D. Šafařík, D. Březina, Jakub Michal, P. Hlaváčková
The extremely dynamic development of calamities caused by the effects of global climate change followed by the spread of under-bark insect pests mainly in coniferous stands and the ongoing incidental felling have raised concerns in the woodworking industry about the developments in the source material with respect to ensuring production in a short-term view. Since the overall standing stock in spruce stands of all age classes in the Czech Republic amounts to 399.6 million m3 (2017–2026) and the theoretical outlook of the logging potential based on the percentage of logging accounts for 112.62 million m3 (2017–2026), the concerns might be deemed justified. The article presents an updated view of the current situation based on official statistics and offers an analytic prediction of the possible development, considering the possible consequences, even in the production of the forestry sector. The statistical data on the current situation have been compiled for the last two decades of development. The results show that with a continued high rate of bark beetle calamities, assuming a total annual cutting with a permanent limitation on the planned harvests of more than 30 million m3, the complete stands of spruce from age class 5 onwards could be harvested in approximately 14–16 years.
{"title":"State of the raw wood growing stocks and prediction of further development of cutting in the context of coniferous stands calamity in the Czech Republic","authors":"D. Šafařík, D. Březina, Jakub Michal, P. Hlaváčková","doi":"10.17221/76/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/76/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The extremely dynamic development of calamities caused by the effects of global climate change followed by the spread of under-bark insect pests mainly in coniferous stands and the ongoing incidental felling have raised concerns in the woodworking industry about the developments in the source material with respect to ensuring production in a short-term view. Since the overall standing stock in spruce stands of all age classes in the Czech Republic amounts to 399.6 million m3 (2017–2026) and the theoretical outlook of the logging potential based on the percentage of logging accounts for 112.62 million m3 (2017–2026), the concerns might be deemed justified. The article presents an updated view of the current situation based on official statistics and offers an analytic prediction of the possible development, considering the possible consequences, even in the production of the forestry sector. The statistical data on the current situation have been compiled for the last two decades of development. The results show that with a continued high rate of bark beetle calamities, assuming a total annual cutting with a permanent limitation on the planned harvests of more than 30 million m3, the complete stands of spruce from age class 5 onwards could be harvested in approximately 14–16 years.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76023832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaela Korená Hillayová, K. Holušová, Klára Báliková, J. Holécy
The exact determination of the rotation period is still a current and important essential issue of forestry. It attracts the attention of forest economists, managers and owners worldwide, not only of forest economists but also of forest managers. The rotation period is defined by physical, technical or financial parameters of forest management. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the biological and the economic optimal rotation period. A fundamental challenge in forest management is the need for appropriate determination of the rotation period. The primary interest of our research was to compare the effective legislation for the determination of the rotation period in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic. Scientific methods such as document analysis and questionnaire survey were applied. The results of the legislation analysis and other related documents were compared with the expert opinions of the relevant stakeholders. Those who affect the decision process related to the problem and those where are “affected” by the problem were involved in the study. Results show that respondents do not agree with the regulation of rotation period according to effective law. Moreover, they consider it as not usable as the conditions in forest ecosystems have changed recently, which is not considered in the legislation.
{"title":"Comparison of the approach to determination of the rotation period of forest stands in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic","authors":"Michaela Korená Hillayová, K. Holušová, Klára Báliková, J. Holécy","doi":"10.17221/107/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/107/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The exact determination of the rotation period is still a current and important essential issue of forestry. It attracts the attention of forest economists, managers and owners worldwide, not only of forest economists but also of forest managers. The rotation period is defined by physical, technical or financial parameters of forest management. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the biological and the economic optimal rotation period. A fundamental challenge in forest management is the need for appropriate determination of the rotation period. The primary interest of our research was to compare the effective legislation for the determination of the rotation period in the Czech Republic and in the Slovak Republic. Scientific methods such as document analysis and questionnaire survey were applied. The results of the legislation analysis and other related documents were compared with the expert opinions of the relevant stakeholders. Those who affect the decision process related to the problem and those where are “affected” by the problem were involved in the study. Results show that respondents do not agree with the regulation of rotation period according to effective law. Moreover, they consider it as not usable as the conditions in forest ecosystems have changed recently, which is not considered in the legislation.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86479250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jan Cukor, František Havránek, S. Sokolov, Vlastimil Skoták, Lucie Hambálková, R. Sevcik, Z. Vacek, D. Nurseitov
Data on wildlife abundance is an important indicator both for the species concerned and the stability of entire ecosystems as well as for sustainable game management. Therefore, the abundance of ungulate game was verified in a foothill region of Kazakhstan. The methods of thermal imagery and faecal pellet group (FPG) census on transects were compared. The results obtained by the FPG counting method for moose (Alces alces, 0.34 individuals per 100 ha) and maral deer (Cervus elaphus sibiricus, 0.04 individuals per 100 ha) were relatively consistent with the data reported by the hunting ground tenants. Only one moose was detected by the thermal imaging transect count method. The results show that deer and moose abundance in Kazakhstan is significantly lower than in Central and Eastern Europe. Thus, for Kazakhstan, the method of FPG counting is well applicable for both routine and control counts. Detailed data on game populations can be obtained using the camera trap counting method, which has not been verified in Kazakhstan as yet.
{"title":"Estimation of ungulate population density in Kazakhstan: Case study from foothill ecosystems","authors":"Jan Cukor, František Havránek, S. Sokolov, Vlastimil Skoták, Lucie Hambálková, R. Sevcik, Z. Vacek, D. Nurseitov","doi":"10.17221/98/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/98/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Data on wildlife abundance is an important indicator both for the species concerned and the stability of entire ecosystems as well as for sustainable game management. Therefore, the abundance of ungulate game was verified in a foothill region of Kazakhstan. The methods of thermal imagery and faecal pellet group (FPG) census on transects were compared. The results obtained by the FPG counting method for moose (Alces alces, 0.34 individuals per 100 ha) and maral deer (Cervus elaphus sibiricus, 0.04 individuals per 100 ha) were relatively consistent with the data reported by the hunting ground tenants. Only one moose was detected by the thermal imaging transect count method. The results show that deer and moose abundance in Kazakhstan is significantly lower than in Central and Eastern Europe. Thus, for Kazakhstan, the method of FPG counting is well applicable for both routine and control counts. Detailed data on game populations can be obtained using the camera trap counting method, which has not been verified in Kazakhstan as yet.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77474181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The germination stage, which is known to be the most sensitive period of plant development, is very sensitive to salt stress. To determine how salt stress affected the germination behaviour of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, the seeds were germinated at gradually increasing salt concentrations. The detrimental effect of the salt stress increased parallelly to the salt concentration. The morphological and physiological changes were analysed in each application to detect the effect of the increasing salt concentrations on the germination stage, and the results were evaluated. The root and stem length, germination percentage, seed germination vigour index and seed mass decreased with the increasing concentration. The amount of volatile and phenolic compounds increased up to 100 mM of salt concentration, while similar parameters decreased at other salt concentrations. The gradual destruction of the habitats of these plants, which create sustainable living conditions with their ability to adapt to the ever-changing climatic conditions, and the increasing ecological negativities make it challenging for the quality of life and viability of these plants. The study was aimed at defining the responses to salt stress by examining the changes in the germination behaviour and phytochemical content, and the amount of Anatolian black pine seeds with an increasing soil salinity.
{"title":"Responses of the germination and phytochemical content of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe. (Anatolian black pine) seeds to salt stress","authors":"M. D. Ulusan","doi":"10.17221/96/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/96/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The germination stage, which is known to be the most sensitive period of plant development, is very sensitive to salt stress. To determine how salt stress affected the germination behaviour of Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe, the seeds were germinated at gradually increasing salt concentrations. The detrimental effect of the salt stress increased parallelly to the salt concentration. The morphological and physiological changes were analysed in each application to detect the effect of the increasing salt concentrations on the germination stage, and the results were evaluated. The root and stem length, germination percentage, seed germination vigour index and seed mass decreased with the increasing concentration. The amount of volatile and phenolic compounds increased up to 100 mM of salt concentration, while similar parameters decreased at other salt concentrations. The gradual destruction of the habitats of these plants, which create sustainable living conditions with their ability to adapt to the ever-changing climatic conditions, and the increasing ecological negativities make it challenging for the quality of life and viability of these plants. The study was aimed at defining the responses to salt stress by examining the changes in the germination behaviour and phytochemical content, and the amount of Anatolian black pine seeds with an increasing soil salinity.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84041950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The case study analyses the structure and dynamics of the diameter growth on the example of two fir-spruce forest stands under conversion to a selection forest. In a series of 51 circular research plots (size 500 m2), the biometric characteristics (tree species, diameter at breast height, height) of all the stems with a diameter above 8 cm were registered. From the selected stems, we collected 51 cross-sections and 178 tree cores in total and performed age and growth analyses. In addition, for the lower layer trees, we assessed the competition by the neighbouring stand quantified by the competition index. The results confirmed the differences in the age structure, despite the similar diameter distributions in the investigated stands, as well as the differences in the growth dynamics of the spruce and fir in the lower tree layer. Nevertheless, the competition of the neighbouring stand was not proven as a significant factor for the diameter growth of the lower layer trees.
{"title":"Growth analysis of the lower layer trees in forest stands under conversion in the Starohorské vrchy Mts.: A case study","authors":"S. Kucbel, J. Vencurik","doi":"10.17221/110/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/110/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The case study analyses the structure and dynamics of the diameter growth on the example of two fir-spruce forest stands under conversion to a selection forest. In a series of 51 circular research plots (size 500 m2), the biometric characteristics (tree species, diameter at breast height, height) of all the stems with a diameter above 8 cm were registered. From the selected stems, we collected 51 cross-sections and 178 tree cores in total and performed age and growth analyses. In addition, for the lower layer trees, we assessed the competition by the neighbouring stand quantified by the competition index. The results confirmed the differences in the age structure, despite the similar diameter distributions in the investigated stands, as well as the differences in the growth dynamics of the spruce and fir in the lower tree layer. Nevertheless, the competition of the neighbouring stand was not proven as a significant factor for the diameter growth of the lower layer trees.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76509413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After 1989, Central and Eastern European countries with planned economies launched a process of transformation. In the Slovak forest policy, the main changes have been in the structure of forest ownership, increasing the share of governance mechanisms within the decision-making, and the organization of the sector. The aim of the paper is to analyse the current Slovak forest policy arrangement in relation to the socialistic political history, via the Policy Arrangement Approach. The analysis is based on literature search and consultations with forest policy experts. In total, 55 scientific publications were analysed. Subsequently, the results were consulted with four national forest policy experts. Despite the three decades-lasting transformation process, in Slovakia, forest policy is characterised by a strong influence of governmental actors, centralisation, and prevailing hierarchical use of policy instruments. Nature protection actors enter the policy arena, for instance, to expand protected areas. The top-down planning has an impact on the forest owners’ performance of rights to use their forests. Non-governmental actors attempt to enforce their interests through participation mechanisms, inter-ministerial commenting procedures, and voluntary instruments. Public opinion is turning towards nature protection and forestry as such has come under pressure with its traditionalist approach.
{"title":"The Slovak forest policy arrangement: Post-1989 residues and changes","authors":"Lenka Halušková","doi":"10.17221/105/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/105/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"After 1989, Central and Eastern European countries with planned economies launched a process of transformation. In the Slovak forest policy, the main changes have been in the structure of forest ownership, increasing the share of governance mechanisms within the decision-making, and the organization of the sector. The aim of the paper is to analyse the current Slovak forest policy arrangement in relation to the socialistic political history, via the Policy Arrangement Approach. The analysis is based on literature search and consultations with forest policy experts. In total, 55 scientific publications were analysed. Subsequently, the results were consulted with four national forest policy experts. Despite the three decades-lasting transformation process, in Slovakia, forest policy is characterised by a strong influence of governmental actors, centralisation, and prevailing hierarchical use of policy instruments. Nature protection actors enter the policy arena, for instance, to expand protected areas. The top-down planning has an impact on the forest owners’ performance of rights to use their forests. Non-governmental actors attempt to enforce their interests through participation mechanisms, inter-ministerial commenting procedures, and voluntary instruments. Public opinion is turning towards nature protection and forestry as such has come under pressure with its traditionalist approach.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88079362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change, biodiversity loss, and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events bring new challenges at a global level, not just in forestry. In response to the current situation, modified economic models such as circular economy, green economy, bio-based economy, or bioeconomy, are expected to move society towards a more sustainable future. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate forestry employment and its drivers within the bioeconomy labour market in the Czech Republic. The partial target was to provide a general view of the development of forestry employment within the bioeconomy labour market. The authors applied a mixed methods approach, using literature review, data analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. A decreasing trend of the share of forestry employment in total bioeconomy employment and of the share of bioeconomy employment in the labour market in the Czech Republic was identified. Regarding the drivers of the forestry labour market, based on the results, employment in the forestry sector is positively dependent on wages/salaries and negatively dependent on GDP and forest land.
{"title":"Analysis of forestry employment within the bioeconomy labour market in the Czech Republic","authors":"Michaela Perunova, Jarmila Zimmermannová","doi":"10.17221/84/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/84/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change, biodiversity loss, and the increased occurrence of extreme weather events bring new challenges at a global level, not just in forestry. In response to the current situation, modified economic models such as circular economy, green economy, bio-based economy, or bioeconomy, are expected to move society towards a more sustainable future. The main aim of this paper was to evaluate forestry employment and its drivers within the bioeconomy labour market in the Czech Republic. The partial target was to provide a general view of the development of forestry employment within the bioeconomy labour market. The authors applied a mixed methods approach, using literature review, data analysis, correlation analysis, and regression analysis. A decreasing trend of the share of forestry employment in total bioeconomy employment and of the share of bioeconomy employment in the labour market in the Czech Republic was identified. Regarding the drivers of the forestry labour market, based on the results, employment in the forestry sector is positively dependent on wages/salaries and negatively dependent on GDP and forest land.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73569874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vacek, Z. Vacek, Jan Cukor, V. Podrázský, Josef Gallo
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) was distributed from its natural range in western North America to different destinations, primarily to Europe (Scandinavia, British Islands), South America (Chile, Argentina), and New Zealand. It is used for its superior timber production and resistance to environmental conditions. This literature review paper consists of 150 references and presents a summary of research results dealing with the lodgepole pine potential in general with a specific focus on Europe from 1910 to 2022. It summarizes the importance, taxonomy, biological and ecological characteristics, site requirements, production and silviculture, risks and pests, as well as the potential of this tree species for forestry and the wood industry in relation to global climate change. Pinus contorta also has a considerable potential in Central Europe, especially at extreme sites with strong anthropogenic impact and in polluted regions. This tree species is very resistant to climatic factors and extreme events compared to other coniferous tree species. Moreover, its annual increment reached from 3 m3·ha−1·yr−1 on reclamation sites to 18 m3·ha−1·yr−1 in favourable environmental conditions. On the other hand, caution must be taken for possible invasive behaviour outside its natural range. Its importance can increase with ongoing climate change and the decline of native tree species.
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon)从其北美西部的自然范围分布到不同的目的地，主要是欧洲(斯堪的纳维亚半岛，不列颠群岛)，南美(智利，阿根廷)和新西兰。它具有优良的木材产量和对环境条件的抵抗力。这篇文献综述论文由150篇参考文献组成，概述了1910年至2022年期间对欧洲黑松潜力的研究结果。总结了该树种的重要性、分类、生物学和生态学特征、立地要求、生产和造林、风险和害虫，以及该树种在全球气候变化下对林业和木材工业的潜力。扭曲松在中欧也有相当大的潜力，特别是在有强烈人为影响的极端地点和污染地区。与其他针叶树相比，该树种对气候因素和极端事件具有很强的抵抗力。此外，在有利环境条件下，其年增长量从填海区的3 m3·ha−1·yr−1增加到18 m3·ha−1·yr−1。另一方面，必须警惕在其自然范围之外可能出现的入侵行为。随着气候的持续变化和本土树种的减少，它的重要性会增加。
{"title":"Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon and climate change: A literature review of opportunities, challenges, and risks in European forests","authors":"S. Vacek, Z. Vacek, Jan Cukor, V. Podrázský, Josef Gallo","doi":"10.17221/101/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/101/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) was distributed from its natural range in western North America to different destinations, primarily to Europe (Scandinavia, British Islands), South America (Chile, Argentina), and New Zealand. It is used for its superior timber production and resistance to environmental conditions. This literature review paper consists of 150 references and presents a summary of research results dealing with the lodgepole pine potential in general with a specific focus on Europe from 1910 to 2022. It summarizes the importance, taxonomy, biological and ecological characteristics, site requirements, production and silviculture, risks and pests, as well as the potential of this tree species for forestry and the wood industry in relation to global climate change. Pinus contorta also has a considerable potential in Central Europe, especially at extreme sites with strong anthropogenic impact and in polluted regions. This tree species is very resistant to climatic factors and extreme events compared to other coniferous tree species. Moreover, its annual increment reached from 3 m3·ha−1·yr−1 on reclamation sites to 18 m3·ha−1·yr−1 in favourable environmental conditions. On the other hand, caution must be taken for possible invasive behaviour outside its natural range. Its importance can increase with ongoing climate change and the decline of native tree species.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90247034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zahid Rauf, Adam Khan, S. Siddiqui, S. Saleem, T. Iqbal, S. A. Shah, Nowsherwan Zarif, Wahiba Iqbal
Forests play a significant role for maintaining the biodiversity. In order to manage sustainable forests, tree species history, distribution, and their future prospects are vital. Using standardized quantitative approaches, the age, radial growth, and size class distribution of Abies pindrow (Himalayan fir) were determined from three different altitudinal sites (i.e. high, middle, and lower). The results indicate that Himalayan fir growing in the high-altitude site (Ayubia, 2 917 m a.s.l.) of moist temperate forests of the Himalayan mountains showed lower radial growth (0.13 cm) than in the middle (Bara Gali, 2 617 m a.s.l.; radial growth = 0.13 cm) and lower (Kuldana, 2 455 m a.s.l.; radial growth = 0.22 cm) altitude sites. Correlation analysis demonstrated that age showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with diameter at breast height. The tree-ring width chronology (totally 80 core samples) of Himalayan fir was developed from moist temperate forests of Himalayan mountains of Pakistan. At Ayubia site it possesses a long time-span (1703–2020 C.E.), followed by Bara Gali (1862–2020 C.E.) and Kuldana (1864–2020 C.E.). Further, the tree-ring width (TRW) chronology of Ayubia showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with May and June temperature, and a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) with June and October precipitation, indicating that summer temperatures are the key factor for the radial growth of Himalayan fir. For the Kuldana site, the response of TRW chronology to temperature and precipitation was the same, however, it was significant only for June temperature at Bara Gali. The size class distribution of the high-altitude region (Ayubia) showed a higher number of individuals than the lower altitude region, indicating the lowest disturbance conditions. The absence of individuals in the early size classes and the gap in middle and mature size classes indicate a lower regeneration potential and anthropogenic impact. The pointer year analysis indicated that the Bara Gali forest is more sensitive to abnormal climate events than the other sites. Based on the present study, we suggest that proper attention and conservation strategy should be provided to Himalayan fir growing in the moist temperate forests of Pakistan.
森林在维持生物多样性方面发挥着重要作用。为了管理可持续森林，树种的历史、分布及其未来前景至关重要。采用标准化的定量方法，在高、中、低3个不同海拔点测定了喜马拉雅冷杉的年龄、径向生长和大小类分布。结果表明:喜玛拉雅冷杉生长在喜玛拉雅湿温带森林高海拔地区(Ayubia, 2 917 m a.s.l)的径向生长(0.13 cm)低于中部地区(Bara Gali, 2 617 m a.s.l);径向生长= 0.13 cm)及以下(Kuldana, 2455 m a.s.l;径向生长= 0.22 cm)海拔站点。相关分析显示，年龄与乳房高度直径呈显著正相关(P < 0.001)。在巴基斯坦喜玛拉雅山湿温带森林中建立喜玛拉雅山冷杉树轮宽度年代学(共80个芯样)。在阿尤比亚遗址，它拥有很长的时间跨度(1703-2020年)，其次是巴拉加利(1862-2020年)和库尔达纳(1864-2020年)。此外，Ayubia树轮宽度年代学与5、6月气温呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)，与6、10月降水量呈显著负相关(P < 0.05)，表明夏季气温是喜马拉雅冷杉径向生长的关键因子。对于Kuldana站点，TRW年代学对温度和降水的响应是相同的，但只有Bara Gali站点的6月温度具有显著性。高海拔地区(阿尤比亚)的个体数高于低海拔地区，表明干扰条件最低。早期大小级的个体缺失和中期和成熟大小级的差距表明再生潜力和人为影响较低。指标年分析表明，巴拉加利森林对异常气候事件的敏感性高于其他样地。根据目前的研究结果，我们建议对生长在巴基斯坦湿温带森林中的喜马拉雅冷杉给予适当的重视和保护策略。
{"title":"Radial growth, present status and future prospects of west Himalayan fir (Abies pindrow Royle) growing in the moist temperate forest of Himalayan mountains of Pakistan","authors":"Zahid Rauf, Adam Khan, S. Siddiqui, S. Saleem, T. Iqbal, S. A. Shah, Nowsherwan Zarif, Wahiba Iqbal","doi":"10.17221/3/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/3/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Forests play a significant role for maintaining the biodiversity. In order to manage sustainable forests, tree species history, distribution, and their future prospects are vital. Using standardized quantitative approaches, the age, radial growth, and size class distribution of Abies pindrow (Himalayan fir) were determined from three different altitudinal sites (i.e. high, middle, and lower). The results indicate that Himalayan fir growing in the high-altitude site (Ayubia, 2 917 m a.s.l.) of moist temperate forests of the Himalayan mountains showed lower radial growth (0.13 cm) than in the middle (Bara Gali, 2 617 m a.s.l.; radial growth = 0.13 cm) and lower (Kuldana, 2 455 m a.s.l.; radial growth = 0.22 cm) altitude sites. Correlation analysis demonstrated that age showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.001) with diameter at breast height. The tree-ring width chronology (totally 80 core samples) of Himalayan fir was developed from moist temperate forests of Himalayan mountains of Pakistan. At Ayubia site it possesses a long time-span (1703–2020 C.E.), followed by Bara Gali (1862–2020 C.E.) and Kuldana (1864–2020 C.E.). Further, the tree-ring width (TRW) chronology of Ayubia showed a significant positive correlation (P < 0.05) with May and June temperature, and a significant negative correlation (P < 0.05) with June and October precipitation, indicating that summer temperatures are the key factor for the radial growth of Himalayan fir. For the Kuldana site, the response of TRW chronology to temperature and precipitation was the same, however, it was significant only for June temperature at Bara Gali. The size class distribution of the high-altitude region (Ayubia) showed a higher number of individuals than the lower altitude region, indicating the lowest disturbance conditions. The absence of individuals in the early size classes and the gap in middle and mature size classes indicate a lower regeneration potential and anthropogenic impact. The pointer year analysis indicated that the Bara Gali forest is more sensitive to abnormal climate events than the other sites. Based on the present study, we suggest that proper attention and conservation strategy should be provided to Himalayan fir growing in the moist temperate forests of Pakistan.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82754344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luis Alberto Marin Martinez, Lourdes Georgina Iglesias Andreu
Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. is a species endemic to Mexico and is widely used in reforestation programmes, as it is highly adapted to poor, shallow, limestone soils and has high commercial importance. However, it is necessary to preserve this genetic material since it is in trouble due to high rates of deforestation, land use change, and forest fires, so it is necessary to have effective strategies to obtain good quality seedlings. Due to the properties of LED (light emitting diode) lamps used for illumination in the production of in vitro plants, the effects of two different lighting systems (LED and fluorescent) on an in vitro culture were analysed for the morphological characteristics of the growth and photosynthetic pigment content in P. pseudostrobus seedlings. The length and root size of the seedlings were affected by the type of illumination, where a red LED light was the most effective at 30 days of evaluation. However, a blue LED light was equally effective as a red LED light at 60 days of seedling development. On the other hand, the fluorescent light was better in terms of the number of needles in the first stage, but we found the blue LED light to be better in the second stage. For the photosynthetic pigment content, the highest values were found with the blue LED light. The results showed that the LED lighting system favours the growth, development, and photosynthetic pigment content of the species under study.
{"title":"Effect of LED lights on the in vitro growth of Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., plants","authors":"Luis Alberto Marin Martinez, Lourdes Georgina Iglesias Andreu","doi":"10.17221/43/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/43/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. is a species endemic to Mexico and is widely used in reforestation programmes, as it is highly adapted to poor, shallow, limestone soils and has high commercial importance. However, it is necessary to preserve this genetic material since it is in trouble due to high rates of deforestation, land use change, and forest fires, so it is necessary to have effective strategies to obtain good quality seedlings. Due to the properties of LED (light emitting diode) lamps used for illumination in the production of in vitro plants, the effects of two different lighting systems (LED and fluorescent) on an in vitro culture were analysed for the morphological characteristics of the growth and photosynthetic pigment content in P. pseudostrobus seedlings. The length and root size of the seedlings were affected by the type of illumination, where a red LED light was the most effective at 30 days of evaluation. However, a blue LED light was equally effective as a red LED light at 60 days of seedling development. On the other hand, the fluorescent light was better in terms of the number of needles in the first stage, but we found the blue LED light to be better in the second stage. For the photosynthetic pigment content, the highest values were found with the blue LED light. The results showed that the LED lighting system favours the growth, development, and photosynthetic pigment content of the species under study.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85730947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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