Allison K Williams, William E Peterman, Risa Pesapane
Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) pose an enormous public health risk in eastern North America as the vector responsible for transmitting 7 human pathogens, including those causing the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, Lyme disease. Species distribution modeling is an increasingly popular method for predicting the potential distribution and subsequent risk of blacklegged ticks, however, the development of such models thus far is highly variable and would benefit from the use of standardized protocols. To identify where standardized protocols would most benefit current distribution models, we completed the “Overview, Data, Model, Assessment, and Prediction” (ODMAP) distribution modeling protocol for 21 publications reporting 22 blacklegged tick distribution models. We calculated an average adherence of 73.4% (SD ± 29%). Most prominently, we found that authors could better justify and connect their selection of variables and associated spatial scales to blacklegged tick ecology. In addition, the authors could provide clearer descriptions of model development, including checks for multicollinearity, spatial autocorrelation, and plausibility. Finally, authors could improve their reporting of variable effects to avoid undermining the models’ utility in informing species–environment relationships. To enhance future model rigor and reproducibility, we recommend utilizing several resources including the ODMAP protocol, and suggest that journals make protocol compliance a publication prerequisite.
{"title":"Refining Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) distribution models: a comparison of current methods to an established protocol","authors":"Allison K Williams, William E Peterman, Risa Pesapane","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae052","url":null,"abstract":"Blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) pose an enormous public health risk in eastern North America as the vector responsible for transmitting 7 human pathogens, including those causing the most common vector-borne disease in the United States, Lyme disease. Species distribution modeling is an increasingly popular method for predicting the potential distribution and subsequent risk of blacklegged ticks, however, the development of such models thus far is highly variable and would benefit from the use of standardized protocols. To identify where standardized protocols would most benefit current distribution models, we completed the “Overview, Data, Model, Assessment, and Prediction” (ODMAP) distribution modeling protocol for 21 publications reporting 22 blacklegged tick distribution models. We calculated an average adherence of 73.4% (SD ± 29%). Most prominently, we found that authors could better justify and connect their selection of variables and associated spatial scales to blacklegged tick ecology. In addition, the authors could provide clearer descriptions of model development, including checks for multicollinearity, spatial autocorrelation, and plausibility. Finally, authors could improve their reporting of variable effects to avoid undermining the models’ utility in informing species–environment relationships. To enhance future model rigor and reproducibility, we recommend utilizing several resources including the ODMAP protocol, and suggest that journals make protocol compliance a publication prerequisite.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140837552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Based on increases in reported cases of tick-borne illnesses, expanding ranges of native ticks, and repeated documentation of arrivals of nonnative tick species, there is a clear need for their effective management in the United States. Synthetic acaricides have proven efficacious in tick management, but real/perceived negative impacts to the environment and nontarget, beneficial insects must be addressed. We sought to determine whether late fall synthetic acaricide application, when most susceptible beneficial insects are presumably dormant or have migrated, could effectively manage host-seeking spring Ixodes scapularis Say abundances as compared to traditional spring application. We compared results of delivery of Demand CS (lambda-cyhalothrin) via truck-mounted high-pressure spray and powered backpack blower as well as delivery of granular Demand G to experimental control (water) in peridomestic habitats in fall 2021, spring 2022, and combined fall 2021/spring 2022. High-pressure fall delivery of Demand CS and backpack delivery of Demand G significantly reduced host-seeking adult I. scapularis abundances within-season and the following spring combined by 100% and 94%, respectively. No host-seeking nymphal I. scapularis were documented in spring after fall only, spring only, or fall and spring combined delivery of Demand CS via high-pressure or powered backpack blower. No adult I. scapularis were documented at any time posttreatment on locations that received high-pressure delivery of Demand CS. We conclude that high-pressure delivery of Demand CS in late fall successfully eliminated multiple stages of host-seeking I. scapularis through the following spring while likely limiting exposure of beneficial insects to synthetic pyrethroids.
{"title":"Late fall synthetic acaricide application is effective at reducing host-seeking adult and nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) abundances the following spring","authors":"Scott C Williams, Megan A Linske","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae044","url":null,"abstract":"Based on increases in reported cases of tick-borne illnesses, expanding ranges of native ticks, and repeated documentation of arrivals of nonnative tick species, there is a clear need for their effective management in the United States. Synthetic acaricides have proven efficacious in tick management, but real/perceived negative impacts to the environment and nontarget, beneficial insects must be addressed. We sought to determine whether late fall synthetic acaricide application, when most susceptible beneficial insects are presumably dormant or have migrated, could effectively manage host-seeking spring Ixodes scapularis Say abundances as compared to traditional spring application. We compared results of delivery of Demand CS (lambda-cyhalothrin) via truck-mounted high-pressure spray and powered backpack blower as well as delivery of granular Demand G to experimental control (water) in peridomestic habitats in fall 2021, spring 2022, and combined fall 2021/spring 2022. High-pressure fall delivery of Demand CS and backpack delivery of Demand G significantly reduced host-seeking adult I. scapularis abundances within-season and the following spring combined by 100% and 94%, respectively. No host-seeking nymphal I. scapularis were documented in spring after fall only, spring only, or fall and spring combined delivery of Demand CS via high-pressure or powered backpack blower. No adult I. scapularis were documented at any time posttreatment on locations that received high-pressure delivery of Demand CS. We conclude that high-pressure delivery of Demand CS in late fall successfully eliminated multiple stages of host-seeking I. scapularis through the following spring while likely limiting exposure of beneficial insects to synthetic pyrethroids.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"101 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140630977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cosmopolitan ectoparasite human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer)(Phthiraptera:Pediculidae), affects mostly school-aged children, with infestations reported every year mainly due to louse resistance to pyrethroids. One of the main resistance mechanisms of pyrethroids is the target site insensitivity (kdr), which is caused by single-nucleotide point mutations (SNPs) located in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene. In this study, we analyzed individual head lice toxicologically via the description of their susceptibility profile to permethrin and genetically through the genotypification of their kdr alleles as well as nuclear microsatellite loci. Lice were collected from 4 schools in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The resistance ratios varied from 33.3% to 71.4%, with a frequency of the T917I kdr mutation of 87.31% and with 83.6% of the head lice being homozygous resistant to pyrethroids. Microsatellite data indicated that all the louse school populations had genotype proportions that deviated from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, with FIS > 0 reflecting a deficit of heterozygotes. Bottleneck analysis suggested that all louse school populations underwent a recent reduction in population sizes, while 3 of the 4 schools had gene flow values around 1, indicating ongoing gene flow among those schools. Our study suggests that school louse populations in the city of Buenos Aires may form a metapopulation, where each school represents a small population that undergoes extinction and recolonization processes under strong permethrin selection. This is the first multilevel analysis integrating toxicological, kdr-genotyping, and microsatellite data in human louse populations.
世界性体外寄生虫人类头虱（Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer)）（Phthiraptera:Pediculidae）主要危害学龄儿童，每年都有关于虱子对拟除虫菊酯产生抗药性的报告。除虫菊酯的主要抗药性机制之一是靶位点不敏感（kdr），它是由电压敏感钠通道基因中的单核苷酸点突变（SNPs）引起的。在这项研究中，我们通过描述头虱对氯菊酯的敏感性特征，对其进行毒理学分析；通过对其 kdr 等位基因以及核微卫星位点进行基因分型，对其进行遗传学分析。从阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯市的 4 所学校采集了虱子。抗药性比率从 33.3% 到 71.4% 不等，T917I kdr 突变的频率为 87.31%，83.6% 的头虱对拟除虫菊酯具有同源抗药性。微卫星数据表明，所有虱子学校种群的基因型比例都偏离了哈代-温伯格预期，FIS > 0反映了杂合子的不足。瓶颈分析表明，所有学校的虱子种群数量最近都有所减少，而4所学校中有3所的基因流值在1左右，表明这些学校之间的基因流仍在继续。我们的研究表明，布宜诺斯艾利斯市的学校虱子种群可能形成了一个元种群，其中每所学校代表一个小种群，在菊酯的强烈选择下经历了灭绝和重新定殖的过程。这是首次在人类虱子种群中整合毒理学、kdr-基因分型和微卫星数据的多层次分析。
{"title":"Measuring local genetic variation in permethrin-resistant head lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) from Buenos Aires, Argentina","authors":"Ariel C Toloza, Marina S Ascunce, David L Reed","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae048","url":null,"abstract":"The cosmopolitan ectoparasite human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (De Geer)(Phthiraptera:Pediculidae), affects mostly school-aged children, with infestations reported every year mainly due to louse resistance to pyrethroids. One of the main resistance mechanisms of pyrethroids is the target site insensitivity (kdr), which is caused by single-nucleotide point mutations (SNPs) located in the voltage-sensitive sodium channel gene. In this study, we analyzed individual head lice toxicologically via the description of their susceptibility profile to permethrin and genetically through the genotypification of their kdr alleles as well as nuclear microsatellite loci. Lice were collected from 4 schools in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The resistance ratios varied from 33.3% to 71.4%, with a frequency of the T917I kdr mutation of 87.31% and with 83.6% of the head lice being homozygous resistant to pyrethroids. Microsatellite data indicated that all the louse school populations had genotype proportions that deviated from Hardy–Weinberg expectations, with FIS > 0 reflecting a deficit of heterozygotes. Bottleneck analysis suggested that all louse school populations underwent a recent reduction in population sizes, while 3 of the 4 schools had gene flow values around 1, indicating ongoing gene flow among those schools. Our study suggests that school louse populations in the city of Buenos Aires may form a metapopulation, where each school represents a small population that undergoes extinction and recolonization processes under strong permethrin selection. This is the first multilevel analysis integrating toxicological, kdr-genotyping, and microsatellite data in human louse populations.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140624844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carmen Guzmán-Cornejo, Angel Herrera-Mares, Luis García-Prieto, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Andrés M López-Pérez, Karla Dzul-Rosado
Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a bacterium belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family. In Mexico, only 2 species have been recorded in association with tick species and humans. The objective of the present study was to detect the presence of bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia in ticks collected from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. The collected ticks were identified and analyzed individually by polymerase chain reaction to amplify a fragment of the Anaplasmataceae 16S rRNA gene and the Ehrlichia-specific dsb gene. A total of 204 ticks, corresponding to 5 species of Ixodidae and 1 of Argasidae, were collected from 147 mammals of 6 species and 4 orders; 57 ticks collected from vegetation were also included. Among the total ticks collected, 1.47% (3/204) was positive for Ehrlichia sp. DNA was obtained using the primers EHR 16SD and EHR 16SR for 16S rRNA and DSB-330 and DSB-728 for dsb. The positive samples corresponded to a larva (Amblyomma sp.) associated with Didelphis virginiana and 2 nymphs (Amblyomma cf. oblongoguttatum) infesting Nasua narica. None of the ticks collected from the vegetation tested positive for Ehrlichia sp. DNA on the basis of the 16S rRNA and dsb genes. The sequences from the larvae of Amblyomma sp. and the nymphs of A. cf. oblongoguttatum were similar to those of E. chaffeensis. The phylogenetic analysis inferred with maximum likelihood corroborated the identity as E. chaffeensis. Although the role of these tick species as vectors of E. chaffeensis is still undetermined, the presence of infected ticks in the area indicates a potential zoonotic risk.
{"title":"Potential zoonotic role of the tick Amblyomma cf. oblongoguttatum (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in the bacterial transmission of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in a deciduous tropical forest in Mexico","authors":"Carmen Guzmán-Cornejo, Angel Herrera-Mares, Luis García-Prieto, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Andrés M López-Pérez, Karla Dzul-Rosado","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae047","url":null,"abstract":"Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a bacterium belonging to the Anaplasmataceae family. In Mexico, only 2 species have been recorded in association with tick species and humans. The objective of the present study was to detect the presence of bacteria of the genus Ehrlichia in ticks collected from the Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve, Jalisco, Mexico. The collected ticks were identified and analyzed individually by polymerase chain reaction to amplify a fragment of the Anaplasmataceae 16S rRNA gene and the Ehrlichia-specific dsb gene. A total of 204 ticks, corresponding to 5 species of Ixodidae and 1 of Argasidae, were collected from 147 mammals of 6 species and 4 orders; 57 ticks collected from vegetation were also included. Among the total ticks collected, 1.47% (3/204) was positive for Ehrlichia sp. DNA was obtained using the primers EHR 16SD and EHR 16SR for 16S rRNA and DSB-330 and DSB-728 for dsb. The positive samples corresponded to a larva (Amblyomma sp.) associated with Didelphis virginiana and 2 nymphs (Amblyomma cf. oblongoguttatum) infesting Nasua narica. None of the ticks collected from the vegetation tested positive for Ehrlichia sp. DNA on the basis of the 16S rRNA and dsb genes. The sequences from the larvae of Amblyomma sp. and the nymphs of A. cf. oblongoguttatum were similar to those of E. chaffeensis. The phylogenetic analysis inferred with maximum likelihood corroborated the identity as E. chaffeensis. Although the role of these tick species as vectors of E. chaffeensis is still undetermined, the presence of infected ticks in the area indicates a potential zoonotic risk.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Envenomation by terrestrial toxic animals is considered a serious risk to human health worldwide. Snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, and scorpions have mainly attracted the attention of medical literature. However, the relative importance of spiders has been studied only in a few countries. Here, we present the first retrospective study on the incidence of spider bites requiring hospital care in Spain, compared to bites or stings from snakes, hymenopterans, and scorpions. Using ICD9MC and ICD10 databases from the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases for the period 1997–2020, we quantified the cases of envenomation by spiders, compared to those by other terrestrial toxic animals, the demographic data of envenomation cases, the relative severity of spider bites, and the geographic distribution of envenomation cases. Overall, the incidence of acute intoxication by terrestrial toxic animals in Spain was ca. 1.23 cases per million inhabitants. In decreasing order of importance, cases were due to snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. Fatal cases were extremely rare, caused mainly by hymenopterans. No fatalities were caused by spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. A greater incidence of snake bites occurred in northern Spain, but no geographical trends were found for spider bites or scorpion stings. Severe poisoning or life-threatening cases due to bites or stings from toxic terrestrial animals in Spain seems to be very low, especially for spiders, compared to other countries in the world. In general, spiders do not present a risk to human health and should not be considered a major driver of morbidity.
{"title":"Comparative medical importance of spider bites in Spain over 1997–2020: a retrospective study based on hospital cases coded using ICD","authors":"Fernando Cortés-Fossati, Marcos Méndez","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae045","url":null,"abstract":"Envenomation by terrestrial toxic animals is considered a serious risk to human health worldwide. Snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, and scorpions have mainly attracted the attention of medical literature. However, the relative importance of spiders has been studied only in a few countries. Here, we present the first retrospective study on the incidence of spider bites requiring hospital care in Spain, compared to bites or stings from snakes, hymenopterans, and scorpions. Using ICD9MC and ICD10 databases from the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases for the period 1997–2020, we quantified the cases of envenomation by spiders, compared to those by other terrestrial toxic animals, the demographic data of envenomation cases, the relative severity of spider bites, and the geographic distribution of envenomation cases. Overall, the incidence of acute intoxication by terrestrial toxic animals in Spain was ca. 1.23 cases per million inhabitants. In decreasing order of importance, cases were due to snakes, hymenopterans, spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. Fatal cases were extremely rare, caused mainly by hymenopterans. No fatalities were caused by spiders, scorpions, and myriapods. A greater incidence of snake bites occurred in northern Spain, but no geographical trends were found for spider bites or scorpion stings. Severe poisoning or life-threatening cases due to bites or stings from toxic terrestrial animals in Spain seems to be very low, especially for spiders, compared to other countries in the world. In general, spiders do not present a risk to human health and should not be considered a major driver of morbidity.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein we present the first-known case report of a structural infestation by the bird flea (Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus) (Dale 1878) in the United States. In March of 2023, the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District was contacted by a resident in South San Francisco, CA who reported the presence of fleas inside their condominium. The resident had 2 dogs who were on oral flea medication and only 1 inhabitant out of 4 reported receiving flea bites. The front walkway, backyard, and garage were flagged and a small passerine nest was removed from a fire alarm bell in the front walkway. A total of 31 fleas (13 males, 18 females) were collected by flagging from the front entryway underneath the nest. One female flea was collected from the backyard, and 20 (9 males, 11 females) were collected by the resident from inside the house. A total of 387 fleas (163 males, 224 females) were collected from the nest of a small passerine. All life stages (egg, larvae, pupae, and adult) were observed within the nest. Additional parasites in the nest included bird lice and larval western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus, Cooley and Kohls 1943). Research should be conducted into whether bird fleas are capable of transmitting avian pathogens to humans and this information should be communicated to healthcare providers as part of a One Health approach. Additionally, resources to aid in species-level flea identification should be made accessible to pest control operators as this will aid the development of targeted treatments as part of an integrated pest management plan.
{"title":"First record of a structural infestation by the bird flea Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae) in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, USA","authors":"Tara Roth, Arielle Crews","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae046","url":null,"abstract":"Herein we present the first-known case report of a structural infestation by the bird flea (Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus) (Dale 1878) in the United States. In March of 2023, the San Mateo County Mosquito and Vector Control District was contacted by a resident in South San Francisco, CA who reported the presence of fleas inside their condominium. The resident had 2 dogs who were on oral flea medication and only 1 inhabitant out of 4 reported receiving flea bites. The front walkway, backyard, and garage were flagged and a small passerine nest was removed from a fire alarm bell in the front walkway. A total of 31 fleas (13 males, 18 females) were collected by flagging from the front entryway underneath the nest. One female flea was collected from the backyard, and 20 (9 males, 11 females) were collected by the resident from inside the house. A total of 387 fleas (163 males, 224 females) were collected from the nest of a small passerine. All life stages (egg, larvae, pupae, and adult) were observed within the nest. Additional parasites in the nest included bird lice and larval western black-legged ticks (Ixodes pacificus, Cooley and Kohls 1943). Research should be conducted into whether bird fleas are capable of transmitting avian pathogens to humans and this information should be communicated to healthcare providers as part of a One Health approach. Additionally, resources to aid in species-level flea identification should be made accessible to pest control operators as this will aid the development of targeted treatments as part of an integrated pest management plan.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140571855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chagas disease is an infectious disease of human and animal health concern, with 6–8 million chronic human infections and over 50,000 deaths throughout the Americas annually. Hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae, also called kissing bugs, vector the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), that causes Chagas disease. Despite the large human health burden, Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease with inadequate funding for research and preventive practices. Given the resource-poor environment of most agencies trying to protect public health, it is critical to consider all control options for reducing vector populations and the risk of human exposure to T. cruzi to identify the most appropriate tools for each context. While numerous triatomine control methods exist, the literature lacks a compilation of the strategies used, a critical examination of their efficiency, and a particular focus on triatomine control in the United States compared to elsewhere in the Americas. Here, we present a review of the literature to assess historical intervention strategies of existing and developing triatomine control methods. For each method, we discuss progress in the field, future research to further advance the method, and limitations. While we found that pyrethroid insecticide is still the most commonly used method of triatomine and Chagas disease control, we suggest that complementing these techniques with alternative control methods in development will help to achieve Chagas disease reduction goals.
{"title":"A scoping review of triatomine control for Chagas disease prevention: current and developing tools in Latin America and the United States","authors":"Yuexun Tian, Cassandra Durden, Gabriel L Hamer","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae043","url":null,"abstract":"Chagas disease is an infectious disease of human and animal health concern, with 6–8 million chronic human infections and over 50,000 deaths throughout the Americas annually. Hematophagous insects of the subfamily Triatominae, also called kissing bugs, vector the protozoan parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi Chagas (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae), that causes Chagas disease. Despite the large human health burden, Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease with inadequate funding for research and preventive practices. Given the resource-poor environment of most agencies trying to protect public health, it is critical to consider all control options for reducing vector populations and the risk of human exposure to T. cruzi to identify the most appropriate tools for each context. While numerous triatomine control methods exist, the literature lacks a compilation of the strategies used, a critical examination of their efficiency, and a particular focus on triatomine control in the United States compared to elsewhere in the Americas. Here, we present a review of the literature to assess historical intervention strategies of existing and developing triatomine control methods. For each method, we discuss progress in the field, future research to further advance the method, and limitations. While we found that pyrethroid insecticide is still the most commonly used method of triatomine and Chagas disease control, we suggest that complementing these techniques with alternative control methods in development will help to achieve Chagas disease reduction goals.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140603212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alexandra Harker, Kelsey Fairbanks, M Andrew Dewsnup, Ary Faraji, Christopher S Bibbs
The New Jersey Light Trap has been among the earliest trap models used for mosquito surveillance in the United States. This trap was modernized in the 1950s to the miniature CDC light trap, with the addition of CO2 following soon after. The incandescent light has the tendency to attract nontarget insects, as well as losing a substantial portion of their energy as heat. Few studies have delineated whether heat or light in isolation make a difference in field collections using the former traps within the United States. Our study focused on isolating heat and light variables by using incandescent bulbs, light emitting diode (LED) bulbs, and electric heating patches affixed to a base model CO2 trap as designed at the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District. Sites were selected in the urban and suburban foothills and canyons of the Wasatch Mountain front, industrial areas near the Salt Lake City International Airport, and rural wetlands in the marshes outlying the Great Salt Lake. Five traps were replicated within each sector during the summer and fall summer seasons. Collections were composed of Aedes dorsalis (Meigen), Culex pipiens L., Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and Culiseta inornata (Williston). Composition changes were a result of seasonal, rather than spatial, shifts. The results showed that LED light traps depressed collections of key species. Otherwise, there were negligible differences in collections among incandescent, heat film, and base model traps. In the Intermountain West, the miniature CDC trap is reliable enough to make programmatic decisions even if light usage varies by district.
{"title":"Blinded by the light: does heat or light enhance wild mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) attraction to CO2-baited traps in the Great Salt Lake area?","authors":"Alexandra Harker, Kelsey Fairbanks, M Andrew Dewsnup, Ary Faraji, Christopher S Bibbs","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjae033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjae033","url":null,"abstract":"The New Jersey Light Trap has been among the earliest trap models used for mosquito surveillance in the United States. This trap was modernized in the 1950s to the miniature CDC light trap, with the addition of CO2 following soon after. The incandescent light has the tendency to attract nontarget insects, as well as losing a substantial portion of their energy as heat. Few studies have delineated whether heat or light in isolation make a difference in field collections using the former traps within the United States. Our study focused on isolating heat and light variables by using incandescent bulbs, light emitting diode (LED) bulbs, and electric heating patches affixed to a base model CO2 trap as designed at the Salt Lake City Mosquito Abatement District. Sites were selected in the urban and suburban foothills and canyons of the Wasatch Mountain front, industrial areas near the Salt Lake City International Airport, and rural wetlands in the marshes outlying the Great Salt Lake. Five traps were replicated within each sector during the summer and fall summer seasons. Collections were composed of Aedes dorsalis (Meigen), Culex pipiens L., Culex tarsalis Coquillett, and Culiseta inornata (Williston). Composition changes were a result of seasonal, rather than spatial, shifts. The results showed that LED light traps depressed collections of key species. Otherwise, there were negligible differences in collections among incandescent, heat film, and base model traps. In the Intermountain West, the miniature CDC trap is reliable enough to make programmatic decisions even if light usage varies by district.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140017696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy D McNamara, Mba-tihssommah Mosore, Alexander Urlaub, Marcus A Lashley, Nathan D Burkett-Cadena, Lawrence E Reeves, Estelle M Martin
Mosquito-borne diseases represent a significant threat to human and animal health in the United States. Several viruses, including West Nile, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Eastern equine encephalitis are endemic. In humans, the disease is typically detected during the summer months, but not during the winter months. The ability of these viruses to reemerge year after year is still not fully understood, but typically involves persistence in a reservoir host or vector during periods of low transmission. Mosquito species are known to overwinter at different life stages (adults, larvae, or eggs) in manufactured or natural sites. Gopher tortoise burrows are known to serve as refuge for many vertebrate and invertebrate species in pine savannas. In this study, we surveyed the interior of gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering mosquitoes. We identified 4 species (Anopheles crucians s.l., Culex erraticus, Mansonia dyari, and Uranotaenia sapphirina). Cx. erraticus was the most abundant, and its presence and abundance increased in winter months, implying that this species utilized gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering. Bloodfed Cx. erraticus and An. crucians s.l. females were detected. While An. crucians s.l. fed exclusively on the white-tailed deer, Cx. erraticus had a more diverse host range but fed primarily on the gopher tortoise. Tortoises and other long-lived reptiles like the American alligator have been shown to sustain high viremia following West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection and therefore could play a role in the maintenance of these viruses. In addition, Cx. erraticus is naturally infected with WNV and is a known bridge vector for EEEV. As such, these overwintering sites may play a role in perpetuating over-winter arboviral activity in Florida.
{"title":"Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) utilizes gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering in North Central Florida","authors":"Timothy D McNamara, Mba-tihssommah Mosore, Alexander Urlaub, Marcus A Lashley, Nathan D Burkett-Cadena, Lawrence E Reeves, Estelle M Martin","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjad174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjad174","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquito-borne diseases represent a significant threat to human and animal health in the United States. Several viruses, including West Nile, Saint Louis encephalitis, and Eastern equine encephalitis are endemic. In humans, the disease is typically detected during the summer months, but not during the winter months. The ability of these viruses to reemerge year after year is still not fully understood, but typically involves persistence in a reservoir host or vector during periods of low transmission. Mosquito species are known to overwinter at different life stages (adults, larvae, or eggs) in manufactured or natural sites. Gopher tortoise burrows are known to serve as refuge for many vertebrate and invertebrate species in pine savannas. In this study, we surveyed the interior of gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering mosquitoes. We identified 4 species (Anopheles crucians s.l., Culex erraticus, Mansonia dyari, and Uranotaenia sapphirina). Cx. erraticus was the most abundant, and its presence and abundance increased in winter months, implying that this species utilized gopher tortoise burrows for overwintering. Bloodfed Cx. erraticus and An. crucians s.l. females were detected. While An. crucians s.l. fed exclusively on the white-tailed deer, Cx. erraticus had a more diverse host range but fed primarily on the gopher tortoise. Tortoises and other long-lived reptiles like the American alligator have been shown to sustain high viremia following West Nile virus (WNV) and Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection and therefore could play a role in the maintenance of these viruses. In addition, Cx. erraticus is naturally infected with WNV and is a known bridge vector for EEEV. As such, these overwintering sites may play a role in perpetuating over-winter arboviral activity in Florida.","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139459184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Laia Casades-Martí, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Sara Baz-Flores, Edgar García-Manzanilla, Francisco Ruiz-Fons
Available methods to census exophilic tick populations have limitations in estimating true population size due to their inability to capture a high proportion of the actual tick population. We currently ignore the efficacy of these methods to capture questing Hyalomma spp. ticks, vectors of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. To address the need of accurately estimating questing densities of Hyalomma spp., we designed a field experiment to test the efficacy of blanket dragging, blanket flagging, CO2-baited traps, and an ad hoc designed method, absolute surface counts, in capturing adult Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks from known numbers of preset fluorescent-marked ticks. The experiment was designed in 2 stages to estimate the point (1-day sampling) and cumulative (3-day serial sampling) efficacy of the methods under varying sampling effort and habitat. Tick survival, host interference, and weather effects on efficacy were controlled for in multiple regression models. There was high variability in method efficacy for capturing ticks, which was also modulated by effort, habitat, tick density, hosts, and soil temperature. The most effective method was absolute surface counts for both point estimates (39%) and cumulative efficacy (83%). CO2-baited traps reached a maximum efficacy of 37%, while blanket dragging and blanket flagging captured a maximum of the 8% of the marked ticks. Our results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the different tick capture methods applied to adult H. lusitanicum and lay the groundwork for more accurate inferences about the true size of exophilic tick populations.
现有的外嗜性蜱虫种群普查方法由于无法捕捉到高比例的实际蜱虫种群，因此在估计真实种群数量方面存在局限性。我们目前忽略了这些方法对捕捉克里米亚-刚果出血热病毒载体--寻食蜱（Hyalomma spp.为了满足准确估计蜱虫探求密度的需要，我们设计了一项野外实验，以测试毯式拖曳、毯式标记、二氧化碳诱饵诱捕器和一种特别设计的方法--绝对表面计数--在从已知数量的预设荧光标记蜱虫中捕捉成年蜱虫方面的功效。实验分两个阶段进行，以估算在不同的取样工作量和生境条件下，这些方法的点取样（1 天取样）和累积取样（3 天连续取样）效果。在多元回归模型中控制了蜱虫存活率、宿主干扰和天气对功效的影响。捕捉蜱虫的方法效果差异很大，而且还受采样工作量、栖息地、蜱虫密度、宿主和土壤温度的影响。最有效的方法是绝对表面计数法，其点估计值（39%）和累积功效（83%）都是如此。二氧化碳诱饵诱捕器的最大有效率为 37%，而毯子拖曳和毯子标记法最多只能捕获 8%的标记蜱。我们的研究结果揭示了不同蜱捕捉方法在捕捉成年 H. lusitanicum 上的优缺点，为更准确地推断外嗜血蜱种群的真实规模奠定了基础。
{"title":"Testing the efficiency of capture methods for questing Hyalomma lusitanicum (Acari: Ixodidae), a vector of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.","authors":"Raúl Cuadrado-Matías, Laia Casades-Martí, Alfonso Peralbo-Moreno, Sara Baz-Flores, Edgar García-Manzanilla, Francisco Ruiz-Fons","doi":"10.1093/jme/tjad127","DOIUrl":"10.1093/jme/tjad127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Available methods to census exophilic tick populations have limitations in estimating true population size due to their inability to capture a high proportion of the actual tick population. We currently ignore the efficacy of these methods to capture questing Hyalomma spp. ticks, vectors of the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. To address the need of accurately estimating questing densities of Hyalomma spp., we designed a field experiment to test the efficacy of blanket dragging, blanket flagging, CO2-baited traps, and an ad hoc designed method, absolute surface counts, in capturing adult Hyalomma lusitanicum ticks from known numbers of preset fluorescent-marked ticks. The experiment was designed in 2 stages to estimate the point (1-day sampling) and cumulative (3-day serial sampling) efficacy of the methods under varying sampling effort and habitat. Tick survival, host interference, and weather effects on efficacy were controlled for in multiple regression models. There was high variability in method efficacy for capturing ticks, which was also modulated by effort, habitat, tick density, hosts, and soil temperature. The most effective method was absolute surface counts for both point estimates (39%) and cumulative efficacy (83%). CO2-baited traps reached a maximum efficacy of 37%, while blanket dragging and blanket flagging captured a maximum of the 8% of the marked ticks. Our results reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the different tick capture methods applied to adult H. lusitanicum and lay the groundwork for more accurate inferences about the true size of exophilic tick populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":16325,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Medical Entomology","volume":" ","pages":"152-165"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10784776/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10228859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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