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A greedy algorithm for dropping digits 一种贪心的丢弃数字的算法
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2021-01-24 DOI: 10.1017/S0956796821000198
R. Bird, Shin-Cheng Mu
Abstract Consider the following puzzle: given a number, remove k digits such that the resulting number is as large as possible. Various techniques are employed to derive a linear-time solution to the puzzle: we justify the structure of a greedy algorithm by predicate logic, give a constructive proof of the greedy condition using a dependently typed proof assistant and calculate the greedy step as well as the final, linear-time optimisation by equational reasoning.
考虑下面的难题:给定一个数字,去掉k位,使得到的数字尽可能大。我们采用了各种技术来推导出这个难题的线性时间解:我们通过谓词逻辑证明贪婪算法的结构,使用依赖类型的证明助手给出贪婪条件的建设性证明,并通过方程推理计算贪婪步骤以及最终的线性时间优化。
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引用次数: 1
»DA wurd ich Auch ganz blöde angeguckt« “有人看我太笨了”
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-124
Sarah Hitzler
Self-help groups offer contexts for individuals with similar experiences of social exclusion to find each other. Members work to understand these experiences of individual deviation from societal norms by drawing on concepts of morality. Moralising narratives are used to discuss how this deviation is experienced and how it is addressed by others, but also how other individuals are perceived as deviating. Applying conversation analytical methods to transcribed audio recordings of a session of a self-help group for people with obesity, this article shows that the norms drawn on in this form of communication are neither homogenous nor stable. Societal norms regarding body shape and local norms of face saving and empathy form a constant tension of expectations resulting in paradoxical interactional positions. Morally integrating the group and maintaining a stance of solidarity proves to be constant hard and complex interactional work under these circumstances. One relevant strategy is the use of specific vagueness in narratives, which fosters affective affiliation while avoiding topical criticism.
自助团体为有类似社会排斥经历的个人提供了寻找彼此的环境。成员们通过借鉴道德概念来理解这些个人偏离社会规范的经历。道德化叙事被用来讨论这种偏差是如何经历的,以及其他人是如何处理的,以及其他人是如何被视为偏差的。本文将对话分析方法应用于肥胖症患者自助小组会议的转录录音,表明这种形式的交流所采用的规范既不均匀也不稳定。关于体型的社会规范和当地关于面子和同理心的规范形成了一种持续的期望张力,导致了矛盾的互动立场。在这种情况下,在道德上整合群体并保持团结的立场被证明是一项艰巨而复杂的互动工作。一个相关的策略是在叙述中使用特定的模糊,这促进了情感联系,同时避免了主题批评。
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引用次数: 1
Strukturanalyse normativ-praktischer Rationalität 规范实践合理性的结构分析
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-34
R. Sichler
Based on the theory of structural practical rationality, a methodological essay concerning the interpretative reconstruction of the moral dimension of human actions, beliefs and emotional attitudes is put up for discussion. First, as initial thesis, it is argued for a fundamental normative impregnation of human actions and conduct of life. Afterwards, further characteristics of the theory of structural rationality are presented: the rational relation of human action, thinking and feeling to (good) reasons as well as the structural texture of reasoning. Further the depth dimension of lifeworld is explicated. It can also be used for the the justification of human action and life conduct. The article concludes with methodological considerations on options and implications for interpretative social research.
基于结构实践理性理论,提出了一篇关于人类行为、信仰和情感态度的道德维度的解释性重建的方法论文章。首先,作为最初的论文,它主张对人类行为和生活行为进行基本的规范性渗透。然后,提出了结构理性理论的进一步特征:人类行为、思维和感觉与(好的)理由的理性关系,以及推理的结构结构。进一步阐述了生命世界的深度维度。它也可以用来为人类行为和生活行为辩护。文章最后对解释性社会研究的选择和意义进行了方法论思考。
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引用次数: 1
Jenseits des guten Geschmacks? 除了美味?
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-147
Rebecca Thrun
Der Beitrag fokussiert alltagsweltliche Moralisierungspraktiken im ethisch-moralisch begrundeten Veganismus. Mittels der interpretativen Analyse ausgewahlter Interviewsequenzen mit Veganer*innen aus Deutschland wird rekonstruiert, inwiefern vegane Uberzeugungsarbeit eine gesellschaftskritische Perspektive auf die Normalisierung des Tierkonsums eroffnet. Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit, Verantwortungsethik und Fursorge werden von den Interviewpartner*innen angefuhrt, um die Notwendigkeit individueller und gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse zu plausibilisieren. Gleichzeitig existieren andere (mitunter unbewusst wirkende) Beweggrunde, die Mitmenschen an eigene vegane Sichtund Lebensweisen anzugleichen. Handlungsmacht in der Gestaltung (intimer) sozialer Beziehungen steht dabei kontrastiv zur empfundenen Machtlosigkeit im Kontext (anonymer) gesellschaftlicher Strukturen und Prozesse des Tierkonsums. Eine Veganisierung des Umfeldes fuhrt nicht selten zu Spannungen im Alltag. Die vegan lebenden Interviewpartner*innen versuchen diesen zu begegnen und greifen dabei praventiv auf erfolgversprechende Strategien veganer Uberzeugungsarbeit zuruck.
论文的焦点是每天关于道德素食的道德陷阱。利用来自德国素食者*的被选择采访序列的解释分析,得出了素食主义者的研究:素食主义者的传播研究如何揭示了对于动物消费正常化的社会批判观点。采访对象负责引导实现个人和社会的转型。与此同时,还有其他(有时无意识的)动机,让人们按照自己的素食和生活方式协调。与此同时,在动物消费的社会结构和过程(匿名的)下,社会决策权力与无形的无能形成了鲜明对比。环境从容常常会给日常生活带来压力。素食主义者的采访对象*内部正试图碰上这些当地人,并试图效仿素食目击训练的成功策略。
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引用次数: 2
Moralisierungen in Gastfamilien für unbegleitete Geflüchtete 在客栈进行举目无亲的葬礼
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-56
Ines Gottschalk
In this contribution, host families for unaccompanied refugees are understood as moral action spaces to which different orientations of moralization and moral values are transmitted. It is shown that host families can take on different functions, depending on whether they understand the unaccompanied person as a family member or as a guest, and can therefore deal differently with divergent orientations and values. As a newly forming symbolic space of action, it is the obligation of the host family members to negotiate their orientations and values in the context of everyday interactions. Using a qualitative case study conducted in Germany it is shown how moral concepts, but also the role of the unaccompanied and the related possibilities for moralization are negotiated with different actors in a fluid and situational way. Based on this, general reflections on the configuration of relationships and the reformation of subjects in connection with moral(-ization) as contingent orientations and practices are derived.
在这一贡献中,无人陪伴难民的收容家庭被理解为道德行动空间,不同的道德化方向和道德价值观被传递到这些空间。研究表明,寄宿家庭可以承担不同的职能,这取决于他们是将无人陪伴的人理解为家庭成员还是客人,因此可以以不同的方式处理不同的取向和价值观。作为一个新形成的象征性行动空间,寄宿家庭成员有义务在日常互动的背景下协商他们的取向和价值观。通过在德国进行的一项定性案例研究,我们展示了道德概念,以及无人陪伴者的作用和道德化的相关可能性是如何以一种流动和情境的方式与不同的行为者进行谈判的。在此基础上,得出了作为偶然取向和实践的与道德化相关的关系配置和主体改革的一般反思。
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引用次数: 0
Das klimaethische Selbst als Subjektivierungsform 在温室气体问题上
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-171
A. Krug
In this article, the moralization tendencies in the context of the climate change problem are investigated in a theoretical-normative discourse from the perspective of applied ethics. The aim is to approach the expressions of morality and moralization from a climate ethical and responsibility theoretical perspective. The increasing, normatively demanding moralization in everyday discourse towards an individual acting responsibly for the climate is bound to the discourses and arguments of climate ethics. These must be explained and examined in order to fathom the claims of »climate morality« as a self-topic. This article focuses on the ideal type of subjectivation of the climatic ethical self, in order to outline a theoretical foundation of this specifically normative form of subjectivation as a subject of discussion and starting point for further moral psychological research and transdisciplinary discourses.
本文从应用伦理学的角度,对气候变化问题背景下的道德化倾向进行了理论-规范话语的探讨。目的是从气候伦理和责任理论的角度来探讨道德和道德化的表达。在对气候负责的个人行为的日常话语中,日益增加的规范要求道德化与气候伦理的话语和论点息息相关。为了理解“气候道德”作为一个自我主题的主张,这些必须得到解释和检验。本文关注气候伦理自我主体化的理想类型,旨在概述这种具体规范的主体化形式的理论基础,作为进一步道德心理学研究和跨学科话语的讨论主题和起点。
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引用次数: 1
»Egal was er auch ist, Hauptsache einer von uns« “不管他是什么,最重要的是我们中的一个人”
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-101
D. Tepeli
This contribution examines from a cultural-psychological perspective the conflictual relationship between Alevis and Sunnis, which is interpreted as a historical hurtful relationship. The psychosocial traces of this figuration extend to the present day of the German immigration society. They are also manifest in the identity constructions of young Alevi women. As a result of experienced or inherited violations suffered by Sunni orthodoxy and out of fear of pressure to adapt and oppression in a Sunni-Alevi interfaith marriage, especially Alevi women still maintain the group border to Sunnis through endogamy. In analyzing a group discussion with two young Alevi women using relational hermeneutics, I reconstruct how the historically founded group boundaries continue to exist in perceptions and emotions towards an imagined Alevi-Sunni interfaith marriage. Furthermore, I discuss how a cultural-psychological perspective can complement the discussion on the function of morality and moral communication in intergroup relations.
这篇文章从文化心理学的角度考察了阿拉维派和逊尼派之间的冲突关系,这种关系被解释为一种历史上的伤害关系。这种形象的社会心理痕迹延伸到今天的德国移民社会。这也体现在年轻阿勒维女性的身份建构上。由于逊尼派正统教义所遭受的经验或继承的侵犯,以及出于对适应逊尼派-阿勒维人跨宗教婚姻的压力和压迫的恐惧,特别是阿勒维妇女仍然通过内婚制与逊尼派保持群体边界。在用关系解释学分析与两位年轻的阿勒维妇女的小组讨论中,我重建了历史上建立的群体边界如何继续存在于对想象中的阿勒维-逊尼派跨宗教婚姻的感知和情感中。此外,我还讨论了文化心理学视角如何补充关于道德和道德传播在群体间关系中的作用的讨论。
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引用次数: 2
Haltung bewahren! 保持姿势!
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-12-01 DOI: 10.30820/0942-2285-2020-2-12
Markus Wrbouschek, Natalie Rodax, Katharina Hametner, Sara Paloni, Nora Ruck
Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Affektgenese moralisch-welterschließender Haltungen und diskutiert diese mit Blick auf das Ressentiment. Dabei fassen wir das Ressentiment mit Rückgriff auf Scheler (1913, 49) als »dauernde psychische Einstellung«, die sich aus der Erfahrung eines (moralischen) Unrechts heraus entwickelt und sich in einer negativen Werthaltung gegenüber verschiedensten Objekten äußert. Anhand einer von uns konstruierten Fallvignette zeigen wir zunächst, dass sich eine präkognitive Einschätzung der Situation, als ein leibliches Zur-Situation-ausgerichtet-Sein, an einer anderen als der die Affekte eigentlich evozierenden Stelle entladen kann, und analysieren, wie diese Verschiebung hin zu einer moralisch-welterschließenden Haltung verstanden werden kann. Auf Basis von Schelers Theorie der Ressentimentgenese argumentieren wir anschließend, dass Ressentimentbildungen als eine spezifische Form moralisch-welterschließender Haltungen verstanden werden können. Abschließend diskutieren wir die in diesem Artikel fokussierte psychogenetische Betrachtung moralisch-welterschließender Haltungen mit Blick auf eine soziogenetische Perspektive. Rückbeziehend auf die Fallvignette greifen wir in einem Ausblick auf, wie bereits bestehende (und weiter zu entwickelnde) sozialwissenschaftliche Perspektiven und Konzepte genutzt werden können, um die psychoaffektive Analyse der geschilderten Situation in sozialund machttheoretischer Weise zu vertiefen.
本文探讨了保护和捍卫文化背景的情绪,并为了表达不满,深入探讨了这些态度。同时我们相信它Ressentiment依靠Scheler(1913年,49)作为«»不断的心理态度,来自经验的(道德)的弊害,发现设计中选择消极灌输对不同对象).根据我们的设计,Fallvignette显示我们首先präkognitive局势的评估认为,作为一个事业Zur-Situation-ausgerichtet-Sein, Affekte其实evozierenden以外的一处卸货,并分析可以延缓moralisch-welterschließenden走这种态度可以被理解.基于谢尔关于敌意发生的理论,我们主张,在某种意义上,仇恨可以被理解为是一种特定的道德世界认知。最后,我们讨论了文章中讨论的是心理遗传、世界道德观念的观点,并以社会基因的观点来看待。但专家们认为,某一段时期内的某段时期应该重新审视其经济政策,以社会和权力的理论意义来加深对社会状况的心理影响分析。
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引用次数: 2
Verified secure compilation for mixed-sensitivity concurrent programs 已验证的混合敏感并发程序的安全编译
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-10-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0956796821000162
Robert Sison, Toby C. Murray
Abstract Proving only over source code that programs do not leak sensitive data leaves a gap between reasoning and reality that can only be filled by accounting for the behaviour of the compiler. Furthermore, software does not always have the luxury of limiting itself to single-threaded computation with resources statically dedicated to each user to ensure the confidentiality of their data. This results in mixed-sensitivity concurrent programs, which might reuse memory shared between their threads to hold data of different sensitivity levels at different times; for such programs, a compiler must preserve the value-dependent coordination of such mixed-sensitivity reuse despite the impact of concurrency. Here we demonstrate, using Isabelle/HOL, that it is feasible to verify that a compiler preserves noninterference, the strictest kind of confidentiality property, for mixed-sensitivity concurrent programs. First, we present notions of refinement that preserve a concurrent value-dependent notion of noninterference that we have designed to support such programs. As proving noninterference-preserving refinement can be considerably more complex than the standard refinements typically used to verify semantics-preserving compilation, our notions include a decomposition principle that separates the semantics preservation from security preservation concerns. Second, we demonstrate that these refinement notions are applicable to verified secure compilation, by exercising them on a single-pass compiler for mixed-sensitivity concurrent programs that synchronise using mutex locks, from a generic imperative language to a generic RISC-style assembly language. Finally, we execute our compiler on a non-trivial mixed-sensitivity concurrent program modelling a real-world use case, thus preserving its source-level noninterference properties down to an assembly-level model automatically. All results are formalised and proved in the Isabelle/HOL interactive proof assistant. Our work paves the way for more fully featured compilers to offer verified secure compilation support to developers of multithreaded software that must handle data of multiple sensitivity levels.
仅仅通过源代码证明程序不会泄露敏感数据,在推理和现实之间留下了一个缺口,这个缺口只能通过对编译器行为的解释来填补。此外,软件并不总是能够将自己限制为单线程计算,并将资源静态地专用于每个用户,以确保其数据的机密性。这导致了混合灵敏度并发程序,它可能重用线程之间共享的内存,以在不同时间保存不同灵敏度级别的数据;对于这样的程序,编译器必须保留这种混合敏感性重用的依赖于值的协调,尽管存在并发性的影响。在这里,我们使用Isabelle/HOL证明,对于混合灵敏度并发程序,可以验证编译器是否保留了最严格的机密性——不干扰性。首先,我们提出了一些精化的概念,这些概念保留了我们为支持此类程序而设计的并发值相关的不干扰概念。由于证明保持不干扰的细化可能比通常用于验证保持语义的编译的标准细化要复杂得多,因此我们的概念包括一个分解原则,该原则将语义保存与安全保存问题分离开来。其次,我们证明了这些改进概念适用于经过验证的安全编译,通过在使用互斥锁同步的混合灵敏度并发程序的单遍编译器上执行它们,从通用命令式语言到通用risc风格的汇编语言。最后,我们在一个重要的混合灵敏度并发程序上执行编译器,该程序对真实世界的用例进行建模,从而自动将其源代码级的不干扰属性保留到汇编级模型。所有结果都在Isabelle/HOL交互式证明助手中进行形式化和证明。我们的工作为功能更全面的编译器铺平了道路,为多线程软件的开发人员提供经过验证的安全编译支持,这些软件必须处理多个敏感级别的数据。
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引用次数: 1
Review of "Algorithm Design with Haskell" by Richard Bird and Jeremy Gibbons, Cambridge University Press, 2020 Richard Bird和Jeremy Gibbons的“Haskell算法设计”综述,剑桥大学出版社,2020
IF 1.1 3区 计算机科学 Q4 Computer Science Pub Date : 2020-09-30 DOI: 10.1017/S0956796820000258
Torsten Grust
Algorithms in their purely functional form. Books on algorithms are plenty. Many present classical algorithms as entities carved in stone, conceived decades ago, and typeset in framed pseudo-code boxes. Not so in the present book. Bird and Gibbons treat any algorithm as a subject of calculation, to be derived systemically and elegantly starting from an (almost) blank sheet that initially holds nothing but a functional specification. In fact, several of these calculations start out with incantations like solutions= filter good · candidates or algorithm= aggregate · test · generate
纯函数形式的算法。关于算法的书很多。许多经典算法就像刻在石头上的实体,几十年前构思出来的,排版在框架内的伪代码框里。在这本书中却不是这样。伯德和吉本斯将任何算法都视为计算的主题,从一张(几乎)空白的纸上系统而优雅地推导出来,最初除了功能规范之外什么都没有。事实上,许多这样的计算都是以这样的咒语开始的,如解决方案=过滤好·候选项或算法=聚合·测试·生成
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Functional Programming
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