Journal of Laboratory Physicians最新文献

Objective  The current study was undertaken to investigate the utility of total prostate-specific antigen (tPSA), its isoform [-2] proPSA (p2PSA), and prostate health index (PHI) in the diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). Materials and Methods  This study was conducted from March 2016 to May 2019. Eighty-five subjects who were diagnosed with PCa for the first time, following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, were included in the study. The prebiopsy blood samples were analyzed in Beckman Coulter Access-2 Immunoanalyzer for tPSA, p2PSA, and free PSA (fPSA), and the calculated parameters included %p2PSA, %fPSA, and PHI. Mann-Whitney's U test was used as test of significance, and p -value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results  Of the 85 participants, 81.2% ( n  = 69) had evidence of metastasis, both clinically and pathologically. The median tPSA (ng/mL), p2PSA (pg/mL), %p2PSA, and PHI were significantly higher in the group with evidence of metastasis (46.5 vs. 13.76; 198.0 vs. 35.72; 3.25 vs. 1.51; 237.58 vs. 59.74, respectively). The sensitivity (%), specificity (%), negative predictive value (%), and positive predictive value (%) to diagnose metastatic PCa of tPSA at a cutoff of 20 ng/mL, PHI at a cutoff of 55, and %p2PSA at a cutoff of 1.66 were 92.7, 98.5, and 94.2; 37.5, 43.7, and 62.5; 54.5, 87.5, and 71.4; and 86.4, 88.3, and 91.5, respectively. Conclusion  Using tests such as %p2PSA and PHI in the standard armamentarium for the diagnosis of metastatic PCa in addition to PSA will help in selecting the appropriate treatment strategy, including active surveillance.

Background  Calcium has been shown to play a vital role in the pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus diseases, but less is known about hypocalcemia in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and its association with the disease severity and the final outcome. Therefore, this study was conducted with an aim to assess clinical features in COVID-19 patients having hypocalcemia and to observe its impact on COVID-19 disease severity and the final outcome. Methods  In this retrospective study, consecutive COVID-19 patients of all age groups were enrolled. Demographical, clinical, and laboratory details were collected and analyzed. On the basis of albumin-corrected calcium levels, patients were classified into normocalcemic ( n  = 51) and hypocalcemic ( n  = 110) groups. Death was the primary outcome. Results  The mean age of patients in the hypocalcemic group was significantly lower ( p  < 0.05). A significantly higher number of hypocalcemic patients had severe COVID-19 infection (92.73%; p  < 0.01), had comorbidities (82.73%, p  < 0.05), and required ventilator support (39.09%; p  < 0.01) compared with normocalcemic patients. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the hypocalcemic patients (33.63%; p  < 0.05). Hemoglobin ( p  < 0.01), hematocrit ( p  < 0.01), and red cell count ( p  < 0.01) were significantly lower with higher levels of absolute neutrophil count (ANC; p  < 0.05) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; p  < 0.01) in the hypocalcemic patients. Albumin-corrected calcium levels had a significant positive correlation with hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, red cell count, total protein, albumin, and albumin-to-globulin ratio and a significant negative correlation with ANC and NLR. Conclusion  The disease severity, ventilator requirement, and mortality were considerably higher in hypocalcemic COVID-19 patients.

Objective  Glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), used for monitoring glycemia control, is altered in iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Glycated albumin (GA) is considered an alternate biomarker to HbA1c. However, effect of IDA on GA needs to be studied. Materials and Methods  Thirty nondiabetic cases with IDA and 30 healthy controls were included. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), creatinine, urea, albumin, total protein, ferritin, iron, unsaturated iron binding capacity, hemoglobin (Hb), HbA1c, complete hemogram, and GA were estimated. Transferrin saturation and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were calculated. Statistical analysis was done using unpaired two-tailed t -test/Mann-Whitney U -test and Pearson's correlation/Spearman-rank correlation, as appropriate. Results  Total protein, albumin, Hb, iron, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were significantly lower while FPG, GA, TIBC, and HbA1c were significantly higher in cases compared to controls. HbA1C and GA have a significant negative correlation with iron, transferrin saturation, and ferritin. Significant negative correlations of GA with albumin ( r  = -0.754; p  < 0.001) and Hb ( r  = -0.435; p  = 0.001) and that of HbA1c with albumin ( r  = -0.271; p  = 0.03) and Hb ( r  = -0.629; p  < 0.001) while significant positive correlation of Hb with albumin ( r  = 0.395; p  = 0.002) and HbA1c with FPG ( r  = 0.415; p  = 0.001) were observed. Conclusion  Low albumin levels increase plasma protein glycation, including albumin. Hence, elevated GA levels indicate false elevation of GA in scenario of lowered albumin observed in IDA, similar to HbA1c. Thus, using GA in diabetes mellitus with IDA should be avoided or used with caution to prevent potentially inappropriate treatment intensification and risk of hypoglycemia.

Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is characterized by severe anemia with reticulocytopenia and bone marrow erythroblastopenia. The early erythroblasts are markedly decreased; however, in rare instances, they may be normal or raised in number. There are varied etiologies, namely congenital or acquired and primary or secondary. The congenital PRCA is known as "Diamond-Blackfan anemia." Thymomas, autoimmune disease, lymphomas, infections, and drugs also may be familiar associates. However, the etiologies of PRCA are numerous, and many diseases/infections can be associated with PRCA. The diagnosis rests on clinical suspicion and appropriate laboratory workup. We evaluated nine cases of red cell aplasia, having severe anemia with reticulocytopenia. Nearly half of the cases showed adequate erythroid (> 5% of the differential count) but with a maturation arrest. The adequacy of the erythroid could confuse the hematologist and may even delay the diagnosis. Hence, it is empirical that PRCA could be considered a differential in every case of severe anemia with reticulocytopenia, even in the presence of adequate erythroid precursors in the bone marrow.

Background  Angiogenesis plays a key role in the development, maintenance, and progression of tumor. The incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is increasing from the past three decades. Materials and Methods  The aim of the study is to evaluate microvessel density (MVD) using CD34 monoclonal antibody and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using monoclonal antibody that were studied in pretreatment paraffin-embedded tissue samples of 60 cases. Results  MVD was found to be increased in parallel with increasing grade of tumor. B-NHL had a mean MVD of 79.5 ± 8.8 (no./mm ² ), while T-NHL had a mean MVD of 183 ± 37.6 (no./mm ² ). VEGF expression was seen in 42 cases (70%), 20 cases (33.3%) showed strong VEGF expression, and the remainder showed either weak (36.6%) or no (30%) staining. Strong VEGF expression is seen in 100% cases of T-NHL and 77.7% cases of B-NHL. Mean MVD and VEGF expression was found to be correlated significantly with the histological grade of NHL ( p  = 0.001 and p  = 0.000, respectively). Average microvessel counts were 53, 82.9, and 130.8 vessels (no./mm ² ) for negative, weak, and strong VEGF staining, respectively. These differences were statistically significant ( p  = 0.005 for strong vs. negative and p  = 0.091 for strong vs. weak VEGF staining individually). Conclusion As the grade of tumor progresses, the angiogenic potential also advances which seems to depend on VEGF. The presence of higher MVD in high-grade lymphomas can be utilized for antiangiogenic drugs.

Background   Staphylococcus haemolyticus has emerged as an important multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogen. Linezolid is useful in the treatment of severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococci . Resistance to linezolid in Staphylococci is due to one or more of the following mechanisms: acquisition of the cfr (chloramphenicol florfenicol resistance) gene, mutation in the central loop of domain V of the 23S rRNA, and mutation in the rplC and rplD genes. This study was carried out to detect and characterize resistance to linezolid among the clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus . Materials and Methods  The study included 84 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus haemolyticus . Susceptibility to various antibiotics was determined by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by agar dilution method for linezolid. Methicillin resistance was screened using oxacillin and cefoxitin disc. Polymerase chain reaction was done to detect mecA, cfr and mutations in the V domain of the 23S rRNA gene. Results  Resistance to linezolid was exhibited by 3 of the 84 study isolates with MIC more than 128 µg/mL. The cfr gene was detected in all the three isolates. The G2603T mutation was observed in the domain V of the 23S rRNA among two isolates, whereas one isolate lacked any mutation. Conclusion  The emergence and spread of linezolid-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolates carrying G2603T mutation in the domain V of the 23S rRNA and harboring the cfr gene pose a threat in clinical practice.

Synchronous diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and multiple myeloma in chemotherapy-naïve patients is a rare event and poses a serious therapeutic challenge as it imparts a poor prognosis. We report a case of concurrent AML with multiple myeloma in a 44-year-old male along with a PUBMED-based research of previously reported similar cases in published literature.

Objective  Histoplasmosis is an infectious disease caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum . Histoplasmosis is considered to be endemic to India, especially the Gangetic belt. Disseminated histoplasmosis may affect almost all systems. Disseminated histoplasmosis with asymptomatic adrenal involvement has been described in immunocompromised patients, whereas isolated adrenal involvement as the presenting manifestation in immunocompetent is uncommon. We aimed to determine the clinicopathological and radiological findings of adrenal histoplasmosis in immunocompetent patients attending a multispecialty diagnostic center referred from different clinics and hospitals. Materials and Methods  All tissue samples were initially examined microscopically by performing potassium hydroxide (KOH) wet mounts, followed by culture on two tubes of Sabouraud dextrose agar and phase conversion. Histopathological correlation was done using tissue stains, hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Gomori methenamine silver. Results  We evaluated 84 clinically suspected cases radiologically for adrenal mass. The pathological and microbiological work-up was done from these suspected cases. A total of 19 cases were evident from the tissue stain and fungal culture methods. The affected population were mostly above 45 years and male. Seven patients had bilateral adrenal involvement. All these patients received amphotericin B and/or itraconazole treatment, which led to symptomatic improvement in most cases. Conclusion  Diagnosis of invasive fungal infection requires a high index of suspicion, especially in immunocompetent patients presenting with nonspecific symptoms, clinical signs, and laboratory and radiological features that often resemble adrenal neoplasms. Clinical specimens, together with fungal culture, must be sent for cytopathology/histopathology for a definite diagnosis and appropriate management.