Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23917
Nguyen Dinh-Ngoc
Machining Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) composites are typically accompanied by the appearance of machining damage which strongly impacts the structural integrity of composite parts during their service lives. Studying the correlation between machining damage and its affected factors has still been an open issue. Hence, it is necessary to do more research. This study focuses on investigating the influences of main process parameters and tool wear phenomenon in terms of machining length on the machining quality which was characterized by the surface roughness criterion, the ten-point max, Rz. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted including three levels of feed speed and two degrees of spindle speed. The results revealed that machining damage was mainly influenced by process parameters at a small machining distance, whereas at a longer machining distance, tool wear had a dominant effect on the machining quality than machining parameters. These findings could provide guidelines for selecting suitable machining parameters to enhance the machining quality of CFRP.
{"title":"Influences of Main Machining Process Parameters and Tool Wear on The Machining Damage Generated During Edge Milling CFRP Composites","authors":"Nguyen Dinh-Ngoc","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23917","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23917","url":null,"abstract":"Machining Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs) composites are typically accompanied by the appearance of machining damage which strongly impacts the structural integrity of composite parts during their service lives. Studying the correlation between machining damage and its affected factors has still been an open issue. Hence, it is necessary to do more research. This study focuses on investigating the influences of main process parameters and tool wear phenomenon in terms of machining length on the machining quality which was characterized by the surface roughness criterion, the ten-point max, Rz. A full factorial design of experiments was conducted including three levels of feed speed and two degrees of spindle speed. The results revealed that machining damage was mainly influenced by process parameters at a small machining distance, whereas at a longer machining distance, tool wear had a dominant effect on the machining quality than machining parameters. These findings could provide guidelines for selecting suitable machining parameters to enhance the machining quality of CFRP.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23907
Fnides Mohamed
This work consists of studying the workability of C45 steel in face milling by using coated carbides (GC4040). The objective is to investigate the evolution of surface roughness (Ra, Ry, and Rz) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) according to cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. A full-factorial design (43)was adopted in order to analyse the obtained experimental results via bothAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)design. The levels of cutting speed were as follows: Vc1=57 m/min; Vc2=111m/min; Vc3=222 m/min and Vc4=440 m/min. The ranges of feed rate werefz1=0.024 mm/tooth; fz2=0.048 mm/tooth; fz3=0.096 mm/tooth and fz4=0.192mm/tooth. As for the depth of cut levels, they included ap1=0.2 mm; ap2=0.4mm; ap3=0.6 mm, and ap4=0.8 mm. To determine mathematical models tomake predictions, a statistical analysis of the results by using RSM was appliedto obtain the main effects and interactions plot of the answer. Furthermore, amulti-objective optimization procedure for minimizing Ra and maximizing themetal removed rate using the desirability approach was also implemented.Therefore, the developed models can be effectively used to predict the surfaceroughness criteria and the material removal rate in machining C45 steel. Theresults indicated that feed rate is a significant factor affecting surfaceroughness (Ra: 52.37%, Ry: 80.97%, and Rz: 54.96%), followed by cuttingspeed (Ra: 37.88%, Ry: 12.90%, and Rz: 24.43%). Meanwhile, cutting speedand feed rate are the most significant parameters on the MRR with a contribution of 29.5% followed by the depth of cut with 11.62%.
{"title":"Optimization and Mathematical Modelling of Surface Roughness Criteria and Material Removal Rate when Milling C45 Steel using RSM and Desirability Approach","authors":"Fnides Mohamed","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23907","url":null,"abstract":"This work consists of studying the workability of C45 steel in face milling by using coated carbides (GC4040). The objective is to investigate the evolution of surface roughness (Ra, Ry, and Rz) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) according to cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. A full-factorial design (43)was adopted in order to analyse the obtained experimental results via bothAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM)design. The levels of cutting speed were as follows: Vc1=57 m/min; Vc2=111m/min; Vc3=222 m/min and Vc4=440 m/min. The ranges of feed rate werefz1=0.024 mm/tooth; fz2=0.048 mm/tooth; fz3=0.096 mm/tooth and fz4=0.192mm/tooth. As for the depth of cut levels, they included ap1=0.2 mm; ap2=0.4mm; ap3=0.6 mm, and ap4=0.8 mm. To determine mathematical models tomake predictions, a statistical analysis of the results by using RSM was appliedto obtain the main effects and interactions plot of the answer. Furthermore, amulti-objective optimization procedure for minimizing Ra and maximizing themetal removed rate using the desirability approach was also implemented.Therefore, the developed models can be effectively used to predict the surfaceroughness criteria and the material removal rate in machining C45 steel. Theresults indicated that feed rate is a significant factor affecting surfaceroughness (Ra: 52.37%, Ry: 80.97%, and Rz: 54.96%), followed by cuttingspeed (Ra: 37.88%, Ry: 12.90%, and Rz: 24.43%). Meanwhile, cutting speedand feed rate are the most significant parameters on the MRR with a contribution of 29.5% followed by the depth of cut with 11.62%.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23905
Abdul Malek Abdul Wahab
Unwanted vibration and noise from railroads have a significant negative impact on the environment, causing damage to roads, buildings, and other structures. To mitigate this condition, rail pads have been installed as dampers to lessen the impact of vibration and shock on the railway track. The rail pad is made of a polymeric substance having nonlinear properties. This research examined the dynamic stiffness of rail pads made of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). ANSYS software was used to estimate the impact of temperature, toe load, and frequency under dynamic loading. The three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FE) was created based on hyperelastic theory. The dynamic stiffness of the interlayer decreases with increasing temperature. For the effect of peak load and frequency, both parameters were directly proportional to dynamic stiffness. An increase in either parameter results in a stiffening of the interlayer. Frequency has the least effect on the dynamic stiffness of the track bed compared to temperature and peak load, with the average percentage difference between high and low being 28.31%, 55.57%, and 21.9%, respectively.
{"title":"Evaluating the Nonlinear Dynamic Stiffness of Rail Pad using Finite Element Method","authors":"Abdul Malek Abdul Wahab","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23905","url":null,"abstract":"Unwanted vibration and noise from railroads have a significant negative impact on the environment, causing damage to roads, buildings, and other structures. To mitigate this condition, rail pads have been installed as dampers to lessen the impact of vibration and shock on the railway track. The rail pad is made of a polymeric substance having nonlinear properties. This research examined the dynamic stiffness of rail pads made of thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs). ANSYS software was used to estimate the impact of temperature, toe load, and frequency under dynamic loading. The three-dimensional (3D) finite element model (FE) was created based on hyperelastic theory. The dynamic stiffness of the interlayer decreases with increasing temperature. For the effect of peak load and frequency, both parameters were directly proportional to dynamic stiffness. An increase in either parameter results in a stiffening of the interlayer. Frequency has the least effect on the dynamic stiffness of the track bed compared to temperature and peak load, with the average percentage difference between high and low being 28.31%, 55.57%, and 21.9%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23920
Emad Toma Karash
The issue of metal fatigue emerged as one of the major issues in a variety of engineering designs, and the design engineers were forced to take metals' fatigue resistance into account. In this paper, multiple quenching mediums and varied heat treatments were utilized to examine the effects of various heat treatments on the development of fatigue cracking in steel. The model that was carburized, quenched in distilled water and tempered before being quenched once more in distilled water and tempered a second time had the best outcomes, the fewest cycles needed to cause the model to fail, and a correlation between the rate of fatigue crack propagation and the length of the crack, according to the results. Additionally, the analytical findings demonstrated that this model, as opposed to models with fixed stress intensity factors, has a fatigue crack growth rate. The model that was carburized, quenched in coolant, then tempered and quenched again without performing the tempered appearance failed very rapidly. The high rate of the stress intensity factor with fatigue crack propagation is shown by the data analysis. The results show a reduction in the growth amount tendency of fatigue crack in the linear region mode-III.
{"title":"The Influence of Repeated Heat Treatments on The Propagation of Fatigue Cracking of Medium Carburized Steel","authors":"Emad Toma Karash","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23920","url":null,"abstract":"The issue of metal fatigue emerged as one of the major issues in a variety of engineering designs, and the design engineers were forced to take metals' fatigue resistance into account. In this paper, multiple quenching mediums and varied heat treatments were utilized to examine the effects of various heat treatments on the development of fatigue cracking in steel. The model that was carburized, quenched in distilled water and tempered before being quenched once more in distilled water and tempered a second time had the best outcomes, the fewest cycles needed to cause the model to fail, and a correlation between the rate of fatigue crack propagation and the length of the crack, according to the results. Additionally, the analytical findings demonstrated that this model, as opposed to models with fixed stress intensity factors, has a fatigue crack growth rate. The model that was carburized, quenched in coolant, then tempered and quenched again without performing the tempered appearance failed very rapidly. The high rate of the stress intensity factor with fatigue crack propagation is shown by the data analysis. The results show a reduction in the growth amount tendency of fatigue crack in the linear region mode-III.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23898
Ezmin Abdullah
IPMVP is an acronym for International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol, used for calculating energy savings by taking some external factors into account to give an equal base for a linear comparison between two periods. However, determining the significant independent variable for routine adjustment causes inconvenient repeated action of regression analysis modeling, which leads to the exhaustive calculation and human error risk. These exasperating actions led to the creation of this project, which aims to provide a user-friendly, insightful, and accurate energy-saving calculation program tool. Thus, the main objective of this project is to develop an energy-saving computational tool for option C IPMVP using web-based data analytic tools to improve efficiency and accuracy in each project. This paper used a web-based mathematical computation, Jupyter Notebook, to determine the significant independent variable for routine adjustment of the adjusted baseline. The program tool was validated using V-model software verification and validation methodology based on IEEE 1012 standards. The study can be concluded that the exhaustive calculation to determine the energy saving based on IPMVP standards can be significantly reduced with precision values at 50%, 80%, 90%, and 95% confidence levels using the proposed program which is equipped with insightful graphs and a user-friendly interface.
{"title":"GUI-Based Data Visualisation Tool for Option C IPMVP using Jupyter Notebook","authors":"Ezmin Abdullah","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23898","url":null,"abstract":"IPMVP is an acronym for International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol, used for calculating energy savings by taking some external factors into account to give an equal base for a linear comparison between two periods. However, determining the significant independent variable for routine adjustment causes inconvenient repeated action of regression analysis modeling, which leads to the exhaustive calculation and human error risk. These exasperating actions led to the creation of this project, which aims to provide a user-friendly, insightful, and accurate energy-saving calculation program tool. Thus, the main objective of this project is to develop an energy-saving computational tool for option C IPMVP using web-based data analytic tools to improve efficiency and accuracy in each project. This paper used a web-based mathematical computation, Jupyter Notebook, to determine the significant independent variable for routine adjustment of the adjusted baseline. The program tool was validated using V-model software verification and validation methodology based on IEEE 1012 standards. The study can be concluded that the exhaustive calculation to determine the energy saving based on IPMVP standards can be significantly reduced with precision values at 50%, 80%, 90%, and 95% confidence levels using the proposed program which is equipped with insightful graphs and a user-friendly interface.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23900
Choe-Yung Teoh
This paper describes the design of a two-stage force amplification frame for the piezoelectric energy harvester to capture mechanical energy from walking human footsteps. The frame design optimises the stress distribution to improve the force amplification ratio on the existing footstep energy harvesters. The magnification of the input force exerted on a piezoelectric stack increases the system's power output. A combination of single and compound two-stage frame design with additional linkage support was proposed, which maximise the conversion of tension to compression forces. The proposed frame also significantly reduces the maximum displacement of the frame to ensure walking comfort. The frame is tested with the input force of 85 N to 120 N based on the adult footstep during walking and running. The simulated results show that the proposed frame has a force amplification ratio of 25.3, an 11.85% improvement from the existing frames. The frame also limits the maximum displacement to 1.02 mm, 22.14% compared to the existing frames.
{"title":"Design of Two-Stage Force Amplification Frame for Piezoelectric Energy Harvester","authors":"Choe-Yung Teoh","doi":"10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23900","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v20i3.23900","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the design of a two-stage force amplification frame for the piezoelectric energy harvester to capture mechanical energy from walking human footsteps. The frame design optimises the stress distribution to improve the force amplification ratio on the existing footstep energy harvesters. The magnification of the input force exerted on a piezoelectric stack increases the system's power output. A combination of single and compound two-stage frame design with additional linkage support was proposed, which maximise the conversion of tension to compression forces. The proposed frame also significantly reduces the maximum displacement of the frame to ensure walking comfort. The frame is tested with the input force of 85 N to 120 N based on the adult footstep during walking and running. The simulated results show that the proposed frame has a force amplification ratio of 25.3, an 11.85% improvement from the existing frames. The frame also limits the maximum displacement to 1.02 mm, 22.14% compared to the existing frames.","PeriodicalId":16332,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135486817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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