Each side of the mouth was sutured using simple interrupted sutures, with and without a buried knot. Healing was assessed at 2, 4 and 6 weeks postoperatively through visual inspection of the maxillary sites. Indicators of wound healing, such as swelling, bleeding on inspection, redness of the wound margins, dehiscence, ulceration, exudate, halitosis, pain on palpation, presence of necrotic tissue, flap instability, suture loosening and entrapment of food debris or foreign bodies were recorded.ResultsAlthough both sutures showed similar mechanical behaviour as assessed through flap stability, dehiscence, suture loosening and the presence of necrotic tissue, the buried-knot technique was significantly associated with reduced inflammatory signs, including less swelling, bleeding on inspection, redness of wound margins, ulceration, exudate, halitosis and pain.Conclusions and relevanceThe findings suggest that simple interrupted sutures with a buried knot provide a healing advantage in gingival wound closure after dental extractions in cats.

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of trazodone on sedation, and physiological and echocardiographic variables in healthy cats.MethodsThis randomised, blinded, crossover study involved eight healthy adult cats receiving either a placebo or oral doses of trazodone (50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg), with a washout period of at least 1 week between doses. Sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia scores were assessed, along with physiological variables including systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse rate (PR) and respiratory rate (RR) at baseline (T0) and at 30-min intervals after administration (T30-T240). Echocardiographic variables were measured at T0 and T90.ResultsIn the trazodone groups, cats' sedation scores significantly increased compared with T0, with no significant changes in muscle relaxation or analgesia scores. A significant mean reduction of 22 ± 7 mmHg in SBP was observed only at T150 after oral administration of 100 mg trazodone compared with the placebo, but the SBP still remained within the reference interval. Across all trazodone doses, PR showed no significant changes, while RR significantly decreased compared with T0. There were no significant changes in echocardiographic variables after administration of three different doses of trazodone.Conclusions and relevanceOral administration of 50 mg, 75 mg or 100 mg of trazodone in cats produces mild sedation but there is a lack of muscle relaxation and analgesic effects. Trazodone has minimal effects on SBP, PR and RR in cats, although the 100 mg dose may cause a slight decrease in SBP within the physiological interval. Furthermore, oral trazodone at the tested doses has no impact on echocardiographic variables.

ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to assess the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA_A) receptor antagonist flumazenil and its effect on the anesthetic activity of the GABA_A receptor agonist alfaxalone when administered intravenously in cats.MethodsA prospective, randomized, blinded, two-period two-treatment crossover study was conducted. Eight (six male, two female) healthy adult neutered cats, 4.5-7.0 kg body weight, owned by IndyVet Emergency and Specialty Hospital were enrolled. Cats were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups, flumazenil or saline (period 1). During period 2, cats were administered the opposite treatment. Treatment was either 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil or an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride. Before treatment, a published, abbreviated alfaxalone protocol was administered, consisting of an intravenous (IV) dose of 2 mg/kg over 1 min, followed by an abbreviated two-step IV alfaxalone infusion of 0.4 mg/kg/min for 10 mins, then 0.3 mg/kg/min for 30 mins. Physiologic parameters, time to lateral recumbency, sternal recumbency and standing, duration of anesthesia, quality of induction and maintenance of anesthesia, and quality of recovery were assessed.ResultsThe treatment by time interaction was not significant for any variable. Pulse rate was significantly higher in the flumazenil group than the saline group (mean 176.01 vs 169.57; P = 0.0067).Conclusions and relevanceFlumazenil administered at 0.1 mg/kg intravenously over 1 min did not antagonize the effects of alfaxalone in cats. Further investigations are required to investigate an appropriate dose or other drug to antagonize alfaxalone and its judicious use in clinical settings.

Case series summaryInformation is presented on six new cats with stifle osteochondrosis (OC). In the veterinary literature, there are only four single case reports on cats with this condition. Combining the six new cases with the four previously published cases, we have summarised the current knowledge on stifle OC in the cat. Overall, among the 10 cats, the condition was bilateral in three cats and unilateral in seven. The mean age at presentation was 10.5 months (median 7). Seven cats were male, of which six were castrated, and the three female cats were spayed. Of the cats, five were domestic shorthairs, two were Maine Coons and there was one each of Bengal, Devon Rex and Scottish Fold. The OC lesion affected the lateral aspect of the femoral condyle in seven cats and the medial aspect of the femoral condyle in three cats. All the cats with lesions of the medial aspect of the femoral condyle had unilateral lesions and two of these cats had concurrent medial patellar luxation. All three bilaterally affected cats had lateral femoral condylar lesions. Follow-up of at least 4 weeks was available for 8/10 cats. The lameness resolved or improved in all eight cats: in six cats after surgical debridement of an osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesion and in two after conservative management.Relevance and novel informationStifle OC or OCD should be a differential diagnosis for immature cats presenting with stifle lameness, stiffness or difficulty jumping and stifle joint effusions. Patellar luxation may be a concurrent diagnosis.