Maria Louise Dieudonnée Hoekstra-van Duijn, Maureen Bernardina Gerardus Wissing, Patrick Jan Eugène Bindels, Dederieke Anne Maria Maes-Festen
Background
People with intellectual disabilities often use psychotropic medications. Recognising side effects in this population can be challenging while they can negatively impact the quality of life. An accurate screening instrument is crucial to identify side effects of psychotropic medication in people with intellectual disabilities. For this purpose, the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects (MEDS) is the most reliable and well-researched instrument. We translated the MEDS into Dutch, considering that the Dutch version of the MEDS must be accurate and aligned with its intended meaning, avoiding multiple interpretations; this study aimed to assess its intrarater and interrater reliabilities in people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication.
Methods
A certified medical translation agency performed translation and back-translation of the MEDS. Two researchers administered the MEDS three times on the same day. Participants were people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication. Demographic and medical data were collected via questionnaires. Scoring and calculation of total domain scores, severity domain scores, duration domain scores and composite scale scores followed the MEDS manual. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals of these scores were used to assess intrarater and interrater reliabilities.
Results
The study sample included 40 adults with intellectual disabilities. Intrarater reliability was good to excellent for total domain scores (ICCs ranging from 0.873 to 1.000) and excellent for the total composite scale score (ICC = 0.945). Interrater reliability was moderate to excellent for total domain scores (ICCs ranging from 0.713 to 0.922) and good for the total composite scale score (ICC = 0.894).
Conclusions
This study demonstrated moderate to excellent intrarater and interrater reliabilities for the Dutch version of the MEDS. This confirms its potential as a valuable instrument for clinicians to identify and monitor side effects in people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication. We recommend the use of the Dutch version of the MEDS in both Dutch clinical practice and research for this purpose.
{"title":"Reliability of the Dutch Version of the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects in People With Intellectual Disabilities","authors":"Maria Louise Dieudonnée Hoekstra-van Duijn, Maureen Bernardina Gerardus Wissing, Patrick Jan Eugène Bindels, Dederieke Anne Maria Maes-Festen","doi":"10.1111/jir.13256","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13256","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>People with intellectual disabilities often use psychotropic medications. Recognising side effects in this population can be challenging while they can negatively impact the quality of life. An accurate screening instrument is crucial to identify side effects of psychotropic medication in people with intellectual disabilities. For this purpose, the Matson Evaluation of Drug Side Effects (MEDS) is the most reliable and well-researched instrument. We translated the MEDS into Dutch, considering that the Dutch version of the MEDS must be accurate and aligned with its intended meaning, avoiding multiple interpretations; this study aimed to assess its intrarater and interrater reliabilities in people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A certified medical translation agency performed translation and back-translation of the MEDS. Two researchers administered the MEDS three times on the same day. Participants were people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication. Demographic and medical data were collected via questionnaires. Scoring and calculation of total domain scores, severity domain scores, duration domain scores and composite scale scores followed the MEDS manual. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals of these scores were used to assess intrarater and interrater reliabilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study sample included 40 adults with intellectual disabilities. Intrarater reliability was good to excellent for total domain scores (ICCs ranging from 0.873 to 1.000) and excellent for the total composite scale score (ICC = 0.945). Interrater reliability was moderate to excellent for total domain scores (ICCs ranging from 0.713 to 0.922) and good for the total composite scale score (ICC = 0.894).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrated moderate to excellent intrarater and interrater reliabilities for the Dutch version of the MEDS. This confirms its potential as a valuable instrument for clinicians to identify and monitor side effects in people with intellectual disabilities using psychotropic medication. We recommend the use of the Dutch version of the MEDS in both Dutch clinical practice and research for this purpose.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 8","pages":"703-710"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144191898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marleen J. de Leeuw, Thessa I. M. Hilgenkamp, Dederieke A. M. Maes-Festen, Patrick J. E. Bindels, Roy G. Elbers, Alyt Oppewal
<div> <section> <h3> Background</h3> <p>Given the high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), there is a strong need for accurate understanding on CVD prevalence and incidence in this population. This information is important to ensure optimal care and resource allocation. However, systematic reviews on this topic are limited. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies on the prevalence and incidence of CVD in adults with ID, including subgroup data.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Method</h3> <p>We performed a systematic search in Embase, Medline ALL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PsycINFO and Google Scholar up to 21 January 2025, including peer-reviewed articles on CVD prevalence or incidence in adults with ID. Article screening and data extraction were independently performed by two researchers. Data were synthesised by CVD diagnosis. When available, data were reported separately for different subgroups. The methodological quality was assessed by two independent researchers. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>In 55 articles, prevalence and incidence rates were identified for coronary artery disease (prev 0%–12.9%; inc 2.0–2.8 per 1000py), myocardial infarction (prev 0%–7.9%; inc 0.3–2.8 per 1000py), heart failure (prev 0.8%–18.6%; inc 12.5 per 1000py), cerebrovascular disease (prev 0.7%–15.0%; inc 2.55 per 1000py), stroke (prev 1.3%–17.2%; inc 2.7–3.2 per 1000py), peripheral arterial disease (prev 0.4%–20.7%; inc 1.1 per 1000py), venous thrombosis (prev 0.6%–12.4%; inc 0.8–4.1 per 1000py) and atrial fibrillation (prev 0.8%–6.3%). Subgroup data have been reported based on age, sex, level of ID, aetiology of ID, living circumstances, CVD risk factors, data collection methods and source populations. Overall, higher prevalence and incidence rates were reported in older people and in studies that used physical measurements for diagnosis.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Conclusions</h3> <p>Due to variability in methodological quality, clinical characteristics and high statistical heterogeneity, drawing conclusions about CVD prevalence and incidence in adults with ID is challenging. Therefore, the subgroup data presented in this review are valuable for identifying rates within specific subgroups. Longitudinal studies along with research employing valid and reliable data collection methods (preferably objective measurements) aligned with studies in the general population, clear reporting of individual CVD diag
{"title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Adults With Intellectual Disabilities: A Systematic Review","authors":"Marleen J. de Leeuw, Thessa I. M. Hilgenkamp, Dederieke A. M. Maes-Festen, Patrick J. E. Bindels, Roy G. Elbers, Alyt Oppewal","doi":"10.1111/jir.13254","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13254","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Given the high risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), there is a strong need for accurate understanding on CVD prevalence and incidence in this population. This information is important to ensure optimal care and resource allocation. However, systematic reviews on this topic are limited. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies on the prevalence and incidence of CVD in adults with ID, including subgroup data.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We performed a systematic search in Embase, Medline ALL, Web of Science, Cochrane Central, PsycINFO and Google Scholar up to 21 January 2025, including peer-reviewed articles on CVD prevalence or incidence in adults with ID. Article screening and data extraction were independently performed by two researchers. Data were synthesised by CVD diagnosis. When available, data were reported separately for different subgroups. The methodological quality was assessed by two independent researchers. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In 55 articles, prevalence and incidence rates were identified for coronary artery disease (prev 0%–12.9%; inc 2.0–2.8 per 1000py), myocardial infarction (prev 0%–7.9%; inc 0.3–2.8 per 1000py), heart failure (prev 0.8%–18.6%; inc 12.5 per 1000py), cerebrovascular disease (prev 0.7%–15.0%; inc 2.55 per 1000py), stroke (prev 1.3%–17.2%; inc 2.7–3.2 per 1000py), peripheral arterial disease (prev 0.4%–20.7%; inc 1.1 per 1000py), venous thrombosis (prev 0.6%–12.4%; inc 0.8–4.1 per 1000py) and atrial fibrillation (prev 0.8%–6.3%). Subgroup data have been reported based on age, sex, level of ID, aetiology of ID, living circumstances, CVD risk factors, data collection methods and source populations. Overall, higher prevalence and incidence rates were reported in older people and in studies that used physical measurements for diagnosis.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Due to variability in methodological quality, clinical characteristics and high statistical heterogeneity, drawing conclusions about CVD prevalence and incidence in adults with ID is challenging. Therefore, the subgroup data presented in this review are valuable for identifying rates within specific subgroups. Longitudinal studies along with research employing valid and reliable data collection methods (preferably objective measurements) aligned with studies in the general population, clear reporting of individual CVD diag","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 12","pages":"1337-1369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144158199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sahil A. Jha, Shannen M. Bolde, Edward A. Hurvitz, Michelle S. Caird, Daniel G. Whitney
Background
Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a higher risk of fracture; yet little is known about key fracture characteristics that may inform fracture prevention efforts. The objective was to describe the reported activities that lead to a fracture event, the energy of fractures (e.g., low-energy such as fragility fractures and high-energy such as fractures from a motor vehicle accident) and the location of fractures for adults with ID and ASD.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study from the United States, medical records from a single clinical site were abstracted to gather information on fracture characteristics (i.e., fracture location, energy of fracture and activities that lead to the fracture event) from adults ≥ 18 years old with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that sustained ≥ 1 fracture between 1 November 2012 and 2 November 2021. The fracture characteristics were described for the entire cohort and by the following subgroups: ID only, ASD only and ID + ASD.
Results
Of the 126 adults with ID and/or ASD, there were a total of 147 fractures for analysis: 84.9% had one fracture, 13.5% had two fractures and 1.6% had three fractures. For the entire cohort, 32.0% were defined as high-energy fractures, but this varied by subgroup: 24.1% for ID only (n = 69 participants, n = 87 fractures), 50.0% for ASD only (n = 35 participants, n = 36 fractures) and 33.3% for ID + ASD (n = 22 participants, n = 24 fractures). The remaining fractures were defined as low-energy or unknown energy. The most common activities that lead to a fracture event were broadly categorised as ‘low-impact falls, unwitnessed falls, transfers’ for ID only (47.1%), ASD only (27.8%) and ID + ASD (41.7%). The most common skeletal region of fractures occurred in the lower extremities for ID only (42.5%) and ID + ASD (50.0%) and in the upper extremities for ASD only (33.3%).
Conclusions
Despite the age being 18 years and older (i.e., not exclusively elderly), most fractures were considered to be low-energy and occurred in the extremities, but this varied by subgroup. This study identified the activities that led to a fracture event, which may inform fracture prevention efforts such as adjunct therapies.
{"title":"Fracture Characteristics Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders to Inform Fracture Prevention Strategies: A Descriptive Study","authors":"Sahil A. Jha, Shannen M. Bolde, Edward A. Hurvitz, Michelle S. Caird, Daniel G. Whitney","doi":"10.1111/jir.13255","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13255","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have a higher risk of fracture; yet little is known about key fracture characteristics that may inform fracture prevention efforts. The objective was to describe the reported activities that lead to a fracture event, the energy of fractures (e.g., low-energy such as fragility fractures and high-energy such as fractures from a motor vehicle accident) and the location of fractures for adults with ID and ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this retrospective cohort study from the United States, medical records from a single clinical site were abstracted to gather information on fracture characteristics (i.e., fracture location, energy of fracture and activities that lead to the fracture event) from adults ≥ 18 years old with intellectual disabilities (ID) and/or autism spectrum disorders (ASD) that sustained ≥ 1 fracture between 1 November 2012 and 2 November 2021. The fracture characteristics were described for the entire cohort and by the following subgroups: ID only, ASD only and ID + ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of the 126 adults with ID and/or ASD, there were a total of 147 fractures for analysis: 84.9% had one fracture, 13.5% had two fractures and 1.6% had three fractures. For the entire cohort, 32.0% were defined as high-energy fractures, but this varied by subgroup: 24.1% for ID only (<i>n</i> = 69 participants, <i>n</i> = 87 fractures), 50.0% for ASD only (<i>n</i> = 35 participants, <i>n</i> = 36 fractures) and 33.3% for ID + ASD (<i>n</i> = 22 participants, <i>n</i> = 24 fractures). The remaining fractures were defined as low-energy or unknown energy. The most common activities that lead to a fracture event were broadly categorised as ‘low-impact falls, unwitnessed falls, transfers’ for ID only (47.1%), ASD only (27.8%) and ID + ASD (41.7%). The most common skeletal region of fractures occurred in the lower extremities for ID only (42.5%) and ID + ASD (50.0%) and in the upper extremities for ASD only (33.3%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Despite the age being 18 years and older (i.e., not exclusively elderly), most fractures were considered to be low-energy and occurred in the extremities, but this varied by subgroup. This study identified the activities that led to a fracture event, which may inform fracture prevention efforts such as adjunct therapies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 12","pages":"1496-1503"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144119622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Agiovlasitis, B. K. Ballenger, P. Choi, M. Haider, Q. Du, R. W. Motl
Background
The estimation of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with accelerometers is typically based on the relationship between accelerometer output and metabolic equivalents (METs)—an index of PA intensity. But for adults with Down syndrome (DS), PA intensity may be better reflected in the percent oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2Reserve), as it accounts for their lower aerobic fitness. This study examined if the relationship between accelerometer output and METs or %VO2Reserve across various PAs and sedentary behaviours differs between adults with and without DS.
Methods
Forty-one adults with DS (age 35 ± 9 years; 18 women) and 41 adults without DS (age 24 ± 5 years; 18 women) performed 17 tasks of varying intensity. We estimated aerobic fitness with a submaximal treadmill test. We measured oxygen uptake with portable calorimetry and expressed it as METs and %VO2Reserve. Output from triaxial accelerometers on the nondominant hip and wrist was determined as Vector Magnitude (VM). We used multilevel modelling to evaluate the relationships of METs or %VO2Reserve with VM, controlling for body mass index (BMI) and age.
Results
For the hip accelerometer, VM and the group-by-VM interaction significantly predicted METs (p < 0.001; conditional R2 = 0.82), but between-group differences were small. For the wrist accelerometer, VM and age significantly predicted METs (p < 0.035; conditional R2 = 0.76). For both the hip and the wrist accelerometer, VM, the group-by-VM interaction and BMI significantly predicted %VO2Reserve (p ≤ 0.047; conditional R2 = 0.82 and 0.74, respectively). Between-group differences in the response to VM were larger for VO2Reserve than METs models.
Conclusion
The relationship between accelerometer output and %VO2Reserve across PAs and sedentary behaviours is different between adults with and without DS. Calibrating accelerometer output against %VO2Reserve may be preferable to METs.
{"title":"Accelerometer Output and Oxygen Uptake in Adults With and Without Down Syndrome: METs vs. Percent VO2Reserve","authors":"S. Agiovlasitis, B. K. Ballenger, P. Choi, M. Haider, Q. Du, R. W. Motl","doi":"10.1111/jir.13253","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13253","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The estimation of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour with accelerometers is typically based on the relationship between accelerometer output and metabolic equivalents (METs)—an index of PA intensity. But for adults with Down syndrome (DS), PA intensity may be better reflected in the percent oxygen uptake reserve (%VO<sub>2Reserve</sub>), as it accounts for their lower aerobic fitness. This study examined if the relationship between accelerometer output and METs or %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> across various PAs and sedentary behaviours differs between adults with and without DS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Forty-one adults with DS (age 35 ± 9 years; 18 women) and 41 adults without DS (age 24 ± 5 years; 18 women) performed 17 tasks of varying intensity. We estimated aerobic fitness with a submaximal treadmill test. We measured oxygen uptake with portable calorimetry and expressed it as METs and %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub>. Output from triaxial accelerometers on the nondominant hip and wrist was determined as Vector Magnitude (VM). We used multilevel modelling to evaluate the relationships of METs or %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> with VM, controlling for body mass index (BMI) and age.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>For the hip accelerometer, VM and the group-by-VM interaction significantly predicted METs (<i>p</i> < 0.001; conditional <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.82), but between-group differences were small. For the wrist accelerometer, VM and age significantly predicted METs (<i>p</i> < 0.035; conditional <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.76). For both the hip and the wrist accelerometer, VM, the group-by-VM interaction and BMI significantly predicted %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.047; conditional <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.82 and 0.74, respectively). Between-group differences in the response to VM were larger for VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> than METs models.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The relationship between accelerometer output and %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> across PAs and sedentary behaviours is different between adults with and without DS. Calibrating accelerometer output against %VO<sub>2Reserve</sub> may be preferable to METs.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 8","pages":"693-702"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144110793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgia Powell, Kate Blake-Holmes, Adela Petrache, Rebecca Turrell, Peter Beazley
Background
The diagnosis of an intellectual disability is suggested to have particularly stigmatising connotations, particularly within the criminal justice system (CJS). This paper aims to synthesise qualitative studies investigating the attitudes of CJS professionals to people with intellectual disabilities (PWID), specifically offenders with intellectual disabilities, and to appraise their methodological quality.
Methods
A systematic search was conducted using PsychINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete and EThOS databases. Articles were screened for inclusion by title, abstract and full text to ensure predefined inclusion criteria were met. Individual study quality was rated using the 10-item Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist, with the addition of an eleventh item to capture included studies' theoretical underpinnings and optimise the value of the quality appraisal. Thematic synthesis was then used to explore and synthesise the findings of the included studies.
Results
Ten papers were included in the review, spanning 766 participants. Studies included utilised mixed methods surveys (n = 3), qualitative surveys (n = 1), semistructured interviews (n = 3), semistructured focus groups (n = 1), unstructured interviews (n = 1) and secondary analysis of previously collected research data (n = 1). Methodological quality was broadly of a high standard; however, all included papers failed to reflect on the relationship between the researchers and participants. Five themes were identified: conflating diagnoses, perceptions of PWID as offenders, procedural issues affecting PWID, development and maintenance of perceptions, and impact of training.
Conclusions
This review highlights pervasive negative perceptions of offenders with intellectual disabilities within CJS staff groups. Clinician- and system-level factors are considered in the development and maintenance of such attitudes and suggestions made for improving CJS staff perceptions and knowledge of offenders with intellectual disabilities.
{"title":"Judging Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities: Systematic Review of Criminal Justice System Professionals' Expressed Views and Attitudes Towards Offenders With Intellectual Disabilities","authors":"Georgia Powell, Kate Blake-Holmes, Adela Petrache, Rebecca Turrell, Peter Beazley","doi":"10.1111/jir.13252","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13252","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The diagnosis of an intellectual disability is suggested to have particularly stigmatising connotations, particularly within the criminal justice system (CJS). This paper aims to synthesise qualitative studies investigating the attitudes of CJS professionals to people with intellectual disabilities (PWID), specifically offenders with intellectual disabilities, and to appraise their methodological quality.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A systematic search was conducted using PsychINFO, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete and EThOS databases. Articles were screened for inclusion by title, abstract and full text to ensure predefined inclusion criteria were met. Individual study quality was rated using the 10-item Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist, with the addition of an eleventh item to capture included studies' theoretical underpinnings and optimise the value of the quality appraisal. Thematic synthesis was then used to explore and synthesise the findings of the included studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ten papers were included in the review, spanning 766 participants. Studies included utilised mixed methods surveys (<i>n</i> = 3), qualitative surveys (<i>n</i> = 1), semistructured interviews (<i>n</i> = 3), semistructured focus groups (<i>n</i> = 1), unstructured interviews (<i>n</i> = 1) and secondary analysis of previously collected research data (<i>n</i> = 1). Methodological quality was broadly of a high standard; however, all included papers failed to reflect on the relationship between the researchers and participants. Five themes were identified: conflating diagnoses, perceptions of PWID as offenders, procedural issues affecting PWID, development and maintenance of perceptions, and impact of training.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This review highlights pervasive negative perceptions of offenders with intellectual disabilities within CJS staff groups. Clinician- and system-level factors are considered in the development and maintenance of such attitudes and suggestions made for improving CJS staff perceptions and knowledge of offenders with intellectual disabilities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 11","pages":"1185-1204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13252","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144101951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dante J. Rogers, Rebekah L. Hudock, Adele F. Dimian, Josue Collazo-Lopez, Ryan Shanley, Elizabeth I. Pierpont
Background
Challenging behaviours such as self-injury and aggression are prevalent among individuals with intellectual disability (ID), significantly impacting quality of life. Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS), a rare multisystem genetic disorder caused by variants in the BRAF, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, or KRAS genes, commonly presents with ID and other neurobehavioural features. To inform effective clinical management, we aimed to characterise and quantify challenging and repetitive behaviours in CFCS, identify functions that may maintain the behaviours, and examine associations with genotype and neurological comorbidities.
Methods
In this cross-sectional cohort study, caregivers of 61 individuals with CFCS (mean age = 14.2 years; 61% female) completed an electronic survey to capture information regarding demographics, adaptive skills, and neurological history. Genotype was determined from molecular genetic testing results. The frequency, severity, topography, and function of challenging behaviours were assessed with behaviour questionnaires validated for children and adults with developmental disabilities. We evaluated trends using descriptive analyses and examined mean differences across age, genotype, and neurological variables.
Results
The cohort consisted primarily of individuals with BRAF variants (62%), followed by MAP2K1 (28%) and MAP2K2 (10%) variants. Prevalence of challenging behaviour was high (77%), and self-injurious and aggressive behaviours were most frequent and severe among adolescents with CFCS relative to younger children or adults. Escape (seeking to avoid an unwanted situation or task) was the most endorsed behavioural function to maintain self-injurious and aggressive/destructive behaviours. BRAF gene variants were associated with the most frequent and variable challenging behaviours, followed by MAP2K1, and then MAP2K2. Challenging and repetitive behaviours were most prevalent among individuals with moderate adaptive functioning, clinically significant sleep disturbance, higher levels of pain interference, and more substantial sensory modulation differences. Individuals with epilepsy also exhibited more frequent repetitive and self-injurious behaviours.
Conclusion
Caregivers reported a high prevalence of challenging behaviours among individuals with CFCS, especially in late childhood and adolescence. Therapeutic approach
{"title":"Characterisation of Challenging Behaviours and Associated Genetic and Neurological Features in Cardiofaciocutaneous Syndrome","authors":"Dante J. Rogers, Rebekah L. Hudock, Adele F. Dimian, Josue Collazo-Lopez, Ryan Shanley, Elizabeth I. Pierpont","doi":"10.1111/jir.13247","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13247","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Challenging behaviours such as self-injury and aggression are prevalent among individuals with intellectual disability (ID), significantly impacting quality of life. Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFCS), a rare multisystem genetic disorder caused by variants in the <i>BRAF</i>, <i>MAP2K1</i>, <i>MAP2K2</i>, or <i>KRAS</i> genes, commonly presents with ID and other neurobehavioural features. To inform effective clinical management, we aimed to characterise and quantify challenging and repetitive behaviours in CFCS, identify functions that may maintain the behaviours, and examine associations with genotype and neurological comorbidities.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In this cross-sectional cohort study, caregivers of 61 individuals with CFCS (mean age = 14.2 years; 61% female) completed an electronic survey to capture information regarding demographics, adaptive skills, and neurological history. Genotype was determined from molecular genetic testing results. The frequency, severity, topography, and function of challenging behaviours were assessed with behaviour questionnaires validated for children and adults with developmental disabilities. We evaluated trends using descriptive analyses and examined mean differences across age, genotype, and neurological variables.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The cohort consisted primarily of individuals with <i>BRAF</i> variants (62%), followed by <i>MAP2K1</i> (28%) and <i>MAP2K2</i> (10%) variants. Prevalence of challenging behaviour was high (77%), and self-injurious and aggressive behaviours were most frequent and severe among adolescents with CFCS relative to younger children or adults. Escape (seeking to avoid an unwanted situation or task) was the most endorsed behavioural function to maintain self-injurious and aggressive/destructive behaviours. <i>BRAF</i> gene variants were associated with the most frequent and variable challenging behaviours, followed by <i>MAP2K1</i>, and then <i>MAP2K2</i>. Challenging and repetitive behaviours were most prevalent among individuals with moderate adaptive functioning, clinically significant sleep disturbance, higher levels of pain interference, and more substantial sensory modulation differences. Individuals with epilepsy also exhibited more frequent repetitive and self-injurious behaviours.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Caregivers reported a high prevalence of challenging behaviours among individuals with CFCS, especially in late childhood and adolescence. Therapeutic approach","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 8","pages":"682-692"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13247","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144093895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nicolo J. Betoni, Cynthia M. Okamoto, Ira T. Lott, Christy L. Hom
Background
Hearing and visual impairments are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), yet it remains unclear whether sensory impairments are associated with cognitive and behavioural functioning such as language, memory and socialisation. This literature review examines those associations.
Methods
A scoping review of four databases was conducted to examine associations between sensory impairments and cognitive or behavioural outcomes in individuals with DS. Study evidence was assessed based on design, sample size, assessment modalities and statistical significance.
Results
Of 1471 studies screened, 38 met inclusion criteria. Hearing impairments were associated with delays in language and motor development during infancy, lower overall cognitive ability and social communication difficulties in childhood and reduced adaptive functioning and intellectual decline in adulthood. Visual impairments were linked to learning difficulties in childhood and to declines in adaptive behaviour, visual-motor integration and cognitive performance in adulthood. Subdomains of cognitive functioning such as memory, reasoning or processing speed were not reported for adults.
Conclusion
Uncorrected hearing and visual impairments in individuals with DS are associated with a range of cognitive and behavioural outcomes across the lifespan. The strongest associations were observed between hearing impairments and language delays in infancy and childhood, and between visual impairments and adaptive behaviour challenges in childhood and adulthood. Sensory impairments were associated with challenges in similar domains—particularly language, adaptive functioning and learning—across the lifespan. This suggests a potential continuity of these associations over time and that long-standing uncorrected impairments may be associated with reduced cognitive reserve and increased vulnerability to decline—highlighting the need for early identification and intervention.
{"title":"Cognitive and Behavioural Associations of Visual and Hearing Impairments Across the Lifespan in People With Down Syndrome, a Scoping Review","authors":"Nicolo J. Betoni, Cynthia M. Okamoto, Ira T. Lott, Christy L. Hom","doi":"10.1111/jir.13248","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13248","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hearing and visual impairments are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), yet it remains unclear whether sensory impairments are associated with cognitive and behavioural functioning such as language, memory and socialisation. This literature review examines those associations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A scoping review of four databases was conducted to examine associations between sensory impairments and cognitive or behavioural outcomes in individuals with DS. Study evidence was assessed based on design, sample size, assessment modalities and statistical significance.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Of 1471 studies screened, 38 met inclusion criteria. Hearing impairments were associated with delays in language and motor development during infancy, lower overall cognitive ability and social communication difficulties in childhood and reduced adaptive functioning and intellectual decline in adulthood. Visual impairments were linked to learning difficulties in childhood and to declines in adaptive behaviour, visual-motor integration and cognitive performance in adulthood. Subdomains of cognitive functioning such as memory, reasoning or processing speed were not reported for adults.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Uncorrected hearing and visual impairments in individuals with DS are associated with a range of cognitive and behavioural outcomes across the lifespan. The strongest associations were observed between hearing impairments and language delays in infancy and childhood, and between visual impairments and adaptive behaviour challenges in childhood and adulthood. Sensory impairments were associated with challenges in similar domains—particularly language, adaptive functioning and learning—across the lifespan. This suggests a potential continuity of these associations over time and that long-standing uncorrected impairments may be associated with reduced cognitive reserve and increased vulnerability to decline—highlighting the need for early identification and intervention.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 9","pages":"753-780"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13248","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Clarissa Moreira, Celeste Simões, André Oliveira, Armanda Pereira, Pedro Rosário, Mayumi Hagiwara, Karrie A. Shogren, Sofia Santos
Background
Self-determination has seen increasing interest in literature worldwide, in terms of its contextualisation, operationalisation and assessment. Developing sound and robust instruments will enable valid assessment both within individual countries and in cross-cultural comparisons.
Methods
The new Self-Determination Inventory (SDI) was translated and adapted into Portuguese, for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and our goal was to analyse the SDI Portuguese Translation's factorial structure. The inventory was administered to 408 participants, between 13 and 73 years old (27 ± 13.6), 246 females and 162 males, with (n = 146) and without IDD (n = 262). Factor structure, measurement invariance and latent difference between persons with and without IDD were analysed.
Results
The confirmatory factor analysis supported the SDI Portuguese Translations' psychometric properties. The data fit a unidimensional model, indicating that the 21 items represent the construct better than a three-factor model. The measurement invariance across groups confirms that the latent construct can be measured and the assessment used with both groups. However, participants with IDD experience greater variability in scores and tend to report lower levels of self-determination.
Conclusions
Findings provide support for the use of SDI Portuguese Translation for persons with and without IDD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
{"title":"The Factor Structure of the Self-Determination Inventory Portuguese Translation for Persons With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Confirmatory Analysis","authors":"Clarissa Moreira, Celeste Simões, André Oliveira, Armanda Pereira, Pedro Rosário, Mayumi Hagiwara, Karrie A. Shogren, Sofia Santos","doi":"10.1111/jir.13249","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13249","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Self-determination has seen increasing interest in literature worldwide, in terms of its contextualisation, operationalisation and assessment. Developing sound and robust instruments will enable valid assessment both within individual countries and in cross-cultural comparisons.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The new Self-Determination Inventory (SDI) was translated and adapted into Portuguese, for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and our goal was to analyse the SDI Portuguese Translation's factorial structure. The inventory was administered to 408 participants, between 13 and 73 years old (27 ± 13.6), 246 females and 162 males, with (<i>n</i> = 146) and without IDD (<i>n</i> = 262). Factor structure, measurement invariance and latent difference between persons with and without IDD were analysed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The confirmatory factor analysis supported the SDI Portuguese Translations' psychometric properties. The data fit a unidimensional model, indicating that the 21 items represent the construct better than a three-factor model. The measurement invariance across groups confirms that the latent construct can be measured and the assessment used with both groups. However, participants with IDD experience greater variability in scores and tend to report lower levels of self-determination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Findings provide support for the use of SDI Portuguese Translation for persons with and without IDD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 8","pages":"675-681"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by physical overgrowth and by frequent intellectual disability and comorbidity with neurodevelopmental disorders. A recent study documented a specific cognitive profile of SoS. However, further research is needed to replicate and expand these findings to other neuropsychological domains, including social perception. Moreover, numeracy has long been considered as a weakness in SoS, but inconsistent evidence asks for a further assessment of academic skills.
Method
This single-cohort, cross-sectional study enrolled 28 participants with SoS aged 5–18 years, who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Moreover, a school-age subgroup was administered with standardised tests assessing academic skills.
Results
The neuropsychological profile was characterised by lowest scores in both language and visuospatial abilities and highest scores in memory for faces. Greatest difficulties were observed in rapid verbal production, visuospatial memory and graphomotor control. Neither attention and executive functions nor social perception skills were relative weaknesses or strengths of the profile. An exploratory analysis revealed that the comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not result in a different neuropsychological profile. A large part of the sample had poor mathematics skills, and only one participant did not display any difficulties in mathematics.
Conclusions
This study extends the previous characterisation of the SoS cognitive profile and documents a prevalent difficulty in mathematics skills. Notably, social perception does not emerge as selectively impaired in SoS. The results have important implications for tailoring rehabilitative interventions, school adjustment and daily living of children and adolescents with SoS.
{"title":"A Further Characterisation of the Neuropsychological Profile, Social Perception, and Academic Skills in Sotos Syndrome","authors":"Niccolò Butti, Cosimo Urgesi, Alice Decio, Lidia Pezzani, Donatella Milani, Rosario Montirosso","doi":"10.1111/jir.13250","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13250","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sotos syndrome (SoS) is a rare genetic disorder characterised by physical overgrowth and by frequent intellectual disability and comorbidity with neurodevelopmental disorders. A recent study documented a specific cognitive profile of SoS. However, further research is needed to replicate and expand these findings to other neuropsychological domains, including social perception. Moreover, numeracy has long been considered as a weakness in SoS, but inconsistent evidence asks for a further assessment of academic skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This single-cohort, cross-sectional study enrolled 28 participants with SoS aged 5–18 years, who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Moreover, a school-age subgroup was administered with standardised tests assessing academic skills.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The neuropsychological profile was characterised by lowest scores in both language and visuospatial abilities and highest scores in memory for faces. Greatest difficulties were observed in rapid verbal production, visuospatial memory and graphomotor control. Neither attention and executive functions nor social perception skills were relative weaknesses or strengths of the profile. An exploratory analysis revealed that the comorbidity with autism spectrum disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder did not result in a different neuropsychological profile. A large part of the sample had poor mathematics skills, and only one participant did not display any difficulties in mathematics.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study extends the previous characterisation of the SoS cognitive profile and documents a prevalent difficulty in mathematics skills. Notably, social perception does not emerge as selectively impaired in SoS. The results have important implications for tailoring rehabilitative interventions, school adjustment and daily living of children and adolescents with SoS.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 8","pages":"664-674"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13250","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144078565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hauke Hermann, Annemieke M. Witte, Anna Pöhlmann, Paula S. Sterkenburg, Tanja Sappok
Background
Intellectual disability (ID) often co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand the needs of persons with ID/ASD, level of emotional development (ED) can be determined with the Scale of Emotional Development-Short (SED-S). This preregistered study examined differences in ED by comparing total, domain, and item scores between people with ID/ASD and people with ID.
Methods
One hundred seventy-four participants with ID/ASD were matched to 174 participants with ID only. Informants reported on the SED-S, which includes 200 yes-no items grouped into eight domains, with each domain including five stages of ED.
Results
The ID/ASD group showed lower total scores (M = 2.19, SD = 0.97) compared with the ID group (M = 2.86, SD = 1.11). They also showed lower scores in all eight domains. When groups were compared based on total scores, people with ID/ASD in SED-S 2 scored lower in the domain Affect, while those in SED-S 3 scored lower in the domains Affect, Communication, and Peers compared with people with ID in the same stage. People with ID/ASD in SED-S 4 scored higher in the domain Peers compared with people with ID in the same stage. There was an uneven distribution of ‘yes’ responses, significant differences in ‘yes’ responses to 27 items, and a lower mean frequency of ‘yes’ responses from people with ID/ASD.
Conclusions
Although this study was largely exploratory and warrants replication, results provide an important next step towards a better understanding of the emotional needs and behaviours of people with ID/ASD.
{"title":"Comparing Emotional Development in Persons With Intellectual Disability With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder","authors":"Hauke Hermann, Annemieke M. Witte, Anna Pöhlmann, Paula S. Sterkenburg, Tanja Sappok","doi":"10.1111/jir.13251","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jir.13251","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Intellectual disability (ID) often co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To better understand the needs of persons with ID/ASD, level of emotional development (ED) can be determined with the Scale of Emotional Development-Short (SED-S). This preregistered study examined differences in ED by comparing total, domain, and item scores between people with ID/ASD and people with ID.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>One hundred seventy-four participants with ID/ASD were matched to 174 participants with ID only. Informants reported on the SED-S, which includes 200 yes-no items grouped into eight domains, with each domain including five stages of ED.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The ID/ASD group showed lower total scores (<i>M</i> = 2.19, <i>SD</i> = 0.97) compared with the ID group (<i>M</i> = 2.86, <i>SD</i> = 1.11). They also showed lower scores in all eight domains. When groups were compared based on total scores, people with ID/ASD in SED-S 2 scored lower in the domain <i>Affect</i>, while those in SED-S 3 scored lower in the domains <i>Affect</i>, <i>Communication</i>, and <i>Peers</i> compared with people with ID in the same stage. People with ID/ASD in SED-S 4 scored higher in the domain <i>Peers</i> compared with people with ID in the same stage. There was an uneven distribution of ‘yes’ responses, significant differences in ‘yes’ responses to 27 items, and a lower mean frequency of ‘yes’ responses from people with ID/ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although this study was largely exploratory and warrants replication, results provide an important next step towards a better understanding of the emotional needs and behaviours of people with ID/ASD.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":16163,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Intellectual Disability Research","volume":"69 10","pages":"1143-1153"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jir.13251","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143988595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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