Regular physical activity (PA) decreases the risk of comorbidities associated with a sedentary lifestyle in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). They also may experience additional barriers that may prevent PA, including access, proper instruction and support. At-home PA programming is a feasible alternative to long-term adherence. This study aimed to determine (1) how an at-home DVD programme affects PA adherence and (2) the extent to which caregiver support influences PA.
Methods
Thirty-one adolescent or adult-aged participants with mild or moderate ID were randomised into a DVD or control group exercise intervention. Participants were given autonomy to choose what type of PA modality from the intervention they would like to participate in. Caregiver support during the PA was also measured.
Results
The two-way repeated-measures MANOVA demonstrated that the intervention DVD group was statistically significant, with a large effect size in PA minutes (P = 0.014, ηP2 = 0.236) and rate of perceived exertion (P = 0.002, ηP2 = 0.342) compared with the control group.
Conclusions
The findings demonstrated that using an adapted DVD increased PA minutes and the rate of perceived exertion without high levels of caregiver support.
背景：有规律的体育锻炼（PA）可降低智障人士（IDs）因久坐不动的生活方式而患上合并症的风险。他们还可能会遇到其他障碍，包括交通、适当的指导和支持等，这些都可能阻碍他们进行体育锻炼。居家锻炼计划是长期坚持锻炼的可行替代方案。本研究旨在确定：(1) 家庭 DVD 计划对坚持 PA 有何影响；(2) 照顾者的支持对 PA 的影响程度：31名患有轻度或中度智障的青少年或成年参与者被随机分配到DVD或对照组运动干预中。参与者可自主选择参加哪种类型的锻炼方式。此外，还对参与者在锻炼过程中的护理人员支持情况进行了测量：双向重复测量 MANOVA 显示，与对照组相比，DVD 干预组在 PA 分钟（P = 0.014，ηP2 = 0.236）和感知消耗率（P = 0.002，ηP2 = 0.342）方面具有显著的统计学效应：研究结果表明，在没有大量护理人员支持的情况下，使用改编 DVD 可以增加 PA 分钟数和感知消耗率。
{"title":"The influence of assistance in home-based exercise programmes for individuals with intellectual disabilities","authors":"K. L. Noerr, R. Swinford","doi":"10.1111/jir.13191","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13191","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regular physical activity (PA) decreases the risk of comorbidities associated with a sedentary lifestyle in individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs). They also may experience additional barriers that may prevent PA, including access, proper instruction and support. At-home PA programming is a feasible alternative to long-term adherence. This study aimed to determine (1) how an at-home DVD programme affects PA adherence and (2) the extent to which caregiver support influences PA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Thirty-one adolescent or adult-aged participants with mild or moderate ID were randomised into a DVD or control group exercise intervention. Participants were given autonomy to choose what type of PA modality from the intervention they would like to participate in. Caregiver support during the PA was also measured.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The two-way repeated-measures MANOVA demonstrated that the intervention DVD group was statistically significant, with a large effect size in PA minutes (<i>P</i> = 0.014, <i>ηP</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.236) and rate of perceived exertion (<i>P</i> = 0.002, <i>ηP</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.342) compared with the control group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The findings demonstrated that using an adapted DVD increased PA minutes and the rate of perceived exertion without high levels of caregiver support.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"55-64"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Thorsted, S. F. Lehn, A. Kofoed-Enevoldsen, A. Andersen, A. Heltberg, S. I. Michelsen, L. C. Thygesen
Background
Previous research shows that obesity, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity and a high use of psychotropic medications are prevalent among persons with intellectual disability (ID), which might increase the risk of type 2-diabetes (T2DM). This study aims to investigate: (1) whether persons with ID have an increased risk of T2DM compared with an age- and sex-matched reference group and (2) differences in T2DM risk by sex, birth year, ID inclusion diagnosis and ID severity.
Methods
This study is a nationwide cohort study, including 65 293 persons with ID and 659 723 persons in an age- and sex-matched reference group without ID. Incidence rates for T2DM were calculated and Cox proportional regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the association between ID and T2DM. Follow-up began from the 1 January 1977 (when T2DM data were available), participants' 22nd birthday or from the date the participants immigrated to Denmark, whichever came last and continued until the onset of T2DM, emigration, death or end of follow-up (31 December 2021), whichever came first.
Results
Persons with ID had more than double risk of T2DM compared with the reference group [aHR = 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09–2.20]. The strongest associations were found among women, persons born between 1980 and 1999 and among persons with mild ID.
Conclusions
Persons with ID have an increased risk of T2DM. This knowledge is important in relation to the development and prioritising of preventive initiatives among persons with ID in the healthcare sector. Future research should focus on the underlying mechanisms that can explain the possible association between ID and T2DM as it allows a more targeted prevention strategy.
{"title":"The risk of type 2-diabetes among persons with intellectual disability: a Danish population-based matched cohort study","authors":"A. Thorsted, S. F. Lehn, A. Kofoed-Enevoldsen, A. Andersen, A. Heltberg, S. I. Michelsen, L. C. Thygesen","doi":"10.1111/jir.13190","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13190","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Previous research shows that obesity, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity and a high use of psychotropic medications are prevalent among persons with intellectual disability (ID), which might increase the risk of type 2-diabetes (T2DM). This study aims to investigate: (1) whether persons with ID have an increased risk of T2DM compared with an age- and sex-matched reference group and (2) differences in T2DM risk by sex, birth year, ID inclusion diagnosis and ID severity.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study is a nationwide cohort study, including 65 293 persons with ID and 659 723 persons in an age- and sex-matched reference group without ID. Incidence rates for T2DM were calculated and Cox proportional regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) for the association between ID and T2DM. Follow-up began from the 1 January 1977 (when T2DM data were available), participants' 22nd birthday or from the date the participants immigrated to Denmark, whichever came last and continued until the onset of T2DM, emigration, death or end of follow-up (31 December 2021), whichever came first.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Persons with ID had more than double risk of T2DM compared with the reference group [aHR = 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.09–2.20]. The strongest associations were found among women, persons born between 1980 and 1999 and among persons with mild ID.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Persons with ID have an increased risk of T2DM. This knowledge is important in relation to the development and prioritising of preventive initiatives among persons with ID in the healthcare sector. Future research should focus on the underlying mechanisms that can explain the possible association between ID and T2DM as it allows a more targeted prevention strategy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"90-102"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621590/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142365522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Zhang, L. M. Li, J. N. Ding, Y. Liu, Y. Q. Yuan
Background
Limited research has looked at the present-day sleep problems among Chinese children with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to investigate the situation of the sleep problems of school-aged children with DS in northern China.
Methods
Parents of children with DS were a convenience sample recruited through the special education schools of Shandong Province in China. The Chinese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was applied to assess the sleep problems of children with DS.
Results
Parents of 334 children with DS reported the average sleep duration was 9.7 (9.3–10.2) hours per night, and 62.0% of children with DS were reported sleeping less than 10 h per night. Additionally, the total prevalence rate of sleep problems among children with DS was 69.8%. Sleep-disordered breathing (59.2%), sleep duration (33.8%) and bedtime resistance (32.0%) were the three most commonly reported sleeping problems. Younger children with DS (age 6–8 years) had severe problems with bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety and parasomnias than older children with DS (age 9–12 years) (all P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Sleep problems are prominent among children with DS in northern China and are worthy of attention. Caregivers and health professionals should raise awareness of sleep problems in this group of children and implement targeted interventions to improve their sleep quality as early as possible.
{"title":"Sleep problems of children with Down syndrome in northern China","authors":"Y. Zhang, L. M. Li, J. N. Ding, Y. Liu, Y. Q. Yuan","doi":"10.1111/jir.13187","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13187","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Limited research has looked at the present-day sleep problems among Chinese children with Down syndrome (DS). This study aimed to investigate the situation of the sleep problems of school-aged children with DS in northern China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parents of children with DS were a convenience sample recruited through the special education schools of Shandong Province in China. The Chinese version of the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire was applied to assess the sleep problems of children with DS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Parents of 334 children with DS reported the average sleep duration was 9.7 (9.3–10.2) hours per night, and 62.0% of children with DS were reported sleeping less than 10 h per night. Additionally, the total prevalence rate of sleep problems among children with DS was 69.8%. Sleep-disordered breathing (59.2%), sleep duration (33.8%) and bedtime resistance (32.0%) were the three most commonly reported sleeping problems. Younger children with DS (age 6–8 years) had severe problems with bedtime resistance, sleep anxiety and parasomnias than older children with DS (age 9–12 years) (all <i>P</i> < 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sleep problems are prominent among children with DS in northern China and are worthy of attention. Caregivers and health professionals should raise awareness of sleep problems in this group of children and implement targeted interventions to improve their sleep quality as early as possible.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 12","pages":"1422-1429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142348303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Haber, L. Davies, R. S. Hinman, K. L. Bennell, W. Bruce, L. Jewell, A. Borda, B. J. Lawford
Background
Accessing peer support can be difficult for people with, or carers of people with, inherited intellectual disabilities. One way to improve access is to provide services online, yet few studies have explored people's experiences with online peer support programmes. We aimed to explore experiences with such programmes for communities affected by fragile X-associated conditions.
Methods
Qualitative study involving individual semi-structured interviews with 16 people with, or carers of people with, a fragile X-associated condition (n = 4 adult premutation carriers; n = 12 parents/carers of children/adults), who participated in at least one of three online peer support programmes: educational webinars, Facebook discussion group and small peer group sessions via Zoom. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop themes.
Results
Three overarching themes relating to experiences were as follows: (1) uncertainty and value of shared experiences, (2) support navigating healthcare, (3) advantages being online, but still a place for in-person events. Educational webinars were perceived to be a valuable source of information about fragile X-associated conditions although people had variable information needs. Facebook discussion groups enabled people to connect with others, although participants expressed some competing preferences for how the groups were organised. Zoom peer group sessions were perceived to help participants feel supported by others, but that consistency in organisation was important.
Conclusions
Online peer support programmes were perceived to be beneficial, bridging informational gaps and facilitating social connection. However, participants believed there was still a place for in-person events, some felt educational webinars did not always meet their needs and some had privacy concerns.
背景：对于遗传性智障人士或其照顾者来说，获得同伴支持可能很困难。改善获取途径的方法之一是在网上提供服务，但很少有研究探讨人们对网上同伴支持计划的体验。我们的目标是为受脆性 X 相关疾病影响的社区探索使用此类计划的经验：定性研究包括对 16 名脆性 X 相关疾病患者或其照顾者（n = 4 名成年突变携带者；n = 12 名儿童/成人的父母/照顾者）进行个人半结构式访谈，他们至少参加了三个在线同伴支持项目中的一个：教育网络研讨会、Facebook 讨论组和通过 Zoom 进行的小型同伴小组会议。研究采用了反思性主题分析法来确定主题：与经验有关的三大主题如下：(1) 分享经验的不确定性和价值，(2) 在医疗保健方面的支持，(3) 在线的优势，但仍需要面对面的活动。尽管人们对信息的需求各不相同，但教育网络研讨会被认为是有关脆性 X 相关病症的宝贵信息来源。Facebook 讨论组使人们能够与他人建立联系，尽管参与者对讨论组的组织方式表达了一些不同的偏好。Zoom同伴小组会议被认为有助于参与者感受到他人的支持，但组织的一致性也很重要：在线同伴支持计划被认为是有益的，它弥补了信息差距，促进了社会联系。然而，参与者认为仍有必要举办面对面的活动，一些人认为教育性网络研讨会并不总能满足他们的需求，还有一些人担心隐私问题。
{"title":"‘It's especially good just to know that you're not the only one’: a qualitative study exploring experiences with online peer support programmes for the Fragile X community","authors":"T. Haber, L. Davies, R. S. Hinman, K. L. Bennell, W. Bruce, L. Jewell, A. Borda, B. J. Lawford","doi":"10.1111/jir.13188","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13188","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Accessing peer support can be difficult for people with, or carers of people with, inherited intellectual disabilities. One way to improve access is to provide services online, yet few studies have explored people's experiences with online peer support programmes. We aimed to explore experiences with such programmes for communities affected by fragile X-associated conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Qualitative study involving individual semi-structured interviews with 16 people with, or carers of people with, a fragile X-associated condition (<i>n</i> = 4 adult premutation carriers; <i>n</i> = 12 parents/carers of children/adults), who participated in at least one of three online peer support programmes: educational webinars, Facebook discussion group and small peer group sessions via Zoom. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to develop themes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three overarching themes relating to experiences were as follows: (1) uncertainty and value of shared experiences, (2) support navigating healthcare, (3) advantages being online, but still a place for in-person events. Educational webinars were perceived to be a valuable source of information about fragile X-associated conditions although people had variable information needs. Facebook discussion groups enabled people to connect with others, although participants expressed some competing preferences for how the groups were organised. Zoom peer group sessions were perceived to help participants feel supported by others, but that consistency in organisation was important.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Online peer support programmes were perceived to be beneficial, bridging informational gaps and facilitating social connection. However, participants believed there was still a place for in-person events, some felt educational webinars did not always meet their needs and some had privacy concerns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"30-43"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621584/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142348302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Perosanz, J. F. López-Paz, I. Amayra, M. García, O. Martínez
Background
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital disease caused by a rare and generally non-inherited genetic disorder. The inability to recognise facial expressions of emotion is an apparent social cognition deficit in people diagnosed with PWS. The main objective of the present study is to compare the ability to recognise emotional facial expression, in both non-contextualised and contextualised scenarios, among the main subtypes of PWS and a control group.
Methods
The sample consisted of 46 children divided into three groups: deletion (n = 10), maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) (n = 13) and control (n = 23). The protocol included the Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling and the Deusto-e-Motion 1.0.
Results
The control group recognised facial emotions more accurately and quickly in both non-contextualised and contextualised scenarios than children with PWS, regardless of genetic subtype. Despite no differences being detected between PWS subtypes when non-contextualised scenarios were analysed, in contextualised situations, a longer reaction time was observed in children with the mUPD subtype.
Conclusions
This is the first study to assess the ability to recognise emotional facial expressions in contextualised situations among PWS subtypes and a control group. The findings suggest that some of the social cognitive deficits evidenced in children with mUPD PWS may be similar to those in autism spectrum disorder.
{"title":"Comparative study of emotional facial expression recognition among Prader–Willi syndrome subtypes","authors":"A. Perosanz, J. F. López-Paz, I. Amayra, M. García, O. Martínez","doi":"10.1111/jir.13186","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13186","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a congenital disease caused by a rare and generally non-inherited genetic disorder. The inability to recognise facial expressions of emotion is an apparent social cognition deficit in people diagnosed with PWS. The main objective of the present study is to compare the ability to recognise emotional facial expression, in both non-contextualised and contextualised scenarios, among the main subtypes of PWS and a control group.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The sample consisted of 46 children divided into three groups: deletion (<i>n</i> = 10), maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) (<i>n</i> = 13) and control (<i>n</i> = 23). The protocol included the Facially Expressed Emotion Labeling and the Deusto-e-Motion 1.0.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The control group recognised facial emotions more accurately and quickly in both non-contextualised and contextualised scenarios than children with PWS, regardless of genetic subtype. Despite no differences being detected between PWS subtypes when non-contextualised scenarios were analysed, in contextualised situations, a longer reaction time was observed in children with the mUPD subtype.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This is the first study to assess the ability to recognise emotional facial expressions in contextualised situations among PWS subtypes and a control group. The findings suggest that some of the social cognitive deficits evidenced in children with mUPD PWS may be similar to those in autism spectrum disorder.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 1","pages":"44-54"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11621585/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142307928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often present in people with intellectual disability (ID) and autism. However, few ADHD measures have been developed specifically for individuals with these conditions. There is little literature exploring how well ADHD measures are performing at picking up specific symptoms at the item level.
Methods
Analyses were conducted on data from 122 children aged 7–15 years old with diagnoses of both ADHD and ID enrolled in the Hyperactivity and Special Educational Needs trial. Parents and teachers completed ratings of ADHD symptoms on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) hyperactivity subscale and the revised Conners' Rating Scales hyperactivity scale and ADHD index. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine the reliability of these measures. Item response theory explores the performance of individual items. Multiple indicators, multiple causes models were used to test for measurement invariance by ID severity, co-occurring autism traits and child age.
Results
The reliability of parent and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms on the Conners' and ABC was acceptable across the range of ID. Item performance was generally good, and information was provided across the continuum of ADHD traits. Few items on either measure were non-invariant (i.e., item endorsement generally did not differ based on other child characteristics). When non-invariance was found, the effect was small.
Conclusions
Both the parent-reported and teacher-reported versions of the Conners' hyperactivity scale and ADHD index and the ABC hyperactivity subscale appear to function well in the current sample of children with co-occurring ADHD and ID.
{"title":"Psychometric properties of two ADHD rating scales used in children with ADHD and intellectual disability","authors":"M. Palmer, Z. Fang, V. Carter Leno, E. Simonoff","doi":"10.1111/jir.13185","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13185","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often present in people with intellectual disability (ID) and autism. However, few ADHD measures have been developed specifically for individuals with these conditions. There is little literature exploring how well ADHD measures are performing at picking up specific symptoms at the item level.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Analyses were conducted on data from 122 children aged 7–15 years old with diagnoses of both ADHD and ID enrolled in the Hyperactivity and Special Educational Needs trial. Parents and teachers completed ratings of ADHD symptoms on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) hyperactivity subscale and the revised Conners' Rating Scales hyperactivity scale and ADHD index. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine the reliability of these measures. Item response theory explores the performance of individual items. Multiple indicators, multiple causes models were used to test for measurement invariance by ID severity, co-occurring autism traits and child age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The reliability of parent and teacher reports of ADHD symptoms on the Conners' and ABC was acceptable across the range of ID. Item performance was generally good, and information was provided across the continuum of ADHD traits. Few items on either measure were non-invariant (i.e., item endorsement generally did not differ based on other child characteristics). When non-invariance was found, the effect was small.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Both the parent-reported and teacher-reported versions of the Conners' hyperactivity scale and ADHD index and the ABC hyperactivity subscale appear to function well in the current sample of children with co-occurring ADHD and ID.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 12","pages":"1408-1421"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142145791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Inactivity is a correlate of adverse health. Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) are more inactive than the general population and often present with more complex health issues. Self-reported activity questionnaires such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire are the predominant source of activity information because of their low cost, non-invasive nature, ease of administration and interpretation of results.
Methods
Correlates of inactivity among the general and ID populations were identified through a literature scoping review. Inactivity was measured using the RAPA and the IPAQ-SF. A multiple-imputation chained equation was used to impute missing data. Using Pearson chi-squared analyses, relationships between these correlates as well as covariates of age, sex, level of ID, body mass index (BMI) and aetiology, and RAPA and IPAQ-SF categories were explored. Logistic regression provided more detailed analyses. Results were summarised using the Systems of Sedentary Behaviour framework. Spearman correlations examined the IPAQ-SF and RAPA relationships.
Results
Three correlates for inactivity emerged from the IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaire. Up after 07:00 h was a correlate for both. Difficulty walking 100 yards and epilepsy were additional correlates of inactivity. Weak but significant correlations were seen between IPAQ-SF and RAPA scores.
Conclusions
High inactivity levels are present in adults with an ID. The IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaires are weakly correlated.
{"title":"An exploration into self-reported inactivity behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability using physical activity questionnaires","authors":"L. Lynch, M. McCarron, P. McCallion, E. Burke","doi":"10.1111/jir.13184","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13184","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Inactivity is a correlate of adverse health. Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) are more inactive than the general population and often present with more complex health issues. Self-reported activity questionnaires such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire are the predominant source of activity information because of their low cost, non-invasive nature, ease of administration and interpretation of results.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Correlates of inactivity among the general and ID populations were identified through a literature scoping review. Inactivity was measured using the RAPA and the IPAQ-SF. A multiple-imputation chained equation was used to impute missing data. Using Pearson chi-squared analyses, relationships between these correlates as well as covariates of age, sex, level of ID, body mass index (BMI) and aetiology, and RAPA and IPAQ-SF categories were explored. Logistic regression provided more detailed analyses. Results were summarised using the Systems of Sedentary Behaviour framework. Spearman correlations examined the IPAQ-SF and RAPA relationships.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Three correlates for inactivity emerged from the IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaire. Up after 07:00 h was a correlate for both. Difficulty walking 100 yards and epilepsy were additional correlates of inactivity. Weak but significant correlations were seen between IPAQ-SF and RAPA scores.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High inactivity levels are present in adults with an ID. The IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaires are weakly correlated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 12","pages":"1396-1407"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142125971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Corey, J. M. Tsai, A. Mhadeshwar, S. Srinivasan, A. Bhat
Background
Individuals (i.e. children/young adults) with developmental disabilities (DDs) and intellectual disabilities (IDs) often display a variety of physical and motor impairments. It is well known that participation in motor activities can positively impact the development of children's cognitive and social skills. Recently, virtual and digital technologies (e.g. video conferencing applications, virtual reality and video gaming) have been increasingly used to promote better physical/motor outcomes. The efficacy of digital technologies in improving motor outcomes for those with DD/ID varies depending on the technology and population, and the comparative effects of various technologies are unknown. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review to comprehensively examine the quantitative and qualitative results of current studies reporting the efficacy of digitally based motor interventions on motor outcomes in individuals with DD/ID.
Methods
Literature published from 1900 to 2024 was searched in four health sciences databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL. Articles that examined the effects of gross motor/physical activity training using technologies such as exergaming (i.e. exercise through video gaming such as the Wii and Xbox Kinect), virtual reality or telehealth video conferencing applications (i.e. Zoom, Webex or mobile health apps) on the standardised or game-specific gross motor performance of individuals with DD/ID diagnoses that do not typically experience significant walking challenges using experimental or quasi-experimental study designs were included. Thirty relevant articles were retrieved from a search of the databases PubMed (914), PsycINFO (1201), Scopus (1910) and CINAHL (948).
Results
Our quantitative synthesis of this published literature suggests strong and consistent evidence of small-to-large improvements in motor skill performance following digital movement interventions.
Conclusions
Our review supports the use of digital motor interventions to support motor skill performance in individuals with DD without ID. Digital technologies can provide a more engaging option for therapists to promote motor skill development in individuals with DD or for caregivers to use as an adjunct to skilled therapy.
{"title":"Digital motor intervention effects on motor performance of individuals with developmental disabilities: a systematic review","authors":"J. Corey, J. M. Tsai, A. Mhadeshwar, S. Srinivasan, A. Bhat","doi":"10.1111/jir.13169","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13169","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individuals (i.e. children/young adults) with developmental disabilities (DDs) and intellectual disabilities (IDs) often display a variety of physical and motor impairments. It is well known that participation in motor activities can positively impact the development of children's cognitive and social skills. Recently, virtual and digital technologies (e.g. video conferencing applications, virtual reality and video gaming) have been increasingly used to promote better physical/motor outcomes. The efficacy of digital technologies in improving motor outcomes for those with DD/ID varies depending on the technology and population, and the comparative effects of various technologies are unknown. The aim of our study is to conduct a systematic review to comprehensively examine the quantitative and qualitative results of current studies reporting the efficacy of digitally based motor interventions on motor outcomes in individuals with DD/ID.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Literature published from 1900 to 2024 was searched in four health sciences databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and CINAHL. Articles that examined the effects of gross motor/physical activity training using technologies such as exergaming (i.e. exercise through video gaming such as the Wii and Xbox Kinect), virtual reality or telehealth video conferencing applications (i.e. Zoom, Webex or mobile health apps) on the standardised or game-specific gross motor performance of individuals with DD/ID diagnoses that do not typically experience significant walking challenges using experimental or quasi-experimental study designs were included. Thirty relevant articles were retrieved from a search of the databases PubMed (914), PsycINFO (1201), Scopus (1910) and CINAHL (948).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our quantitative synthesis of this published literature suggests strong and consistent evidence of small-to-large improvements in motor skill performance following digital movement interventions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our review supports the use of digital motor interventions to support motor skill performance in individuals with DD without ID. Digital technologies can provide a more engaging option for therapists to promote motor skill development in individuals with DD or for caregivers to use as an adjunct to skilled therapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 11","pages":"1221-1252"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13169","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142108171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. M. Vaughan, M. O'Dwyer, J. Tyrrell, S. P. Kennelly, M. McCarron
Background
Medications with sedative or anticholinergic properties should be prescribed with caution in those with cognitive complaints. This is particularly relevant in people ageing with an intellectual disability (ID). Higher drug burden index (DBI) scores are associated with increased frailty and falls and reduced quality of life in older people and increased risk of adverse effects (daytime somnolence, constipation) in those with ID. While previous studies have shown that the ID population has higher rates of drug burden and a higher propensity to be prescribed an antipsychotic than the general population, the degree of burden has not been assessed specifically in those with ID and cognitive complaints.
Methods
We assessed drug burden in a cohort of sequential referrals to a national memory service for people with ID. All patients were referred for assessment of cognitive complaints (self-reported or caregiver-reported problems with memory or cognition). DBI was calculated individually for each participant, and the impact of aetiology of ID, level of ID, age, psychiatric/neurological comorbidities and diagnostic outcome on DBI scores was assessed.
Results
The study population was 58.6% female with a median age of 55 years and aetiology of ID was Down syndrome (DS) in 71.3%. Consensus diagnosis was Alzheimer's dementia in 40.2%, mild cognitive impairment in 29.9% and cognitively unimpaired from baseline in 25.3%. Medication use was high with 95.4% taking medications, with a median number of medications of 4 (interquartile range 4) and a rate of polypharmacy (≥5 medications) of 51.7%. Overall, 65.5% were exposed to sedative or anticholinergic medications with 39.1% exposed to a clinically significant DBI score >1. Those with psychiatric comorbidities, non-DS aetiology or epilepsy were significantly more likely to have a DBI score >1.
Conclusions
People with ID and incipient cognitive complaints have a high level of drug burden, which concerningly exceeds that of the general population.
{"title":"Drug burden index of people ageing with intellectual disability and cognitive complaints attending a specialist memory service","authors":"R. M. Vaughan, M. O'Dwyer, J. Tyrrell, S. P. Kennelly, M. McCarron","doi":"10.1111/jir.13180","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13180","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Medications with sedative or anticholinergic properties should be prescribed with caution in those with cognitive complaints. This is particularly relevant in people ageing with an intellectual disability (ID). Higher drug burden index (DBI) scores are associated with increased frailty and falls and reduced quality of life in older people and increased risk of adverse effects (daytime somnolence, constipation) in those with ID. While previous studies have shown that the ID population has higher rates of drug burden and a higher propensity to be prescribed an antipsychotic than the general population, the degree of burden has not been assessed specifically in those with ID and cognitive complaints.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed drug burden in a cohort of sequential referrals to a national memory service for people with ID. All patients were referred for assessment of cognitive complaints (self-reported or caregiver-reported problems with memory or cognition). DBI was calculated individually for each participant, and the impact of aetiology of ID, level of ID, age, psychiatric/neurological comorbidities and diagnostic outcome on DBI scores was assessed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study population was 58.6% female with a median age of 55 years and aetiology of ID was Down syndrome (DS) in 71.3%. Consensus diagnosis was Alzheimer's dementia in 40.2%, mild cognitive impairment in 29.9% and cognitively unimpaired from baseline in 25.3%. Medication use was high with 95.4% taking medications, with a median number of medications of 4 (interquartile range 4) and a rate of polypharmacy (≥5 medications) of 51.7%. Overall, 65.5% were exposed to sedative or anticholinergic medications with 39.1% exposed to a clinically significant DBI score >1. Those with psychiatric comorbidities, non-DS aetiology or epilepsy were significantly more likely to have a DBI score >1.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People with ID and incipient cognitive complaints have a high level of drug burden, which concerningly exceeds that of the general population.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 12","pages":"1386-1395"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142073042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The increasing life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome has led to a growing awareness of mid- and late-life conditions.
Methods
Based on the Disease Analyser database (IQVIA), this retrospective cohort study compared adults ≥18 years of age with Down syndrome (ICD-10: Q90) in general practices in Germany with a propensity score-matched cohort without Down syndrome. The outcome was the first diagnosis of a fracture within 5 years of the index date. The cumulative incidence of fractures over a 5-year period was presented using Kaplan–Meier curves. Univariable Cox regression analyses by age group and sex were performed to assess the association between Down syndrome and fractures.
Results
A total of 2547 individuals with Down syndrome and 12 735 individuals without Down syndrome were included in the study. A significantly higher cumulative fracture incidence within 5 years was observed in the age group 51–60 years (9.3% Down syndrome vs. 4.8% without Down syndrome, P = 0.003) as well as in the age group >60 years (20.3% Down syndrome vs. 8.6% without Down syndrome, P < 0.001) compared with the cohort without Down syndrome. Regression analysis showed a significant association between Down syndrome and fracture risk in women with Down syndrome aged 51–60 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–2.26), and in those aged 51–60 years (HR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.27–3.41) and >60 years (HR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.87–4.73)), but not in men. When comparing fractures in individuals with and without Down syndrome, shoulder and arm fractures were most common in the Down syndrome cohort.
Conclusion
The results of our study indicate a positive association between individuals with Down syndrome and subsequent fractures in women and those aged >50 years. Prevention of falls appears to be particularly important in these populations. However, future studies should clarify the extent to which socio-economic factors, such as housing, play a role in this context.
{"title":"Age and sex-specific risk in fractures with Down syndrome in a retrospective case–control study from Germany","authors":"S. Krieg, A. Krieg, K. Kostev","doi":"10.1111/jir.13183","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13183","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The increasing life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome has led to a growing awareness of mid- and late-life conditions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Based on the Disease Analyser database (IQVIA), this retrospective cohort study compared adults ≥18 years of age with Down syndrome (ICD-10: Q90) in general practices in Germany with a propensity score-matched cohort without Down syndrome. The outcome was the first diagnosis of a fracture within 5 years of the index date. The cumulative incidence of fractures over a 5-year period was presented using Kaplan–Meier curves. Univariable Cox regression analyses by age group and sex were performed to assess the association between Down syndrome and fractures.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 2547 individuals with Down syndrome and 12 735 individuals without Down syndrome were included in the study. A significantly higher cumulative fracture incidence within 5 years was observed in the age group 51–60 years (9.3% Down syndrome vs. 4.8% without Down syndrome, <i>P</i> = 0.003) as well as in the age group >60 years (20.3% Down syndrome vs. 8.6% without Down syndrome, <i>P</i> < 0.001) compared with the cohort without Down syndrome. Regression analysis showed a significant association between Down syndrome and fracture risk in women with Down syndrome aged 51–60 years (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–2.26), and in those aged 51–60 years (HR = 2.08; 95% CI: 1.27–3.41) and >60 years (HR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.87–4.73)), but not in men. When comparing fractures in individuals with and without Down syndrome, shoulder and arm fractures were most common in the Down syndrome cohort.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The results of our study indicate a positive association between individuals with Down syndrome and subsequent fractures in women and those aged >50 years. Prevention of falls appears to be particularly important in these populations. However, future studies should clarify the extent to which socio-economic factors, such as housing, play a role in this context.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"68 12","pages":"1374-1385"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142055750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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