S. Kehoe, S. Divers, Joerg Mayer, Jessica R. Comolli, Shanese L. Jasper, Robert Arnold
Abstract A single 30 mg/kg dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) was administered orally (n = 17) and intravenously (n = 13) in a crossover study design, with a 10 day washout period, to determine drug pharmacokinetics in healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Blood samples were collected at 0 (pretreatment), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after PO and IV drug administration, including a 6 h sample for the IV protocol. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and oral bioavailability of trimethoprim (>100%) and sulfamethoxazole (69.4%) were then established. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two-stage, noncompartmental analysis of naïve-averaged data. Following the crossover study, a multidose drug trial was performed to determine steady-state nädir plasma drug concentrations. Green iguanas (n=10) were given 30 mg/kg TMS PO once daily for 7 days, with blood collected from each animal on the eighth day, 24 h after the final dose of TMS. Based on once daily oral dosing for 7 days, steady-state nädir drug concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were 396 ± 116 and 5,290 ± 5,130 µg/l, which are below the minimum inhibitory concentrations breakpoints of TMS (≤2 µg per ml/38 µg per ml for susceptible organisms and ≥4 µg per ml/76 µg per ml for resistant organisms) for human isolates, per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. However, the ratio of trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole remained greater than 1:40 up to 12 h after single oral dose exposure and at the 24 h sampling after multiple dosing at steady-state.
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana)","authors":"S. Kehoe, S. Divers, Joerg Mayer, Jessica R. Comolli, Shanese L. Jasper, Robert Arnold","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A single 30 mg/kg dose of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMS) was administered orally (n = 17) and intravenously (n = 13) in a crossover study design, with a 10 day washout period, to determine drug pharmacokinetics in healthy adult green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Blood samples were collected at 0 (pretreatment), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 96 h after PO and IV drug administration, including a 6 h sample for the IV protocol. Plasma drug concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, and oral bioavailability of trimethoprim (>100%) and sulfamethoxazole (69.4%) were then established. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a two-stage, noncompartmental analysis of naïve-averaged data. Following the crossover study, a multidose drug trial was performed to determine steady-state nädir plasma drug concentrations. Green iguanas (n=10) were given 30 mg/kg TMS PO once daily for 7 days, with blood collected from each animal on the eighth day, 24 h after the final dose of TMS. Based on once daily oral dosing for 7 days, steady-state nädir drug concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were 396 ± 116 and 5,290 ± 5,130 µg/l, which are below the minimum inhibitory concentrations breakpoints of TMS (≤2 µg per ml/38 µg per ml for susceptible organisms and ≥4 µg per ml/76 µg per ml for resistant organisms) for human isolates, per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. However, the ratio of trimethoprim:sulfamethoxazole remained greater than 1:40 up to 12 h after single oral dose exposure and at the 24 h sampling after multiple dosing at steady-state.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"19 4 1","pages":"198 - 207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85571542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A 27-yr-old female green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) presented with coelomic distention in the posterior half of its body. On examination with imaging diagnostics, a fluid-filled cavity that seemed to be related to reproductive tissue was discovered. Diagnostics of this fluid confirmed cystic fluid, and a fine-needle aspirate of the mass determined that it was ovarian tissue. Ovariectomy and mass removal surgery was performed. During surgery, there was discovery of an additional unrecognized organ near the reproductive tract. Histopathology revealed an ovarian cystic neoplasm consistent with a granulosa cell tumor, and biopsy of the unknown structure was identified as a testis. Postoperatively, the green anaconda was administered fentanyl transdermal patches for analgesia and developed a severe adverse reaction, which improved after administration of the opioid reversal agent naltrexone. This is the first report of hermaphroditism in a snake as well as suspected negative side effects of transdermal fentanyl in a snake.
{"title":"Fentanyl Overdose after Cystic Ovarian Tumor Removal Surgery in a Hermaphrodite Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus)","authors":"Lana Krol, F. Dunker","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 27-yr-old female green anaconda (Eunectes murinus) presented with coelomic distention in the posterior half of its body. On examination with imaging diagnostics, a fluid-filled cavity that seemed to be related to reproductive tissue was discovered. Diagnostics of this fluid confirmed cystic fluid, and a fine-needle aspirate of the mass determined that it was ovarian tissue. Ovariectomy and mass removal surgery was performed. During surgery, there was discovery of an additional unrecognized organ near the reproductive tract. Histopathology revealed an ovarian cystic neoplasm consistent with a granulosa cell tumor, and biopsy of the unknown structure was identified as a testis. Postoperatively, the green anaconda was administered fentanyl transdermal patches for analgesia and developed a severe adverse reaction, which improved after administration of the opioid reversal agent naltrexone. This is the first report of hermaphroditism in a snake as well as suspected negative side effects of transdermal fentanyl in a snake.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"20 1","pages":"171 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77334013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-05-30DOI: 10.5818/1529-9651-32.2.155
Louisa M. Asseo, Dvm Dabvp
Nine inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) were used in a randomized blinded placebo-controlled complete crossover design study. All animals were deemed healthy on physical examination, complete blood count, and blood chemistry evaluation. The animals were housed in glass aquaria at 25-278C (77–80.68F) with a basking spot of 348C (93.28F) and UVB light provided for 12 hours daily. Animals were experimentally dehydrated by administering 10 mg/kg furosemide subcutaneously every 12 h for 4 doses along with withholding water, food, and soaking for 48 h prior to administering fluids. An isotonic electrolyte solution was used as a control solution. 2.5% dextrose in the same isotonic electrolyte solution was administered either subcutaneously or intracoelomically as test solutions. Animals were sedated with 15 mg/kg alfaxalone subcutaneously in the axillary region prior to the trial. 20 ml/kg of each fluid was administered as described above for each trial with a 2-week washout period between trials. Blood was collected from the caudal tail vein prior to fluid administration and at time points 5, 15, 30, 60, and 240 minutes after fluid administration. Subcutaneous fluids were given in the laterodorsal region immediately caudal to the forelimb. Blood glucose was measured using whole blood. Intracoelomic fluids were given immediately lateral to midline with the animal in dorsal recumbency and with direct ultrasound guidance to avoid iatrogenic injury to coelomic structures. Mean baseline blood glucose was 143 mg/dL. The control fluid solution did not result in a change in blood glucose concentration. 2.5% dextrose solutions resulted in an increase in blood glucose concentrations by 60-100 mg/dL for both the intracoelomic group and the subcutaneous group. The intracoelomic group showed a more rapid increase in blood glucose concentration during the first 60 min when compared to the subcutaneous group, but by 60 min, no statistical difference was appreciated.
{"title":"Capsule Reports","authors":"Louisa M. Asseo, Dvm Dabvp","doi":"10.5818/1529-9651-32.2.155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651-32.2.155","url":null,"abstract":"Nine inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) were used in a randomized blinded placebo-controlled complete crossover design study. All animals were deemed healthy on physical examination, complete blood count, and blood chemistry evaluation. The animals were housed in glass aquaria at 25-278C (77–80.68F) with a basking spot of 348C (93.28F) and UVB light provided for 12 hours daily. Animals were experimentally dehydrated by administering 10 mg/kg furosemide subcutaneously every 12 h for 4 doses along with withholding water, food, and soaking for 48 h prior to administering fluids. An isotonic electrolyte solution was used as a control solution. 2.5% dextrose in the same isotonic electrolyte solution was administered either subcutaneously or intracoelomically as test solutions. Animals were sedated with 15 mg/kg alfaxalone subcutaneously in the axillary region prior to the trial. 20 ml/kg of each fluid was administered as described above for each trial with a 2-week washout period between trials. Blood was collected from the caudal tail vein prior to fluid administration and at time points 5, 15, 30, 60, and 240 minutes after fluid administration. Subcutaneous fluids were given in the laterodorsal region immediately caudal to the forelimb. Blood glucose was measured using whole blood. Intracoelomic fluids were given immediately lateral to midline with the animal in dorsal recumbency and with direct ultrasound guidance to avoid iatrogenic injury to coelomic structures. Mean baseline blood glucose was 143 mg/dL. The control fluid solution did not result in a change in blood glucose concentration. 2.5% dextrose solutions resulted in an increase in blood glucose concentrations by 60-100 mg/dL for both the intracoelomic group and the subcutaneous group. The intracoelomic group showed a more rapid increase in blood glucose concentration during the first 60 min when compared to the subcutaneous group, but by 60 min, no statistical difference was appreciated.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"22 1","pages":"155 - 157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80791511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Marschang, C. Pollock, J. Bogan, Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj
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{"title":"Infectious Agents of Reptiles and Amphibians: Peer-reviewed Publications, July–December 2021","authors":"R. Marschang, C. Pollock, J. Bogan, Silvana Schmidt-Ukaj","doi":"10.5818/JHMS.32.2.102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS.32.2.102","url":null,"abstract":"Baggio F, Hetzel U, Nufer L, Kipar A, Hepojoki J. 2021. A subpopulation of arenavirus nucleoprotein localizes to mitochondria. Sci Rep, 11(1):21048. Blahove MR, Carter JR. 2021. Flavivirus persistence in wildlife populations. Viruses, 13(10):2099. Burkett-Cadena ND, Blosser EM, Loggins AA, Valente MC, Long MT, Campbell LP, Reeves LE, Bargielowski I, McCleery RA. 2021. Invasive Burmese pythons alter host use and virus infection in the vector of a zoonotic virus. Commun Biol, 4(1):804. Calle PP, Raphael BL, Lwin T, Ingerman KD, Perry A, Motkowicz B, Brown AT, Horne BD, Chang TY, Seah A, Platt SG, Platt K, Seimon TA. 2021. Burmese roofed turtle (Batagur trivittata) disease screening in Myanmar. J Zoo Wildl Med, 52(4):1270–1274. Celone M, Okech B, Han BA, Forshey BM, Anyamba A, Dunford J, Rutherford G, Mita-Mendoza NK, Estallo EL, Khouri R, de Siqueira IC, Pollett S. 2021. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential non-human animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the Mayaro virus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 15(12):e0010016. Frandsen HR, Wilson HM, Walker JS, Purvin CM, Dutton PH, Lacasella EL, Stacy BA, Whitmore L, Farrell JA, Duffy DJ, Shaver DJ. 2021. First olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) stranding in Texas, USA, and identification of a Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) variant present in tumor tissue. Herpetol Rev, 52(3):492–499. Goodman RM, Carter ED, Miller DL. 2021. Influence of herbicide exposure and ranavirus infection on growth and survival of juvenile red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans). Viruses, 13(8):1440. Horie M. 2021. Identification of a novel filovirus in a common lancehead (Bothrops atrox (Linnaeus, 1758)). J Vet Med Sci, 83(9):1485–1488. Kvapil P, Račnik J, Kastelic M, Pittermannová P, AvšičZupanc T, Bártová E, Sedlák K. 2021. Detection of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus and other flaviviruses in a zoological collection in Slovenia. Front Vet Sci, 8:688904. Leineweber C, Müller E, Marschang RE. 2021. Herpesviruses in captive chelonians in Europe between 2016 and 2020. Front Vet Sci, 8:733299. Loganathan AL, Palaniappan P, Subbiah VK. 2021. First evidence of chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) infection in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Sabah, Borneo. Pathogens, 10(11):1404. Nieto-Claudin A, Esperón F, Apakupakul K, Peña I, Deem SL. 2021. Health assessments uncover novel viral sequences in five species of Galapagos tortoises. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021 Nov 16. doi:10.1111/tbed. 14391. Oberhuber M, Schopf A, Hennrich AA, Santos-Mandujano R, Huhn AG, Seitz S, Riedel C, Conzelmann KK. 2021. Glycoproteins of predicted amphibian and reptile lyssaviruses can mediate infection of mammalian and reptile cells. Viruses, 13(9):1726. Page-Karjian A, Whitmore L, Stacy BA, Perrault JR, Farrell JA, Shaver DJ, Walker JS, Frandsen HR, Rantonen E, Harms CA, Norton TM, Innis C, Yetsko K, Duffy DJ. 2021. Fibropapillomatosis and Chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 infection in Kemp’s Ridley sea turtles","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"6 1","pages":"102 - 110"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79866946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Gris, M. Ferraro, Andressa Kotleski Lima, S. R. Gaido Cortopassi, A. Carregaro
Abstract Veterinarians' perceptions regarding anesthetics and pain management in reptiles are understudied. We conducted an internet-based survey of Brazilian practitioners to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards the use of anesthetics, as well as recognition and treatment of pain, in reptiles. The most commonly cited anesthesia-related complications were prolonged recovery periods and respiratory depression. Difficulty in recognizing pain was the main impeding factor for providing analgesics. Tramadol (88.2%) and meloxicam (97%) were the most commonly used analgesics, and ketamine (88.2%), midazolam (88.2%), and isoflurane (94.5%) were the most common anesthetic agents. In conscious patients, the assessment of pain was performed mainly by observation of behavioral changes. Only 32.7% of the respondents considered their knowledge of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles to be adequate. More women than men considered their knowledge to be insufficient (P < 0.0068), whereas age of the practitioner had no effect. Nevertheless, all respondents believe that reptiles can feel pain, and 82% provide analgesia to most of their patients. Understanding the criteria, choice, and timing of drug administration, as well as opinions on pain and anesthesia, provides information on the current practices and might assist in targeting areas where more research and development is needed to ensure reptile welfare.
{"title":"Attitudes of Brazilian Veterinarians Towards Anesthesia and Pain Management in Reptiles","authors":"V. Gris, M. Ferraro, Andressa Kotleski Lima, S. R. Gaido Cortopassi, A. Carregaro","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Veterinarians' perceptions regarding anesthetics and pain management in reptiles are understudied. We conducted an internet-based survey of Brazilian practitioners to assess their knowledge and attitudes towards the use of anesthetics, as well as recognition and treatment of pain, in reptiles. The most commonly cited anesthesia-related complications were prolonged recovery periods and respiratory depression. Difficulty in recognizing pain was the main impeding factor for providing analgesics. Tramadol (88.2%) and meloxicam (97%) were the most commonly used analgesics, and ketamine (88.2%), midazolam (88.2%), and isoflurane (94.5%) were the most common anesthetic agents. In conscious patients, the assessment of pain was performed mainly by observation of behavioral changes. Only 32.7% of the respondents considered their knowledge of anesthesia and analgesia in reptiles to be adequate. More women than men considered their knowledge to be insufficient (P < 0.0068), whereas age of the practitioner had no effect. Nevertheless, all respondents believe that reptiles can feel pain, and 82% provide analgesia to most of their patients. Understanding the criteria, choice, and timing of drug administration, as well as opinions on pain and anesthesia, provides information on the current practices and might assist in targeting areas where more research and development is needed to ensure reptile welfare.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"67 1","pages":"208 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76895346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract A 9-yr-old female McDowell's carpet python (Morelia spilota mcdowelli) presented with an 8-month history of anorexia. A rostral subcutaneous abscess was diagnosed by cytology and surgical excision was elected. During ultrasound-guided cardiocentesis for preanesthetic blood work, severe right atrial dilation and hypokinesis, thickened and irregular atrio-ventricular valves, ventricular myocardial hyperechoic foci, and subjective ventricular hypokinesis were observed. Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) was observed inside the right atrial cavity. Echocardiographic lesions were consistent with restrictive cardiomyopathy previously described in a case report involving the same subspecies, with additional concurrent thrombus formation. SEC has not been previously described in reptiles, and the presence of simultaneous SEC and restrictive cardiomyopathy suggests that it might be predictive of thrombus formation, as is the case in mammals. Following surgical excision of the rostral abscess, anorexia resolved, suggesting asymptomatic cardiopathy despite severe cardiac lesions. Further studies are needed to confirm the prevalence of cardiac diseases in reptiles and whether severe cardiac disease can be asymptomatic in captive snakes. Routine echocardiography in asymptomatic snakes with nonspecific signs is encouraged.
{"title":"Spontaneous Echo Contrast in an Asymptomatic McDowell's Carpet Python (Morelia spilota mcdowelli) with Suspected Restrictive Cardiomyopathy","authors":"Clement Bercker, Clémence Hurtrel, L. Schilliger","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00031","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A 9-yr-old female McDowell's carpet python (Morelia spilota mcdowelli) presented with an 8-month history of anorexia. A rostral subcutaneous abscess was diagnosed by cytology and surgical excision was elected. During ultrasound-guided cardiocentesis for preanesthetic blood work, severe right atrial dilation and hypokinesis, thickened and irregular atrio-ventricular valves, ventricular myocardial hyperechoic foci, and subjective ventricular hypokinesis were observed. Spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) was observed inside the right atrial cavity. Echocardiographic lesions were consistent with restrictive cardiomyopathy previously described in a case report involving the same subspecies, with additional concurrent thrombus formation. SEC has not been previously described in reptiles, and the presence of simultaneous SEC and restrictive cardiomyopathy suggests that it might be predictive of thrombus formation, as is the case in mammals. Following surgical excision of the rostral abscess, anorexia resolved, suggesting asymptomatic cardiopathy despite severe cardiac lesions. Further studies are needed to confirm the prevalence of cardiac diseases in reptiles and whether severe cardiac disease can be asymptomatic in captive snakes. Routine echocardiography in asymptomatic snakes with nonspecific signs is encouraged.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"192 1","pages":"113 - 115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74193019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Di Girolamo, Kelsea A. Studer, R. Maranville, Marianne Caron, Glenda Murciano, M. Sellers, Ciro Cococcetta
Abstract The purpose of the present report is to describe feasibility and gross postmortem results of oblique prefemoral ovariectomy in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) performed by veterinarians in a teaching environment. Sixteen red-eared sliders were included in a teaching workshop. The turtles were anesthetized and placed in dorsolateral recumbency at an oblique 45-degree angle by use of folded towels. After prefemoral access to the celom and placement of a retractor with elastic bands, the ipsilateral follicles were exteriorized via gentle maneuvering with cotton tip applicators and excised after application of titanium clips and cautery with bipolar radiosurgery. On 14 of the 16 chelonians (87.5%) surgery was successfully completed. Of the two chelonians that did not have the surgical procedure completed, one had marked celomitis with adhesion of the ovaries to the liver and one had immature ovaries. At the end of the surgical procedures all chelonians were euthanized and postmortem was performed. The 14 chelonians that had surgery completed had no evident remaining ovarian tissue on gross postmortem. A survey completed by the attendants 9 mo after the workshop showed that a minority of the respondents (1/17) found the procedure difficult and that one of the seven respondents that performed the surgery after the workshop was not able to complete the procedure. This report indicates that oblique prefemoral ovariectomy in mature red-eared sliders can be effectively taught to veterinarians during a workshop, and that if the procedure is completed, the chances of leaving ovarian remnants are low.
摘要本报告的目的是描述兽医在教学环境下对红耳滑鼠(Trachemys scripta elegans)进行斜向股前卵巢切除术的可行性和大体尸检结果。16只红耳滑鼠被纳入教学车间。麻醉后，用折叠毛巾斜45度放置背外侧平卧。在股骨前进入细胞并放置有弹力带的牵开器后，用棉花尖涂抹器轻轻地将同侧卵泡取出，并在应用钛夹和双极放射外科烧灼后切除。16例中有14例(87.5%)成功完成手术。在没有完成手术的两只龟中，一只患有明显的肠系炎，伴有卵巢与肝脏的粘连，另一只卵巢不成熟。在手术结束时，所有的龟被安乐死并进行尸检。手术完成的14只龟在大体尸检上没有明显的卵巢组织残留。工作坊结束9个月后，一项由在场人员完成的调查显示，少数受访者(1/17)认为手术困难，在工作坊结束后进行手术的7名受访者中，有1人无法完成手术。本报告表明，成熟红耳滑鼠的斜股前卵巢切除术可以在研讨会上有效地教授给兽医，并且如果手术完成，留下卵巢残留物的机会很低。
{"title":"Feasibility, Gross Postmortem Results and Participant Perception of Oblique Prefemoral Ovariectomy in Red Eared Sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) During a Teaching Workshop","authors":"N. Di Girolamo, Kelsea A. Studer, R. Maranville, Marianne Caron, Glenda Murciano, M. Sellers, Ciro Cococcetta","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00029","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The purpose of the present report is to describe feasibility and gross postmortem results of oblique prefemoral ovariectomy in red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) performed by veterinarians in a teaching environment. Sixteen red-eared sliders were included in a teaching workshop. The turtles were anesthetized and placed in dorsolateral recumbency at an oblique 45-degree angle by use of folded towels. After prefemoral access to the celom and placement of a retractor with elastic bands, the ipsilateral follicles were exteriorized via gentle maneuvering with cotton tip applicators and excised after application of titanium clips and cautery with bipolar radiosurgery. On 14 of the 16 chelonians (87.5%) surgery was successfully completed. Of the two chelonians that did not have the surgical procedure completed, one had marked celomitis with adhesion of the ovaries to the liver and one had immature ovaries. At the end of the surgical procedures all chelonians were euthanized and postmortem was performed. The 14 chelonians that had surgery completed had no evident remaining ovarian tissue on gross postmortem. A survey completed by the attendants 9 mo after the workshop showed that a minority of the respondents (1/17) found the procedure difficult and that one of the seven respondents that performed the surgery after the workshop was not able to complete the procedure. This report indicates that oblique prefemoral ovariectomy in mature red-eared sliders can be effectively taught to veterinarians during a workshop, and that if the procedure is completed, the chances of leaving ovarian remnants are low.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"19 1","pages":"130 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88541979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. L. Marenzoni, S. Bellucci, Oriana Raffaele, Maria Lorenza Corbucci, D. Marini, M. Biaggini, M. D'incau, F. Origgi, C. Corti, Trabalza-Marinucci Massimo
Abstract Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis, characterized by a complex ecological cycle, including the environment, wild and domestic animals, and humans. It is also considered a water-borne infection. Although a solid body of data is available for more conventional hosts, limited information is available on neglected species such as reptiles, especially Testudinidae, both captive and free-ranging. Molecular and serological tests were performed to detect Leptospira spp. in Testudo spp. in Italy. Leptospiral DNA was detected using cloacal swabs collected from 116 individuals (54 free-ranging and 62 captive tortoises) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Unfortunately, because of the presence of PCR inhibitors, swabs from only 50 animals were eligible for analysis. A serological microagglutination test was performed on 121 Testudo spp. (7 free-ranging and 114 rescued tortoises). Sixteen individuals were tested using both assays, and the remainder were tested with one or the other. Ten out of 50 (20%) amplifiable cloacal swabs were positive for Leptospira DNA, the identity of which was confirmed by sequencing two amplicons. Two out of four repeatedly sampled animals only tested positive in the autumn. Seroprevalence was relatively low (0.8%, 1/121), at low titer (1:100). No positivity was recorded among free-ranging animals. Although these results do not provide a complete epidemiological snapshot of leptospirosis in chelonians, they suggest that tortoises are susceptible to pathogenic Leptospira. Further data are needed to determine the role of the captive environment as a possible predisposing factor and to assess the role of these reptiles in the ecology of leptospirosis.
{"title":"Molecular and Serological Detection of Leptospira spp. in Italian Tortoises (Testudo spp.)","authors":"M. L. Marenzoni, S. Bellucci, Oriana Raffaele, Maria Lorenza Corbucci, D. Marini, M. Biaggini, M. D'incau, F. Origgi, C. Corti, Trabalza-Marinucci Massimo","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-D-21-00038","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis, characterized by a complex ecological cycle, including the environment, wild and domestic animals, and humans. It is also considered a water-borne infection. Although a solid body of data is available for more conventional hosts, limited information is available on neglected species such as reptiles, especially Testudinidae, both captive and free-ranging. Molecular and serological tests were performed to detect Leptospira spp. in Testudo spp. in Italy. Leptospiral DNA was detected using cloacal swabs collected from 116 individuals (54 free-ranging and 62 captive tortoises) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Unfortunately, because of the presence of PCR inhibitors, swabs from only 50 animals were eligible for analysis. A serological microagglutination test was performed on 121 Testudo spp. (7 free-ranging and 114 rescued tortoises). Sixteen individuals were tested using both assays, and the remainder were tested with one or the other. Ten out of 50 (20%) amplifiable cloacal swabs were positive for Leptospira DNA, the identity of which was confirmed by sequencing two amplicons. Two out of four repeatedly sampled animals only tested positive in the autumn. Seroprevalence was relatively low (0.8%, 1/121), at low titer (1:100). No positivity was recorded among free-ranging animals. Although these results do not provide a complete epidemiological snapshot of leptospirosis in chelonians, they suggest that tortoises are susceptible to pathogenic Leptospira. Further data are needed to determine the role of the captive environment as a possible predisposing factor and to assess the role of these reptiles in the ecology of leptospirosis.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"27 1","pages":"136 - 143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90558571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-09DOI: 10.5818/JHMS-S-20-00016.1
Jessica Eisenbarth, D. Gauntt, Anne E. Rivas
Abstract An estimated 29-yr-old male zoo-housed desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) presented for endoscopic liver biopsies as part of a diagnostic workup for recurrent, profound anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Suspected cystoliths were identified during endoscopy, but were not visible on conventional radiographs. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) imaging confirmed the presence of a large urate urolith filling the majority of the bladder. Because of the recent clinical illness, the tortoise was considered a poor surgical candidate. Medical management consisting of urinary alkalinization with potassium citrate, vibration therapy, and daily warm water soaks was elected. Following institution of medical therapies, the tortoise began passing pieces of urate stone that were 0.25–2.0 cm in diameter during daily soaks. A recheck DECT scan at 2 months indicated the urolith was approximately one third the initial size, suggesting medical therapy was effectively treating the urolith. Unfortunately, after 5 months of medical therapy, the stone had increased in size again on the follow-up DECT scan. This case report suggests that medical management may be a potential option for large urate cystoliths in desert tortoises, although more research is needed to further refine effective therapeutics for such cases. The use of DECT imaging was essential in this case because it enabled confirmation of stone presence, identification of urolith composition, and monitoring of response to therapy.
{"title":"Dual-Energy Computed Tomography for Diagnosis and Monitoring Attempted Medical Management of a Large Urate Urolith in a Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)","authors":"Jessica Eisenbarth, D. Gauntt, Anne E. Rivas","doi":"10.5818/JHMS-S-20-00016.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5818/JHMS-S-20-00016.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An estimated 29-yr-old male zoo-housed desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) presented for endoscopic liver biopsies as part of a diagnostic workup for recurrent, profound anemia and hypoalbuminemia. Suspected cystoliths were identified during endoscopy, but were not visible on conventional radiographs. Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) imaging confirmed the presence of a large urate urolith filling the majority of the bladder. Because of the recent clinical illness, the tortoise was considered a poor surgical candidate. Medical management consisting of urinary alkalinization with potassium citrate, vibration therapy, and daily warm water soaks was elected. Following institution of medical therapies, the tortoise began passing pieces of urate stone that were 0.25–2.0 cm in diameter during daily soaks. A recheck DECT scan at 2 months indicated the urolith was approximately one third the initial size, suggesting medical therapy was effectively treating the urolith. Unfortunately, after 5 months of medical therapy, the stone had increased in size again on the follow-up DECT scan. This case report suggests that medical management may be a potential option for large urate cystoliths in desert tortoises, although more research is needed to further refine effective therapeutics for such cases. The use of DECT imaging was essential in this case because it enabled confirmation of stone presence, identification of urolith composition, and monitoring of response to therapy.","PeriodicalId":16054,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery","volume":"27 1","pages":"26 - 34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81686785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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