Abstract:I argue that Magnentius was brought to power by, and ruled with, a team of high-status imperial politicians, best referred to collectively as "Magnentians." The Magnentians' main aim was to share power with Constantius through a formally established imperial college, and, even when his refusal compelled them to march towards him, they still hoped to extract a settlement without having to resort to a pitched battle. However, wrong-footed and heavily outnumbered, they found themselves fighting at Mursa. The discipline of their troops allowed them to resist fiercely, and Constantius won mainly because of his joint deployment of cataphracts and armored horse-archers. There were heavy casualties on both sides, but this did not cripple Roman military strength. The main consequence of Mursa was the re-establishment of the Constantinian dynasty's exclusive control of imperial power.
{"title":"The Battle Of Mursa, 351: Causes, Course, and Consequences","authors":"John F. Drinkwater","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:I argue that Magnentius was brought to power by, and ruled with, a team of high-status imperial politicians, best referred to collectively as \"Magnentians.\" The Magnentians' main aim was to share power with Constantius through a formally established imperial college, and, even when his refusal compelled them to march towards him, they still hoped to extract a settlement without having to resort to a pitched battle. However, wrong-footed and heavily outnumbered, they found themselves fighting at Mursa. The discipline of their troops allowed them to resist fiercely, and Constantius won mainly because of his joint deployment of cataphracts and armored horse-archers. There were heavy casualties on both sides, but this did not cripple Roman military strength. The main consequence of Mursa was the re-establishment of the Constantinian dynasty's exclusive control of imperial power.","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"28 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43265607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Narrative Shape of Emotion in the Preaching of John Chrysostom by Blake Leyerle (review)","authors":"J. Maxwell","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"304 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44479434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The late antique Kalends of January (Kalendae Ianuariae) are often labeled a "pagan survival." However, the Kalends were neither solely "pagan" nor a "survival," but rather a re-invented public festival between "pagans" and Christians (and others). "Survival" paints a triumphalist picture that mis-represents the historical situation, ignoring the stark differences between the homespun late republican, early imperial Kalends celebrated only at Rome and the rowdy, at times transgressive, empire-wide festival that emerged by the end of the fourth century ce. Re-invention, not survival, better captures the chasm between the two. Likewise, "pagan" misconstrues the late antique celebration, which may have offered an increasingly rare opportunity to be "pagan" in public. Still, Christians also exchanged New Year's gifts and even masqueraded as traditional gods. In short, the Kalends was a collaborative venture—not a "pagan survival," but a re-invented (unsanctioned or popular) public festival, whose production and practice crossed religious affiliations.
{"title":"The Re-invention of the Kalends of January in Late Antiquity: A Public Festival Between \"Pagans\" and Christians","authors":"Jacob A. Latham","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The late antique Kalends of January (Kalendae Ianuariae) are often labeled a \"pagan survival.\" However, the Kalends were neither solely \"pagan\" nor a \"survival,\" but rather a re-invented public festival between \"pagans\" and Christians (and others). \"Survival\" paints a triumphalist picture that mis-represents the historical situation, ignoring the stark differences between the homespun late republican, early imperial Kalends celebrated only at Rome and the rowdy, at times transgressive, empire-wide festival that emerged by the end of the fourth century ce. Re-invention, not survival, better captures the chasm between the two. Likewise, \"pagan\" misconstrues the late antique celebration, which may have offered an increasingly rare opportunity to be \"pagan\" in public. Still, Christians also exchanged New Year's gifts and even masqueraded as traditional gods. In short, the Kalends was a collaborative venture—not a \"pagan survival,\" but a re-invented (unsanctioned or popular) public festival, whose production and practice crossed religious affiliations.","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"110 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48835690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Les 50 livres du Digeste de l'empereur Justinien. Comprenant – pour la première fois en français – la palingénésie du commentaire sur l'Édit du préteur d'Ulpien by Dominique Gaurier (review)","authors":"D. Moreau","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"314 - 317"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44394484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unter Freunden. Nähe und Distanz in sozialen Netzwerken der Spätantike by Seraina Ruprecht (review)","authors":"Lisa Brunet","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"306 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41775538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe by Judith Herrin (review)","authors":"Edward M. Schoolman","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"317 - 318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43256316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Qal'at Sim'ān, the cult site dedicated to Symeon the Stylite the Elder (died 459), is one of the largest building projects completed in late Roman Syria and was a premier pilgrimage destination in Late Antiquity. Scholars have proposed that the emperors Leo I (reigned from 457 to 474) or Zeno (reigned from 474 to 491) provided funding for construction, but no textual sources record imperial patronage. This article provides a comprehensive examination of evidence for patronage at Qal'at Sim'ān in order to shift attention to the local context. This article does not rule out the possibility of imperial patronage, but instead it expands previous historiography to include the initiatives of local actors in the construction of the complex. I evaluate the scholarship on and evidence for imperial benefaction, advance previously unexplored evidence from the hagiographical record, and situate this evidence within the economy and society of northern Syria's limestone massif. This article lays the foundation for a more complex interpretation of the pilgrimage site than previously undertaken by scholars. It contextualizes construction within the religious practices of Syriac Christianity. Finally, it weighs the dynamics of imperially-commissioned projects alongside the multiple agents who shaped religious architecture in the eastern Roman Empire.
{"title":"Who Built Qal'at Sim'ān?","authors":"Dina Boero","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Qal'at Sim'ān, the cult site dedicated to Symeon the Stylite the Elder (died 459), is one of the largest building projects completed in late Roman Syria and was a premier pilgrimage destination in Late Antiquity. Scholars have proposed that the emperors Leo I (reigned from 457 to 474) or Zeno (reigned from 474 to 491) provided funding for construction, but no textual sources record imperial patronage. This article provides a comprehensive examination of evidence for patronage at Qal'at Sim'ān in order to shift attention to the local context. This article does not rule out the possibility of imperial patronage, but instead it expands previous historiography to include the initiatives of local actors in the construction of the complex. I evaluate the scholarship on and evidence for imperial benefaction, advance previously unexplored evidence from the hagiographical record, and situate this evidence within the economy and society of northern Syria's limestone massif. This article lays the foundation for a more complex interpretation of the pilgrimage site than previously undertaken by scholars. It contextualizes construction within the religious practices of Syriac Christianity. Finally, it weighs the dynamics of imperially-commissioned projects alongside the multiple agents who shaped religious architecture in the eastern Roman Empire.","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"231 - 276"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45494674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Death and Afterlife in the Pages of Gregory of Tours by Allen E. Jones (review)","authors":"Raymond Van Dam","doi":"10.1353/jla.2022.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2022.0013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"15 1","pages":"312 - 314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43099356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Research to date on the late antique circus factions and partisans has focused on their land-based activities. The present study, by contrast, considers fourth- to seventh-century sources which demonstrate that members of the maritime community became involved in factional activity and that circus partisans engaged in combat, piracy, and criminal acts at sea. I argue that mariners were important to the factions, as they provided strong-arm support and facilitated Empire-wide trading networks that enabled quick and effective communication between faction members over vast distances. Political and faction leaders were able to exploit these communication networks for their own purposes, such as in the seventh century when Heraclius amassed Green faction supporters, sailors, ships, and other provisions on his voyage to reclaim Constantinople. I furthermore suggest that the support provided to church leaders by the maritime community merits closer investigation because it has all the hallmarks of factional advocacy. Mariners connected people and institutions, carrying the ideologies and protests of the factions, ecclesiastical groups, and imperial patrons with them when they sailed to and from port. The findings of this article, moreover, affirm that the contribution of mariners to the Empire-wide success of such groups should not be underestimated.
{"title":"Sailors and Circus Partisans: Piracy, Dockyard Brawls and Empire-wide Networks of Communication","authors":"J. Wade","doi":"10.1353/jla.2021.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2021.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Research to date on the late antique circus factions and partisans has focused on their land-based activities. The present study, by contrast, considers fourth- to seventh-century sources which demonstrate that members of the maritime community became involved in factional activity and that circus partisans engaged in combat, piracy, and criminal acts at sea. I argue that mariners were important to the factions, as they provided strong-arm support and facilitated Empire-wide trading networks that enabled quick and effective communication between faction members over vast distances. Political and faction leaders were able to exploit these communication networks for their own purposes, such as in the seventh century when Heraclius amassed Green faction supporters, sailors, ships, and other provisions on his voyage to reclaim Constantinople. I furthermore suggest that the support provided to church leaders by the maritime community merits closer investigation because it has all the hallmarks of factional advocacy. Mariners connected people and institutions, carrying the ideologies and protests of the factions, ecclesiastical groups, and imperial patrons with them when they sailed to and from port. The findings of this article, moreover, affirm that the contribution of mariners to the Empire-wide success of such groups should not be underestimated.","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"14 1","pages":"415 - 434"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43408935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:Early in his career, the Roman senator Q. Aurelius Symmachus was entrusted with a senatorial embassy to the imperial court at Trier, where he addressed a total of three panegyrics to Valentinian I and Gratian. Although recent scholarship has dated the first of these speeches to 368, the traditional date of 369 is supported by both a key textual parallel and external evidence that places Symmachus and Valentinian together on the Rhine frontier in 369. Once this chronology is clarified, Symmachus's embassy can be properly situated within the broader context of relations between the senate and the imperial court in Trier. Symmachus's stay in Trier overlapped with the beginning and quickening of Maximinus's notorious investigations of illicit magical practices in Rome. Although necessarily speculative, one explanation for the extraordinary length of Symmachus's stay in Trier could be that it was related in some way to the increasingly fraught situation in Rome.
{"title":"\"Thick Clouds and Continuous Cold\": The Date and Political Context of Symmachus's Embassy to Trier","authors":"Robert R. Chenault","doi":"10.1353/jla.2021.0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/jla.2021.0032","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Early in his career, the Roman senator Q. Aurelius Symmachus was entrusted with a senatorial embassy to the imperial court at Trier, where he addressed a total of three panegyrics to Valentinian I and Gratian. Although recent scholarship has dated the first of these speeches to 368, the traditional date of 369 is supported by both a key textual parallel and external evidence that places Symmachus and Valentinian together on the Rhine frontier in 369. Once this chronology is clarified, Symmachus's embassy can be properly situated within the broader context of relations between the senate and the imperial court in Trier. Symmachus's stay in Trier overlapped with the beginning and quickening of Maximinus's notorious investigations of illicit magical practices in Rome. Although necessarily speculative, one explanation for the extraordinary length of Symmachus's stay in Trier could be that it was related in some way to the increasingly fraught situation in Rome.","PeriodicalId":16220,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Late Antiquity","volume":"14 1","pages":"213 - 228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46971574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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