P. Parhizkar, Mohammad Hosein Sadeqzadeh Hallaj, M. Hassani
The predominant natural disturbance regime within an old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest has been imitated in order to continue the forest cover. It is unclear how much the silvicultural characteristics of regeneration in a managed forest differ from those in an unmanaged old-growth forest subject only to natural dynamics. In this study, we compared important quantitative (e.g. height, collar diameter, crown width, length of spring shoot on the main stem and length of the uppermost internodes) and qualitative (e.g. healthy, mode of branching and stem form) silvicultural characteristics of beech saplings within the gaps between an unmanaged old-growth Oriental beech compartment and a managed forest in the northern Iran ten years after a single harvest entry using a single-tree selection. Canopy gaps larger than 100 m2 with visible remnants of gapmakers (i.e. stumps) were included in this study. The saplings’ characteristics of both compartments were within typical ranges for an old-growth beech forest. Small, but important differences were also observed. The value of beech saplings’ density in the managed compartment (4.9 ± 0.7 SE) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the unmanaged one (3.4 ± 0.6 SE). Conversely, the value of the Menhinick Richness index in the unmanaged one (0.96 ± 0.05 SE) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed compartment (0.80 ± 0.04 SE). The sapling spring shoot length in the unmanaged compartment (13.3 ± 1.7 SE) was also significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed one (7.3 ± 0.7 SE). Relying on beech trees in a managed compartment will hamper the stability of future forest stands. The imitation of the old growth forest must be complete. To increase the resistance of the forest stands to adverse conditions, pay attention to the tree species richness at the time of marking.
{"title":"Managed vs. unmanaged Fagus orientalis Lipsky forests: Structure and diversity of natural regeneration in northern Iran","authors":"P. Parhizkar, Mohammad Hosein Sadeqzadeh Hallaj, M. Hassani","doi":"10.17221/63/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/63/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The predominant natural disturbance regime within an old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest has been imitated in order to continue the forest cover. It is unclear how much the silvicultural characteristics of regeneration in a managed forest differ from those in an unmanaged old-growth forest subject only to natural dynamics. In this study, we compared important quantitative (e.g. height, collar diameter, crown width, length of spring shoot on the main stem and length of the uppermost internodes) and qualitative (e.g. healthy, mode of branching and stem form) silvicultural characteristics of beech saplings within the gaps between an unmanaged old-growth Oriental beech compartment and a managed forest in the northern Iran ten years after a single harvest entry using a single-tree selection. Canopy gaps larger than 100 m2 with visible remnants of gapmakers (i.e. stumps) were included in this study. The saplings’ characteristics of both compartments were within typical ranges for an old-growth beech forest. Small, but important differences were also observed. The value of beech saplings’ density in the managed compartment (4.9 ± 0.7 SE) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than the unmanaged one (3.4 ± 0.6 SE). Conversely, the value of the Menhinick Richness index in the unmanaged one (0.96 ± 0.05 SE) was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed compartment (0.80 ± 0.04 SE). The sapling spring shoot length in the unmanaged compartment (13.3 ± 1.7 SE) was also significantly (P < 0.01) higher than the managed one (7.3 ± 0.7 SE). Relying on beech trees in a managed compartment will hamper the stability of future forest stands. The imitation of the old growth forest must be complete. To increase the resistance of the forest stands to adverse conditions, pay attention to the tree species richness at the time of marking.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76713583","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Lavnyy, P. Spathelf, Rostyslav Kravchuk, R. Vytseha, Volodymyr Yakhnytskyy
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests belong to the most relevant forest types in the Western Ukrainian Roztochia area. The promotion of close-to-nature forest management in Ukraine in the framework of the forest strategy 2 035 supports natural regeneration and the application of diverse felling methods beyond clearcutting. In the present study, natural regeneration was analysed in mixed Scots pine stands on poor and relatively rich soils, after small clearcuts, shelterwood cutting and gap fellings (with or without soil preparation), with respect to tree species composition, species abundance and height growth. It could be shown that Scots pine is the most abundant species in all the felling systems, with on average more than 100 000 plants per ha on poor soils. Other admixed tree species only occur with small shares. Natural regeneration, especially of Scots pine, was less abundant on rich soils and in shelterwood, compared to a small clearcut. After the young plants have established, their abundance declined in the second and third year due to competing herbaceous plants and thick litter.
{"title":"Silvicultural options to promote natural regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in Western Ukrainian forests","authors":"V. Lavnyy, P. Spathelf, Rostyslav Kravchuk, R. Vytseha, Volodymyr Yakhnytskyy","doi":"10.17221/73/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/73/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests belong to the most relevant forest types in the Western Ukrainian Roztochia area. The promotion of close-to-nature forest management in Ukraine in the framework of the forest strategy 2 035 supports natural regeneration and the application of diverse felling methods beyond clearcutting. In the present study, natural regeneration was analysed in mixed Scots pine stands on poor and relatively rich soils, after small clearcuts, shelterwood cutting and gap fellings (with or without soil preparation), with respect to tree species composition, species abundance and height growth. It could be shown that Scots pine is the most abundant species in all the felling systems, with on average more than 100 000 plants per ha on poor soils. Other admixed tree species only occur with small shares. Natural regeneration, especially of Scots pine, was less abundant on rich soils and in shelterwood, compared to a small clearcut. After the young plants have established, their abundance declined in the second and third year due to competing herbaceous plants and thick litter.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79187798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Byeonggil Choi, Gyeongwon Baek, Hyung-Sub Kim, Yowhan Son, C. Kim
This study aimed to determine the effects of the stand and month on the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and the inputs of the litterfall components in adjacent Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands. The monthly C concentrations of the litterfall components were significantly higher in the P. densiflora stand than in the Q. variabilis stand, whereas the monthly N concentrations of the leaf and miscellaneous litter were higher in the Q. variabilis stand than in the P. densiflora stand. The coefficient variations of the N concentrations were higher than those of C concentrations of the litterfall components. The monthly C and N inputs of the leaf litter showed a unimodal pattern in the Q. variabilis stand, whereas multimodal patterns in the P. densiflora stand could be seen. The annual total C inputs were not significantly different between the P. densiflora [2 691 kg(C)·ha–1·yr–1] and Q. variabilis [2 439 kg(C)·ha–1·yr–1] stands. However, the annual total N inputs were significantly higher in the Q. variabilis [44.5 kg(N)·ha–1·yr–1] stand than in the P. densiflora [38.6 kg(N)·ha–1·yr–1] stand. These results indicate that the C and N dynamics in the litterfall components were affected by the species and sampling months in adjacent P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands.
{"title":"Comparisons of carbon and nitrogen dynamics of litterfall components in adjacent Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands","authors":"Byeonggil Choi, Gyeongwon Baek, Hyung-Sub Kim, Yowhan Son, C. Kim","doi":"10.17221/75/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/75/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to determine the effects of the stand and month on the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and the inputs of the litterfall components in adjacent Pinus densiflora and Quercus variabilis stands. The monthly C concentrations of the litterfall components were significantly higher in the P. densiflora stand than in the Q. variabilis stand, whereas the monthly N concentrations of the leaf and miscellaneous litter were higher in the Q. variabilis stand than in the P. densiflora stand. The coefficient variations of the N concentrations were higher than those of C concentrations of the litterfall components. The monthly C and N inputs of the leaf litter showed a unimodal pattern in the Q. variabilis stand, whereas multimodal patterns in the P. densiflora stand could be seen. The annual total C inputs were not significantly different between the P. densiflora [2 691 kg(C)·ha–1·yr–1] and Q. variabilis [2 439 kg(C)·ha–1·yr–1] stands. However, the annual total N inputs were significantly higher in the Q. variabilis [44.5 kg(N)·ha–1·yr–1] stand than in the P. densiflora [38.6 kg(N)·ha–1·yr–1] stand. These results indicate that the C and N dynamics in the litterfall components were affected by the species and sampling months in adjacent P. densiflora and Q. variabilis stands.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80470174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Knott, Z. Adamec, Barbora Uherková, J. Kadavý, M. Kneifl
We assessed the value of coppice stools in connection with selected factors in three different areas of the Drahany Highlands (Czech Republic). The stool value was assessed by evaluating the morphological features. Stools were selected in forest stands with an age of 80 years and older. We analysed the potential influence of twenty-five variables (for example, the exposure, forest vegetation zone, potential natural vegetation, actual or historical owner, edaphic category, etc.) on the stool value. We found that the historical ownership, climatic region, and category of potential natural vegetation significantly affect the coppice stool value. We observed the occurrence of stools with a higher stool value in moderate climatic region type 3 (MT3), in scree and ravine woodlands and in the territory of the historical owners of the Mitrovsky and Salm-Reifferscheid families. According to our results, the probability of the occurrence of coppice stools decreases with an increasing stool value.
{"title":"Evaluation of coppice management relics based on coppice stool value variability in the Drahany Highlands","authors":"R. Knott, Z. Adamec, Barbora Uherková, J. Kadavý, M. Kneifl","doi":"10.17221/74/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/74/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"We assessed the value of coppice stools in connection with selected factors in three different areas of the Drahany Highlands (Czech Republic). The stool value was assessed by evaluating the morphological features. Stools were selected in forest stands with an age of 80 years and older. We analysed the potential influence of twenty-five variables (for example, the exposure, forest vegetation zone, potential natural vegetation, actual or historical owner, edaphic category, etc.) on the stool value. We found that the historical ownership, climatic region, and category of potential natural vegetation significantly affect the coppice stool value. We observed the occurrence of stools with a higher stool value in moderate climatic region type 3 (MT3), in scree and ravine woodlands and in the territory of the historical owners of the Mitrovsky and Salm-Reifferscheid families. According to our results, the probability of the occurrence of coppice stools decreases with an increasing stool value.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90549639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) is a professional and social institution whose basic mission is to influence the scientific level of research activities and education in its field of competence, to take care of its continuous development and to effectively popularize the acquired scientific knowledge. Within the CAAS and its Department of Forestry, the Commission of Forest Economics has been operating for a long time, focusing on forest and wood economics and policy. A total of 11 research directions are defined in the forthcoming Concept of Research, Development and Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture for the period 2023+, the professional part of which is covered and guaranteed by the CAAS. The following directions are included in forestry and wood processing: “Forestry and related industries” and the direction “Forest and agricultural economics and policy” integrated with agriculture. The paper briefly describes the scientific focus of forest and wood economics and policy in this context and especially the activities of the Commission of Forest Economics of the Department of Forestry of the CAAS. In the temporal and factual context, it mentions the published monograph “Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences and a Quarter-Century of the Commission of Forest Economics”.
{"title":"Forest economics within the activities of the Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences","authors":"P. Palátová, V. Kupčák","doi":"10.17221/56/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/56/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) is a professional and social institution whose basic mission is to influence the scientific level of research activities and education in its field of competence, to take care of its continuous development and to effectively popularize the acquired scientific knowledge. Within the CAAS and its Department of Forestry, the Commission of Forest Economics has been operating for a long time, focusing on forest and wood economics and policy. A total of 11 research directions are defined in the forthcoming Concept of Research, Development and Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture for the period 2023+, the professional part of which is covered and guaranteed by the CAAS. The following directions are included in forestry and wood processing: “Forestry and related industries” and the direction “Forest and agricultural economics and policy” integrated with agriculture. The paper briefly describes the scientific focus of forest and wood economics and policy in this context and especially the activities of the Commission of Forest Economics of the Department of Forestry of the CAAS. In the temporal and factual context, it mentions the published monograph “Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences and a Quarter-Century of the Commission of Forest Economics”.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73876756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mostafa, Nishtman Hatami, K. Espahbodi, F. Asadi
The study mainly aims at looking into the disparities in beneficiary’s socio-economic status between the areas without implementation of forestry plans and the areas where forestry plans had initially been available even though they have recently been terminated as well. Babol Roud forestry plan is located in Lafoor forest area in the Babol County, the Mazandaran Province, Northeast Iran. This research was divided into three steps: first of all, by making use of Cochran’s formula, we identified the number of participants. Later on, the Delphi method was employed in order to determine criteria and subcriteria through the questionnaires. From then on, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to quantify the criteria that were weighted by experts’ viewpoints through the planned questionnaires. By adopting the Fuzzy Forests method, we found out that the economic, environmental, social and managerial criteria are most prominent. Forestry project staff’s income was in the highest relative weight (0.23) based on participant’s viewpoint. Most of the participants in the study did not give their consent to the forestry plan suspension due to the inevitably forthcoming economic and environmental problems ahead. Instead, they strongly underlined the need to go into immediate action such as revising the former plans as well as constant stream of close attention to the plan execution details of the ongoing process. Eventually, developing a new policy and using alternative forest management strategies that would meet the needs of all various stakeholders have been recommended.
{"title":"Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) applied to evaluating the forest management approaches","authors":"M. Mostafa, Nishtman Hatami, K. Espahbodi, F. Asadi","doi":"10.17221/27/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/27/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The study mainly aims at looking into the disparities in beneficiary’s socio-economic status between the areas without implementation of forestry plans and the areas where forestry plans had initially been available even though they have recently been terminated as well. Babol Roud forestry plan is located in Lafoor forest area in the Babol County, the Mazandaran Province, Northeast Iran. This research was divided into three steps: first of all, by making use of Cochran’s formula, we identified the number of participants. Later on, the Delphi method was employed in order to determine criteria and subcriteria through the questionnaires. From then on, Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) was used to quantify the criteria that were weighted by experts’ viewpoints through the planned questionnaires. By adopting the Fuzzy Forests method, we found out that the economic, environmental, social and managerial criteria are most prominent. Forestry project staff’s income was in the highest relative weight (0.23) based on participant’s viewpoint. Most of the participants in the study did not give their consent to the forestry plan suspension due to the inevitably forthcoming economic and environmental problems ahead. Instead, they strongly underlined the need to go into immediate action such as revising the former plans as well as constant stream of close attention to the plan execution details of the ongoing process. Eventually, developing a new policy and using alternative forest management strategies that would meet the needs of all various stakeholders have been recommended.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83960908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fatemeh Moradi Afrapoli, M. Mohammadi Sharif, Hasan Barimani Varandi, M. Shayanmehr
Box tree moth (BTM) Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) is the most harmful pest of different boxwood species in Europe and Asia including Caspian boxwood Buxus hyrcana in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Accessible and effective eco-friendly insecticides are required for the pest control. Thus, susceptibility of 2nd and 4th instar larvae of BTM to commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), two plant extract formulations, Bio1® and Matrine®, and three insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide and diflubenzuron were investigated in laboratory bioassay. Except for diflubenzuron, significant mortality of both instar larvae was observed. At the endpoint of the experiments (96 h), 75.2–90% of second and 80–85% of fourth instar larvae had already died, as a result of feeding on leaves treated with the highest concentration of the insecticides. Furthermore, based on Probit analysis, Matrine® exhibited the highest efficiency (lethal concentration LC50 = 2.87 μL·L–1) on 2nd instar larvae and followed by Bio1® (8.07 μL·L–1), chlorfluazuron (173.3 μL·L–1) and Bt (326.3 mg·L–1). The LC50 of Matrine® and Bt for 4th instar larvae were 1.75 μL·L–1 and 335.8 mg·L–1, respectively. Our study revealed that Matrine® and chromafenozide could be alternatively used against BTM in situations where there is a permission and need to use insecticides.
{"title":"Susceptibility of Cydalima perspectalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae to some reduced-risk insecticides in laboratory bioassays","authors":"Fatemeh Moradi Afrapoli, M. Mohammadi Sharif, Hasan Barimani Varandi, M. Shayanmehr","doi":"10.17221/67/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/67/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Box tree moth (BTM) Cydalima perspectalis (Walker, 1859) is the most harmful pest of different boxwood species in Europe and Asia including Caspian boxwood Buxus hyrcana in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Accessible and effective eco-friendly insecticides are required for the pest control. Thus, susceptibility of 2<sup>nd</sup> and 4<sup>th</sup> instar larvae of BTM to commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), two plant extract formulations, Bio1<sup>®</sup> and Matrine<sup>®</sup>, and three insect growth regulator (IGR) insecticides, chlorfluazuron, chromafenozide and diflubenzuron were investigated in laboratory bioassay. Except for diflubenzuron, significant mortality of both instar larvae was observed. At the endpoint of the experiments (96 h), 75.2–90% of second and 80–85% of fourth instar larvae had already died, as a result of feeding on leaves treated with the highest concentration of the insecticides. Furthermore, based on Probit analysis, Matrine<sup>®</sup> exhibited the highest efficiency (lethal concentration LC<sub>50</sub> = 2.87 μL·L<sup>–1</sup>) on 2<sup>nd</sup> instar larvae and followed by Bio1<sup>®</sup> (8.07 μL·L<sup>–1</sup>), chlorfluazuron (173.3 μL·L<sup>–1</sup>) and Bt (326.3 mg·L<sup>–1</sup>). The LC<sub>50</sub> of Matrine<sup>®</sup> and Bt for 4<sup>th</sup> instar larvae were 1.75 μL·L<sup>–1</sup> and 335.8 mg·L<sup>–1</sup>, respectively. Our study revealed that Matrine<sup>®</sup> and chromafenozide could be alternatively used against BTM in situations where there is a permission and need to use insecticides.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75340130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Ivanenko, G. Lobchenko, V. Maliuha, V. Yukhnovskyi
Almost 24% of the Ukrainian Carpathian ecosystems are assigned to the conservation fund due to their ecological values and attraction to numerous tourists. The forest litter in mountain forest stands plays an important role in terms of its ability to mitigate the impact of tourist activities, and erosion processes along with its contribution to the soil mineralization. Water interception, infiltration, and retention ability of forest litter have an impact on hydrological processes of forest ecosystems. At the same time, the accumulation and spatial distribution of litter can be affected not only by environmental conditions, but also by tourism. In this study, 13 Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands distinguished by average distance to the trail were chosen to investigate whether there are any differences in litter structure, water retention, and infiltration abilities as well as litter accumulation in areas along popular hiking trails in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Results showed that the litter thickness has increased with altitude and slope steepness. Moreover, results of one-way ANOVA demonstrate a significant difference (P < 0.05) in litter stock between two groups of sample plots: established directly to adjoin hiking trails and at a distance. Therefore, the forest litter stock nearby hiking trails may indicate that trampling caused by tourists has a negative impact on litter accumulation. However, no statistical difference was found (P > 0.05) in the accumulation of litter along three trails and altitudes across all surveyed forest stands. Results of the immersion test showed that the litter infiltration rate has a significant negative correlation with the maximum mass of absorbed water (r = –0.62, P < 0.05), litter stock (r = –0.69, P < 0.01), and retained precipitation (r = –0.62, P < 0.05). Despite our assumption, the infiltration rate was lower for sites distanced from the hiking trail in comparison with adjoining ones. According to our measurements, the water holding capacity of the litter varies from 42.3 t·ha–1 to 187.3 t·ha–1 regardless of the stand composition. Further, the precipitation amount retained by litter varies between 4.2 mm and 18.7 mm. Insignificant differences in litter fractional structure and accumulation were observed in pure spruce stands and mixed spruce-beech with an admixture of beech up to 20%. Further observational and modelling studies are necessary to clarify the role of the beech share in stand composition in relation to fractional structure and water interception and retention ability.
由于其生态价值和对众多游客的吸引力，乌克兰喀尔巴阡山脉生态系统的近24%被分配给保护基金。山林林分的凋落物在减轻旅游活动和侵蚀过程的影响以及对土壤矿化的贡献方面发挥着重要作用。森林凋落物的截留、入渗和截留能力影响着森林生态系统的水文过程。同时，凋落物的积累和空间分布不仅受到环境条件的影响，还受到旅游的影响。在这项研究中，选择了13个挪威云杉(Picea abies L.)林分，通过与步道的平均距离来区分，研究在乌克兰喀尔巴阡山脉的热门徒步小径沿线地区，凋落物结构、保水能力、渗透能力以及凋落物积累是否存在差异。结果表明，凋落物厚度随海拔和坡度的增加而增加。此外，单因素方差分析结果显示，两组样地的凋落物存量差异显著(P < 0.05):直接建立在毗邻徒步旅行路线的样地和距离较远的样地。因此，徒步小径附近的森林凋落物存量可能表明游客的踩踏对凋落物积累有负面影响。但是，各林分凋落物累积量在不同海拔和不同路径上均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。浸没试验结果表明，凋落物入渗速率与最大吸水质量(r = -0.62, P < 0.05)、凋落物蓄积量(r = -0.69, P < 0.01)、保留降水量(r = -0.62, P < 0.05)呈显著负相关。与我们的假设不同，远离徒步路线的地点的入渗率比毗邻的地点要低。根据我们的测量，无论林分组成如何，凋落物的持水量在42.3 ~ 187.3 t·ha-1之间变化。凋落物保留的降水量在4.2 ~ 18.7 mm之间。纯云杉林分和山毛榉混合林分(山毛榉添加量达20%)凋落物分等结构和积累量差异不显著。进一步的观测和模型研究是必要的，以阐明山毛榉在林分组成中所占份额与分数结构和水拦截和保持能力的关系。
{"title":"Spruce forest litter structure, distribution, and water retention along hiking trails in the Ukrainian Carpathians","authors":"Y. Ivanenko, G. Lobchenko, V. Maliuha, V. Yukhnovskyi","doi":"10.17221/12/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/12/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Almost 24% of the Ukrainian Carpathian ecosystems are assigned to the conservation fund due to their ecological values and attraction to numerous tourists. The forest litter in mountain forest stands plays an important role in terms of its ability to mitigate the impact of tourist activities, and erosion processes along with its contribution to the soil mineralization. Water interception, infiltration, and retention ability of forest litter have an impact on hydrological processes of forest ecosystems. At the same time, the accumulation and spatial distribution of litter can be affected not only by environmental conditions, but also by tourism. In this study, 13 Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) stands distinguished by average distance to the trail were chosen to investigate whether there are any differences in litter structure, water retention, and infiltration abilities as well as litter accumulation in areas along popular hiking trails in the Ukrainian Carpathians. Results showed that the litter thickness has increased with altitude and slope steepness. Moreover, results of one-way ANOVA demonstrate a significant difference (P < 0.05) in litter stock between two groups of sample plots: established directly to adjoin hiking trails and at a distance. Therefore, the forest litter stock nearby hiking trails may indicate that trampling caused by tourists has a negative impact on litter accumulation. However, no statistical difference was found (P > 0.05) in the accumulation of litter along three trails and altitudes across all surveyed forest stands. Results of the immersion test showed that the litter infiltration rate has a significant negative correlation with the maximum mass of absorbed water (r = –0.62, P < 0.05), litter stock (r = –0.69, P < 0.01), and retained precipitation (r = –0.62, P < 0.05). Despite our assumption, the infiltration rate was lower for sites distanced from the hiking trail in comparison with adjoining ones. According to our measurements, the water holding capacity of the litter varies from 42.3 t·ha–1 to 187.3 t·ha–1 regardless of the stand composition. Further, the precipitation amount retained by litter varies between 4.2 mm and 18.7 mm. Insignificant differences in litter fractional structure and accumulation were observed in pure spruce stands and mixed spruce-beech with an admixture of beech up to 20%. Further observational and modelling studies are necessary to clarify the role of the beech share in stand composition in relation to fractional structure and water interception and retention ability.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84186765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Information on the structural organization of forest stands obtained on sample plots is the basis for long-term monitoring of post-fire pine forest structure and dynamics in the European North-East. These data can be used as a marker of native pine stands of the European taiga. Here, we studied vertical and horizontal structure in the post-pyrogenic pine forests of Vacciniosum, Vaccinioso-cladinosum and Myrtillosum site types in the boreal forest of the Komi Republic. The type of horizontal structure of uneven-aged forest stands changed with age from grouped to random one. Large trees were randomly distributed on the plot. We observed the weak aggregation of undergrowth trees (natural tree regeneration) in stands at distances of 2–6 m. Undergrowth individuals were characterized by group distribution at smaller distances than 1–2 m. Spatial relationships between large, small and codominant trees demonstrated random distribution in most cases. Undergrowth individuals did not show any competitive relations. However, we revealed a “taking off” effect between mature trees of pine and pine undergrowth. The direction of the displacement of tree crown centre projections relative to the bases of their trunks was ambiguous. The shift of the crown space towards the maximum solar radiation was detected in a thinned stand with old age and big size of trees. In other site types, no one-sided orientation of the tree crown development emerged.
{"title":"Spatial relationships of trees in middle taiga post-pyrogenic pine forest stands in the European North-East of Russia","authors":"I. Kutyavin, A. Manov","doi":"10.17221/10/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/10/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"Information on the structural organization of forest stands obtained on sample plots is the basis for long-term monitoring of post-fire pine forest structure and dynamics in the European North-East. These data can be used as a marker of native pine stands of the European taiga. Here, we studied vertical and horizontal structure in the post-pyrogenic pine forests of Vacciniosum, Vaccinioso-cladinosum and Myrtillosum site types in the boreal forest of the Komi Republic. The type of horizontal structure of uneven-aged forest stands changed with age from grouped to random one. Large trees were randomly distributed on the plot. We observed the weak aggregation of undergrowth trees (natural tree regeneration) in stands at distances of 2–6 m. Undergrowth individuals were characterized by group distribution at smaller distances than 1–2 m. Spatial relationships between large, small and codominant trees demonstrated random distribution in most cases. Undergrowth individuals did not show any competitive relations. However, we revealed a “taking off” effect between mature trees of pine and pine undergrowth. The direction of the displacement of tree crown centre projections relative to the bases of their trunks was ambiguous. The shift of the crown space towards the maximum solar radiation was detected in a thinned stand with old age and big size of trees. In other site types, no one-sided orientation of the tree crown development emerged.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75688708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The city longhorn beetle (Aeolesthes sarta) (CLB) (Coleoptera – Cerambycidae) is a polyphagous invasive pest of both healthy and suppressed broadleaved trees in central Asia. CLB causes a great degree of damage in the countries of its origin. To understand this pest in a better way, a detailed review study has been conducted to gather all the valuable information related to the CLB. This review study covers the main aspects of the CLB, its morphology, ecology, distribution, damage, and control measures. The life span of the CLB is two years. It is mainly distributed in the central Asian countries and preferably damages broadleaved tree species, especially Juglans regia, Populus alba, P. euphratica, Acer spp, Salix alba, S. babylonica, Malus pumila, M. sylvestris, Platanus orientalis and Ulmus spp. Effective control and management practices include cutting, removing + burning of infested trees, cultivating high resilient tree species, use of biocontrol agents (i.e. fungus), and use of aluminium phosphide as a pesticide to significantly help control the CLB population. A CLB invasion in a new favourable habitat could impose a serious threat to broadleaf forests and plantations. Therefore, the keen monitoring and surveying of woodland management techniques are recommended. The strict monitoring and inspection of traded wood material at airports and seaports are highly recommended. There is a need to conduct multiple research studies to profoundly understand the CLB phenology, ecology, transportation mode, and damage severity to bridge the gap.
{"title":"City longhorn beetle (Aeolesthes sarta): A review of the species, its distribution, ecology, damage, prevention and control","authors":"Umer Hayat","doi":"10.17221/34/2022-jfs","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17221/34/2022-jfs","url":null,"abstract":"The city longhorn beetle (Aeolesthes sarta) (CLB) (Coleoptera – Cerambycidae) is a polyphagous invasive pest of both healthy and suppressed broadleaved trees in central Asia. CLB causes a great degree of damage in the countries of its origin. To understand this pest in a better way, a detailed review study has been conducted to gather all the valuable information related to the CLB. This review study covers the main aspects of the CLB, its morphology, ecology, distribution, damage, and control measures. The life span of the CLB is two years. It is mainly distributed in the central Asian countries and preferably damages broadleaved tree species, especially Juglans regia, Populus alba, P. euphratica, Acer spp, Salix alba, S. babylonica, Malus pumila, M. sylvestris, Platanus orientalis and Ulmus spp. Effective control and management practices include cutting, removing + burning of infested trees, cultivating high resilient tree species, use of biocontrol agents (i.e. fungus), and use of aluminium phosphide as a pesticide to significantly help control the CLB population. A CLB invasion in a new favourable habitat could impose a serious threat to broadleaf forests and plantations. Therefore, the keen monitoring and surveying of woodland management techniques are recommended. The strict monitoring and inspection of traded wood material at airports and seaports are highly recommended. There is a need to conduct multiple research studies to profoundly understand the CLB phenology, ecology, transportation mode, and damage severity to bridge the gap.","PeriodicalId":16011,"journal":{"name":"Journal of forest science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75281952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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