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Interconnectedness of Health and Economy in Post-COVID-19: A Systems Thinking Approach to Synergies, Trade-Offs, and Policy Responses in Nepal. 后 COVID-19 时代健康与经济的相互联系:尼泊尔的协同作用、权衡与对策的系统思考方法》。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5101
Shiva R Adhikari, Kapil Pokharel, Khagendra Katuwal, Dilli Ram Upreti, Naveen Adhikari, Nirmal K Raut

Background: This study addresses the economic challenges posed by the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, with a specific focus on Nepal. Employing a Systems Thinking approach, the study develops a comprehensive model that integrates macroeconomic interventions, exploring the trade-offs and synergies among various economic sectors. The interconnectedness of health, economic, and policy domains highlights the need for a holistic understanding of the pandemic's effects.

Methods: An exploratory research design was used. The model introduces three primary subsystems-import, local demand, and local production-illustrating their interdependence. The causal loop diagram depicts the implications of fiscal and monetary policies on the economy, emphasizing the synergy and trade-offs resulting from policy interventions.

Results: Findings reveal the significant economic impact of the pandemic on Nepal, leading to its negative growth rate in FY 2020/21, the first time Nepal has experienced this in the last two decades. The results show that both intended and unintended consequences are observed following the adoption of fiscal and monetary policy that aimed at minimizing the spread of virus suggesting a complex nature of relationship among the policy variables. The fiscal policy induced negative consequences on the increasing loan, slow revenue growth, while positive feedbacks are observed on increased investment opportunities, and boosting of local economy. The monetary measures yielded unintended consequences on the rising land prices, surge in share market.

Conclusions: The study concludes by emphasizing the crucial role of informed policymaking in navigating the complex landscape, offering insights for creating a resilient and sustainable post-pandemic future.

背景:本研究探讨了 2019 年冠状病毒病(COVID-19)大流行给经济带来的挑战,重点关注尼泊尔。本研究采用系统思维方法,建立了一个综合模型,整合宏观经济干预措施,探索各经济部门之间的权衡与协同作用。健康、经济和政策领域之间的相互联系凸显了全面了解大流行病影响的必要性:采用探索性研究设计。该模型引入了三个主要子系统--进口、本地需求和本地生产--说明它们之间的相互依存关系。因果循环图描述了财政和货币政策对经济的影响,强调了政策干预的协同作用和权衡:研究结果表明,大流行病对尼泊尔的经济产生了重大影响,导致尼泊尔在 2020/21 财政年度出现负增长,这是尼泊尔在过去二十年中首次出现负增长。结果表明,在采取旨在尽量减少病毒传播的财政和货币政策后,既出现了预期后果,也出现了意外后果,这表明政策变量之间的关系十分复杂。财政政策会导致贷款增加、收入增长缓慢等负面影响,而投资机会增加和地方经济增长则会带来正反馈。货币措施则对土地价格上涨、股票市场飙升产生了意想不到的后果:本研究最后强调了知情决策在驾驭复杂局面中的关键作用,并为创造一个具有复原力和可持续性的大流行病后未来提供了真知灼见。
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引用次数: 0
Obstetric Characteristics and Functional Outcomes in Women with Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury. 产科肛门括约肌损伤妇女的产科特征和功能结果。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5118
Shree Prasad Adhikari, Sandesh Poudel, Sapana Amatya Baidhya, Manisha Yadav

Background: Obstetric anal sphincter injury is a complication of vaginal delivery, if left untreated, causes significant maternal morbidities; urinary problems and fecal/ flatus incontinence. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and describe the obstetric characteristics and functional outcomes of women who had vaginal delivery at Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital Nepal and sustained Obstetric anal sphincter injury.

Methods: This retrospective descriptive study included women who had vaginal delivery, irrespective of parity, in the labor room or birthing unit of Paropakar Maternity and Women's Hospital from April 2018 to September 2020, and sustained Grade III or IV Obstetric anal sphincter injury after 28 weeks period of gestation. Maternal characteristics, obstetric details and perineal status after vaginal delivery were noted after review of hospital records. The patients were further inquired via telephone for their current status of fecal and/or urinary incontinence.

Results: The incidence of OASI was 106 (0.33%) among 31, 786 Nepalese women with vaginal birth over a 2-year period. The mean age women with Obstetric anal sphincter injury was 24.6 ± 4.3 years and 45(52.9%) cases belonged to Janajati ethnicity. Fifty two (61.2 %) were primipara and 77 (90.6%) had spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Episiotomy was not performed on most of the patients (63, 74.1%). Problems with flatus holding, stool holding and urine holding was reported by 28.3%, 13.2% and 22.6% women respectively.

Conclusions: The incidence of Obstetric anal sphincter injury among Nepalese women with vaginal birth over a 2-year period was 0.33%, which was lower than other South Asian studies. Grade III Obstetric anal sphincter injury was the frequent most type. The injuries were more common in women with Janajati ethnicity, primipara and women who did not have episiotomy. Problems with flatus holding and urine holding were present in almost one-fourth of the women with Obstetric anal sphincter injury at follow up.

背景:产科肛门括约肌损伤是阴道分娩的一种并发症,如果不及时治疗,会导致严重的孕产妇疾病、排尿问题和大便/小便失禁。本研究旨在确定在尼泊尔帕罗帕卡妇产医院进行阴道分娩并遭受产科肛门括约肌损伤的产妇的发病率,并描述其产科特征和功能结果:这项回顾性描述性研究纳入了2018年4月至2020年9月期间在帕罗帕卡妇产医院产房或分娩室进行阴道分娩的产妇,无论其奇偶性如何,并在妊娠28周后出现III级或IV级产科肛门括约肌损伤。在查阅医院记录后,记录了产妇特征、产科详情和阴道分娩后的会阴状况。通过电话进一步询问了患者目前的大便和/或小便失禁情况:在 31 786 名经阴道分娩的尼泊尔妇女中,两年内发生产科尿失禁的人数为 106 人(0.33%)。产科肛门括约肌损伤妇女的平均年龄为(24.6 ± 4.3)岁,45 例(52.9%)属于贾那贾提族。52例(61.2%)为初产妇,77例(90.6%)为自然阴道分娩。大多数患者(63 例,74.1%)没有进行外阴切开术。分别有 28.3%、13.2% 和 22.6% 的产妇报告有憋气、憋便和憋尿问题:结论:在为期两年的研究中,经阴道分娩的尼泊尔妇女产科肛门括约肌损伤的发生率为 0.33%,低于其他南亚研究。三级产科肛门括约肌损伤是最常见的类型。这种损伤在 Janajati 族、初产妇和未做外阴切开术的产妇中更为常见。近四分之一的产科肛门括约肌损伤妇女在随访时存在憋气和憋尿问题。
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引用次数: 0
A Critical Analysis of Safe Abortion Road Map in Nepal. 对尼泊尔安全堕胎路线图的批判性分析。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4947
Jagadishwor Ghimire, Sanju Maharjan, Pratikshya Kattel, Deeb Shrestha Dangol, Bibek Kumar Lal, Nisha Joshi, Gauri Pradhan Shrestha, Archana Suwal, Ojasbi Bhattarai, Suruchi Shahi, Manish Gautam, Navaraj Bhattarai, Suresh Mehata, Bhogendra Raj Dotel, Sujan Karki

Background: Abortion was legalized by the 2002 Muluki Ain to combat the surging rates of maternal mortality and morbidity. By 2021, the Maternal Mortality Rate plummeted to 151 from 539 in 1996. The decline in the abortion-related maternal mortality attributes to the implication of progressive abortion policies that includes expanded safe abortion services introduction of medical abortion, constitutional recognition of abortion, the mandates by Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act, and free-of-cost abortion services in government health facilities. This review study delves into exploring the contemporary abortion policies and its implications on women's access to safe abortion services as well as the factors that affect the access.

Methods: This study incorporates findings from extensive desk review of abortion services in Nepal.

Results: The 2021 safe abortion services Program Implementation Guideline aims to expand safe abortion sites; however, the Nepal's challenging geography ensues its inequitable distribution, especially in mountainous area. Policy provisions on information and financial accessibility to abortion are well navigated by the Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act and regulation but consistent to sporadic gaps in its implementation were comprehended in this study. This paper further discussed the Safe Motherhood and Reproductive Health Rights Act's regressive mandate of 28-week gestational limit at any condition and the role of gender in abortion decision-making under the pretext of factors influencing safe abortion services.

Conclusions: The review study recommends strategies: improving capacity for abortion services under federalism, combating stigma, improving the private sector's readiness, and building a resilient health system.

背景:2002 年的《穆卢基协议》将堕胎合法化,以应对急剧上升的孕产妇死亡率和发病率。到 2021 年,孕产妇死亡率从 1996 年的 539 人骤降至 151 人。与堕胎相关的孕产妇死亡率的下降归因于渐进式堕胎政策的影响,包括扩大安全堕胎服务、引入医疗堕胎、宪法承认堕胎、《安全孕产和生殖健康权利法》的规定以及政府卫生机构提供免费堕胎服务。本审查研究深入探讨了当代堕胎政策及其对妇女获得安全堕胎服务的影响,以及影响获得安全堕胎服务的因素:本研究纳入了对尼泊尔人工流产服务的广泛案头审查结果:2021 年安全堕胎服务计划实施指南》旨在扩大安全堕胎场所;然而,尼泊尔极具挑战性的地理环境导致安全堕胎场所分布不均,尤其是在山区。安全孕产和生殖健康权利法案》和法规对流产信息和资金可及性的政策规定进行了很好的引导,但本研究了解到在其实施过程中仍存在零星的差距。本文进一步讨论了《安全孕产和生殖健康权利法》规定的任何情况下 28 周妊娠限制的倒退规定,以及在影响安全堕胎服务的因素的借口下,性别在堕胎决策中的作用:审查研究建议采取以下战略:提高联邦制下的堕胎服务能力,消除耻辱感,提高私营部门的准备程度,以及建立一个有弹性的卫生系统。
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引用次数: 0
Clinical Characteristics of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Outcome of Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy. 增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的临床特征和增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体旁切除术的疗效
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4958
Raba Thapa, Sanjita Sharma, Eli Pradhan, Sushma Duwal, Govinda Paudyal

Background: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among people with diabetes. The study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted from September 2019 to December 2021 among consecutive cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent pars plana vitrectomy at a tertiary eye care center. Study was conducted after ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. Detailed systemic and ocular history, visual acuity, ocular findings under mydriasis, surgical procedures, and outcome following pars plana vitrectomy were recorded. Cases were followed up regularly until one year after the pars plana vitrectomy.

Results: Total of 83 cases (89 eyes) of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 53 years ±9.7 SD, ranging from 26 years to 72 years. Males comprised of 62.7% cases. Type two diabetes comprised of 94% of cases. Indications for pars plana vitrectomy were; mixed vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (38.2%), non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage (38.1%), and tractional retinal detachment only (24.7%). Pre-operative intra-vitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor was given in 78.65% eyes and pan retinal photocoagulation in 58.42% eyes. The anatomical success was achieved in 95.5% eyes, visual improvement in 68.54%, static in 14.6% and worsened in 16.86% of eyes. About 15.7% of eyes had some form of post- operative complications.

Conclusions: Vitreous hemorrhage with tractional retinal detachment, persistent vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment involving macula were the common indication of pars plana vitrectomy among cases of Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Anatomical success and visual acuity improvement can be achieved in majority of the eyes following PPV in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

背景:增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变是导致糖尿病患者失明的主要原因。该研究旨在评估增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的临床特征和增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变玻璃体旁切除术的结果:2019年9月至2021年12月,在一家三级眼科医疗中心对接受玻璃体旁切除术的增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变连续病例进行了前瞻性研究。研究在获得机构审查委员会的伦理批准后进行。研究详细记录了患者的系统和眼部病史、视力、瞳孔散大时的眼部检查结果、手术过程以及玻璃体旁切除术后的结果。对病例进行定期随访,直至玻璃体旁切除术后一年:共有 83 例(89 只眼)增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者参与了研究。平均年龄为 53 岁(±9.7 SD),从 26 岁到 72 岁不等。男性占 62.7%。二型糖尿病患者占 94%。玻璃体旁切除术的适应症包括:混合性玻璃体出血和牵引性视网膜脱离(38.2%)、非清扫性玻璃体出血(38.1%)和仅牵引性视网膜脱离(24.7%)。78.65%的患者术前在玻璃体内注射了抗血管内皮生长因子,58.42%的患者进行了泛视网膜光凝。95.5%的眼睛获得了解剖学上的成功,68.54%的眼睛视力得到改善,14.6%的眼睛视力保持不变,16.86%的眼睛视力恶化。约 15.7% 的眼睛出现了某种形式的术后并发症:结论:在增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变病例中,玻璃体出血伴牵引性视网膜脱离、持续性玻璃体出血和涉及黄斑的牵引性视网膜脱离是平面旁玻璃体切除术的常见适应症。大多数增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变患者在接受玻璃体切割术后都能获得解剖学上的成功和视力的改善。
{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Outcome of Pars Plana Vitrectomy in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.","authors":"Raba Thapa, Sanjita Sharma, Eli Pradhan, Sushma Duwal, Govinda Paudyal","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4958","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness among people with diabetes. The study aimed to assess the clinical characteristics of proliferative diabetic retinopathy and outcome of pars plana vitrectomy in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A prospective study was conducted from September 2019 to December 2021 among consecutive cases of proliferative diabetic retinopathy who underwent pars plana vitrectomy at a tertiary eye care center. Study was conducted after ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. Detailed systemic and ocular history, visual acuity, ocular findings under mydriasis, surgical procedures, and outcome following pars plana vitrectomy were recorded. Cases were followed up regularly until one year after the pars plana vitrectomy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Total of 83 cases (89 eyes) of proliferative diabetic retinopathy were enrolled in the study. The mean age was 53 years ±9.7 SD, ranging from 26 years to 72 years. Males comprised of 62.7% cases. Type two diabetes comprised of 94% of cases. Indications for pars plana vitrectomy were; mixed vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment (38.2%), non-clearing vitreous hemorrhage (38.1%), and tractional retinal detachment only (24.7%). Pre-operative intra-vitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor was given in 78.65% eyes and pan retinal photocoagulation in 58.42% eyes. The anatomical success was achieved in 95.5% eyes, visual improvement in 68.54%, static in 14.6% and worsened in 16.86% of eyes. About 15.7% of eyes had some form of post- operative complications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Vitreous hemorrhage with tractional retinal detachment, persistent vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment involving macula were the common indication of pars plana vitrectomy among cases of Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Anatomical success and visual acuity improvement can be achieved in majority of the eyes following PPV in Proliferative diabetic retinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"157-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Feeding Practices of Infants and Young Children in Pokhara Metropolitan City. 博卡拉市婴幼儿的喂养方式。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4869
Varsha Manandhar, Baidehi Upadhyaya, Smriti Manandhar, Alisha Manandhar, Amrita Ghimire

Background: For children to grow and develop normally, appropriate feeding practices are essential, especially in the first two years of their lives. These practices can vary depending on the different sociodemographic factors. This study aims to study the feeding practices of infants and young children in different wards of Pokhara Metropolitan City.

Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted and 280 mothers of infants and young children 0-23 months of age were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were entered and cleaned in Ms-Excel and then exported to SPSS version 21.0 for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to find the association of feeding practices with different independent variables.

Results: Only 32.3% of children 0-5 months of age were found to be appropriately breastfed, and 41.8% of children 6-23 months of age were found to have appropriate complementary feeding practices. Children delivered by normal vaginal delivery (AOR 18.118, p < 0.01, 95% CI 3.831 - 85.689) were more likely to have appropriate breastfeeding practices than those delivered by caesarean section. Children of birth order two or more (AOR 2.226, p = 0.016, 95% CI 1.171 - 4.620) and living in nuclear families (AOR 2.488, p = 0.013, 95% CI 1.120 - 5.116) were found to have appropriate complementary feeding practices.

Conclusions: This study concludes that the feeding practices of the majority of the infants and young children in Pokhara are not adequate as per the WHO and UNICEF standards.

背景:要使儿童正常生长发育,适当的喂养方式至关重要,尤其是在儿童出生后的头两年。这些喂养方式会因不同的社会人口因素而有所不同。本研究旨在调查博卡拉市不同病房的婴幼儿喂养方式:采用半结构式问卷对 280 名 0-23 个月婴幼儿的母亲进行了访谈。数据在 Ms-Excel 中输入和清理,然后导出到 SPSS 21.0 版进行统计分析。采用二元逻辑回归分析找出喂养方式与不同自变量之间的关联:结果发现,只有 32.3% 的 0-5 个月大儿童采用适当的母乳喂养,41.8% 的 6-23 个月大儿童采用适当的辅食喂养。正常阴道分娩的婴儿(AOR 18.118,p < 0.01,95% CI 3.831 - 85.689)比剖腹产的婴儿更有可能采用适当的母乳喂养方式。出生顺序为两个或两个以上(AOR 2.226,p = 0.016,95% CI 1.171 - 4.620)和生活在核心家庭(AOR 2.488,p = 0.013,95% CI 1.120 - 5.116)的儿童有适当的辅食喂养方式:这项研究的结论是,按照世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会的标准,博卡拉大多数婴幼儿的喂养方式并不适当。
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引用次数: 0
Chronic Cavitary Pulmonary Aspergillosis: Complication of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. 慢性腔隙性肺曲霉病:肺结核并发症。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4344
Bishal Tiwari, Sudeep Adhikari, Manoj Ghimire, Suraj Singh, Amir Kafle

Pulmonary Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of the lungs that can lead to invasive disease and the formation of cavities, especially in the immunocompromised population. The most common clinical features are no symptoms at all to fever, cough, nondescript chest discomfort, trivial hemoptysis, and shortness of breath. Most patients respond well to Itraconazole therapy. Pulmonary Tuberculosis is one of the conditions that can lead to Aspergillosis, especially in cavities that are formed by Mycobacteria; both often manifest with similar clinical features and lead to diagnostic error. We present a case of a 28-year-old male diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis who developed symptoms of persistent cough, hemoptysis, increasing fatigue, and weight loss despite compliance with antitubercular therapy. Ultimately diagnosis of Cavitary pulmonary aspergillosis was made on clinical, laboratory, and radiological grounds. In a patient presenting with worsening symptoms of tuberculosis, there should be a suspicion of aspergillosis, necessitating the performance of standard fungal infection investigations. Keywords: Immunocompromise iosts; lung cavity; pulmonary aspergillosis; tuberculosis.

肺曲霉菌病是一种肺部真菌感染,可导致侵袭性疾病和空洞的形成,尤其是在免疫力低下的人群中。最常见的临床特征是无症状、发热、咳嗽、不明原因的胸部不适、轻微咯血和气短。大多数患者对伊曲康唑治疗反应良好。肺结核是可能导致曲霉菌病的疾病之一,尤其是在分枝杆菌形成的空洞中;两者往往表现出相似的临床特征,导致诊断错误。我们介绍了一例被诊断为肺结核的 28 岁男性病例,尽管他接受了抗结核治疗,但还是出现了持续咳嗽、咯血、乏力加重和体重减轻等症状。根据临床、实验室和放射学诊断,最终确诊为腔隙性肺曲霉菌病。对于肺结核症状恶化的患者,应怀疑曲霉菌病,有必要进行标准的真菌感染检查。关键词免疫缺陷病;肺腔;肺曲霉菌病;肺结核。
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引用次数: 0
Perception and Willingness Regarding Organ Transplantation/donation among Medical Students of Maharajgunj Medical Campus: A Cross-sectional Study. Maharajgunj 医学院医学生对器官移植/捐献的看法和意愿:横断面研究。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5159
Amit Sharma Bhattarai, Bidur Adhikari, Deepak Raj Joshi, Alisha Yadav, Pankaj Joshi, Bashu Dev Parajuli, Megha Koirala, Kushal Jung Karki, Krishna Prasad Subedi, Gentle Sunder Shrestha, Anil Shrestha, Shreejana Singh

Background: Organ transplant is the procedure of replacing a failing or damaged organ with a functioning one. Positive attitude and awareness about donation are a must for donor organs to be available. This study explored the level of knowledge, perception and willingness regarding organ donation among medical students in Nepal.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 medical students using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used, and Pearson correlation was applied to examine the relationship between knowledge and perception of organ transplantation. Independent samples t-test and ANOVA was used to compare scores among year of study and gender.

Results: Results indicated that 86.1% of participants were aware of the need for organ donation, and 83.3% knew that both living and deceased individuals could be donors. While 93.9% believed in the need for effective laws, 72.8% perceived risks for donors. However, only 74.4% were willing to donate their organs, though 91.7% expressed willingness to promote organ donation among friends and family. Participants showed a positive perception towards organ donation.

Conclusions: Despite a high level of awareness and knowledge regarding organ donation, participants exhibited a lower level of willingness to donate organs. Perceived risks for donors and a lack of robust laws and regulations presented significant barriers. Nevertheless, an inclination to promote organ donation was observed. This underlines the need for enhanced education and policy reform to increase organ donation rates.

背景:器官移植是用功能正常的器官替代衰竭或受损器官的程序。积极的态度和捐赠意识是获得捐赠器官的必要条件。本研究探讨了尼泊尔医科学生对器官捐献的了解程度、看法和意愿:使用自制问卷对 180 名医科学生进行了描述性横断面研究。研究采用了描述性统计方法,并运用了皮尔逊相关法来检验器官移植知识与认知之间的关系。采用独立样本 t 检验和方差分析比较不同年级和性别学生的得分:结果表明,86.1% 的参与者知道器官捐献的必要性,83.3% 的参与者知道生者和死者都可以捐献器官。93.9%的人认为需要制定有效的法律,72.8%的人认为捐献者面临风险。不过,只有 74.4% 的人愿意捐献器官,尽管 91.7% 的人表示愿意向朋友和家人宣传器官捐献。参与者对器官捐献持积极态度:尽管参与者对器官捐献有较高的认识和了解,但他们捐献器官的意愿较低。他们认为器官捐献存在风险,而且缺乏健全的法律法规,这些都是阻碍器官捐献的重要因素。尽管如此,人们还是倾向于推动器官捐献。这凸显了加强教育和政策改革以提高器官捐献率的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of Sonographic Findings with Diagnostic Mammography. 超声波检查结果与诊断性乳房 X 线照相术的比较。
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4193
Birendra Raj Joshi, Bishnu Paudel, Anamika Jha

Background: Breast cancer is the leading female cancer worldwide with a high mortality rate. Early detection of the suspicious lesion is crucial for better prognosis. Higher breast density decreases the sensitivity of mammogram. Ultrasound can differentiate between cystic and solid masses and further characterize these as benign or possibly malignant. Our objective was to compare the findings of sonography with diagnostic mammography.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study including 125 females who underwent diagnostic mammogram in a tertiary care center. The mammograms were evaluated and the patients were scanned by ultrasound and categorized as per ACR- BIRADS category. The findings of diagnostic mammography were compared with that of ultrasonography using SPSS version 25.

Results: The heterogeneously dense breast in diagnostic mammography corresponded to the heterogenous- fibroglandular breast in ultrasonography. In majority, ultrasound increased the BIRADS category for the lesion than designated by the diagnostic mammography. It was particularly useful for category 0 and 3 lesions which were indeterminate and required further imaging.

Conclusions: Ultrasound was useful in evaluation of dense breasts with ACR-BIRADS 0 and 3 in diagnostic mammogram. For category 3 and 4 in diagnostic mammogram, ultrasound showed category 1 or 2 lesions which aided to alleviate patient anxiety and avoid unnecessary biopsies. With emerging technological advances in ultrasound, it can used as a powerful tool for breast lesion detection and patient management.

背景:乳腺癌是全球女性的头号癌症,死亡率很高。早期发现可疑病灶对改善预后至关重要。乳房密度越高,乳房 X 光检查的灵敏度就越低。超声波可区分囊性肿块和实性肿块,并进一步确定这些肿块是良性还是恶性。我们的目的是比较超声波检查和诊断性乳腺 X 光检查的结果:这是一项横断面研究,包括 125 名在一家三级医疗中心接受乳房 X 光诊断检查的女性。对乳房 X 光检查结果进行评估,并对患者进行超声波扫描,根据 ACR- BIRADS 分类对患者进行分类。使用 SPSS 25 版对诊断性乳腺 X 光检查结果与超声波检查结果进行了比较:结果:诊断性乳房 X 线照相术中的异质性致密乳房与超声波检查中的异质性纤维腺状乳房相对应。与诊断性乳腺 X 线照相术相比,大多数超声波检查增加了病变的 BIRADS 分类。结论:超声波对评估乳腺组织致密性病变很有用:结论:超声波有助于评估乳房X光诊断中ACR-BIRADS 0和3级的致密乳房。对于诊断性乳房 X 光检查中的第 3 类和第 4 类病变,超声波显示的是第 1 类或第 2 类病变,这有助于减轻患者的焦虑,避免不必要的活组织检查。随着超声技术的不断进步,它可以作为乳腺病变检测和患者管理的有力工具。
{"title":"Comparison of Sonographic Findings with Diagnostic Mammography.","authors":"Birendra Raj Joshi, Bishnu Paudel, Anamika Jha","doi":"10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Breast cancer is the leading female cancer worldwide with a high mortality rate. Early detection of the suspicious lesion is crucial for better prognosis. Higher breast density decreases the sensitivity of mammogram. Ultrasound can differentiate between cystic and solid masses and further characterize these as benign or possibly malignant. Our objective was to compare the findings of sonography with diagnostic mammography.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross sectional study including 125 females who underwent diagnostic mammogram in a tertiary care center. The mammograms were evaluated and the patients were scanned by ultrasound and categorized as per ACR- BIRADS category. The findings of diagnostic mammography were compared with that of ultrasonography using SPSS version 25.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The heterogeneously dense breast in diagnostic mammography corresponded to the heterogenous- fibroglandular breast in ultrasonography. In majority, ultrasound increased the BIRADS category for the lesion than designated by the diagnostic mammography. It was particularly useful for category 0 and 3 lesions which were indeterminate and required further imaging.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultrasound was useful in evaluation of dense breasts with ACR-BIRADS 0 and 3 in diagnostic mammogram. For category 3 and 4 in diagnostic mammogram, ultrasound showed category 1 or 2 lesions which aided to alleviate patient anxiety and avoid unnecessary biopsies. With emerging technological advances in ultrasound, it can used as a powerful tool for breast lesion detection and patient management.</p>","PeriodicalId":16380,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Health Research Council","volume":"22 1","pages":"87-90"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correlation Between Radiological Grading and Clinical Scoring in Knee Osteoarthritis Patients. 膝关节骨性关节炎患者的放射学分级与临床评分之间的相关性
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.5017
Kshitiz Sapkota, Sandesh Gautam, Prajjwol Luitel, Radhika Sapkota, Sabin Pokharel

Background: Osteoarthritis is characterized by mechanical joint abnormalities, primarily involving articular cartilage and subchondral bone degradation. Diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis relies on American College of Rheumatology criteria, and severity assessment utilizes the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score and Kellgren and Lawrence grading. Despite reported associations, discrepancies persist in the correlation between Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and Kellgren and Lawrence grade.

Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the National Trauma Centre, over six months with consecutive convenience sampling. Demographic and clinico-radiological data were collected. Mean, SD and correlation coefficient was calculated.

Results: Consecutive convenient sampling yielded 80 participants meeting American College of Rheumatology criteria, aged 52-81 years, predominantly female (67.50%). Significant positive correlations were identified between age, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index score, and KL grade. Results showed most cases with Kellgren and Lawrence grade III and strong correlations (r=0.73, p=0.00) between total Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores and Kellgren and Lawrence grading. Notably, pain, stiffness and physical functions individually exhibited a significant possitive correlation with Kellgren and Lawrence grading. The study affirms age-related influences on osteoarthritis, emphasizes female predilection, and underscores the importance of assessing both clinical and radiological parameters.

Conclusions: In conclusion, this study supports Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index efficacy in dynamic disease assessment and management, especially in settings where radiological examinations may be impractical, thus establishing Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index as a versatile tool for systematic monitoring and intervention in knee osteoarthritis.

背景:骨关节炎的特点是机械性关节异常,主要涉及关节软骨和软骨下骨退化。膝骨关节炎的诊断依赖于美国风湿病学会的标准,严重程度的评估则采用西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分以及凯尔格伦和劳伦斯分级。尽管有相关报道,但西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数与 Kellgren 和 Lawrence 分级之间的相关性仍存在差异:在国家创伤中心进行了为期 6 个月的描述性横断面研究,采用连续方便抽样法。收集了人口统计学和临床放射学数据。计算平均值、标清值和相关系数:结果:通过连续方便抽样,共抽取了 80 名符合美国风湿病学会标准的患者,年龄在 52-81 岁之间,主要为女性(67.50%)。年龄、西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数评分与 KL 分级之间存在显著正相关。结果显示,大多数病例的 Kellgren 和 Lawrence 分级为 III 级,西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数总分与 Kellgren 和 Lawrence 分级之间存在很强的相关性(r=0.73,p=0.00)。值得注意的是,疼痛、僵硬和身体功能与 Kellgren 和 Lawrence 分级之间存在显著的正相关性。该研究证实了骨关节炎与年龄有关的影响因素,强调了女性的偏好,并强调了评估临床和放射学参数的重要性:总之,这项研究支持西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数在动态疾病评估和管理方面的功效,尤其是在放射检查可能不切实际的情况下,从而确立了西安大略和麦克马斯特大学骨关节炎指数作为系统监测和干预膝骨关节炎的多功能工具的地位。
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引用次数: 0
Endoscopic Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts: Clinical Profile and Outcome Analysis. 胰腺假性囊肿的内镜引流术:临床概况和结果分析
Q3 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-22 DOI: 10.33314/jnhrc.v22i01.4650
Ram Bahadur Gurung, Pasand Sharma, Prakash Sapkota, Ashish Shrestha, Pramita Shrestha

Background: Pancreatic pseudocyst is a complication of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Although surgery considered the gold standard, there is a rapid shift towards endoscopic treatment owing to its therapeutic outcome and minimal invasive involvement. This study aims to present the clinical profile and outcome analysis of the endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts in Dhulikhel Hospital.

Methods: This is a retrospective review of all patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic pseudocyst between January 2015 and December 2018 in Dhulikhel Hospital. The retrospective data were on patient characteristics, etiology, location of the cyst, other clinical characteristics.

Results: The study included 51 patients and the average age of the patients in this study was 39 years and among them 62.7% were female. The mean size of pseudocyst was 7.89 cm, and the average days of hospital stay was 13.64. The most common etiology was idiopathic and more than half of the patient's cyst was in head and/or body, 15 and 36 underwent conservative and therapeutic management respectively. The technical success rate was at 94% and reported increased pancreatic pseudocyst in Dhulikhel Hospital from 2015-18.

Conclusions: The study findings highlight the increased trend of pancreatitis pseudocyst as a complication of acute or chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic drainage of pseudocyst with plastic stent is an established method of managing it. However, pancreatic pseudocyst even larger than 6 cm can undergo spontaneous resolution.Hence, conservative management should be considered first.

背景:胰腺假性囊肿是急性和慢性胰腺炎的并发症:胰腺假性囊肿是急性和慢性胰腺炎的并发症之一。尽管手术被认为是金标准,但由于其治疗效果和微创性,目前正迅速转向内镜治疗。本研究旨在介绍 Dhulikhel 医院胰腺假性囊肿内镜引流术的临床概况和结果分析:这是对 2015 年 1 月至 2018 年 12 月期间在 Dhulikhel 医院确诊为胰腺假性囊肿的所有患者进行的回顾性研究。回顾性数据包括患者特征、病因、囊肿位置、其他临床特征:该研究共纳入 51 名患者,患者平均年龄为 39 岁,其中 62.7% 为女性。假性囊肿的平均大小为 7.89 厘米,平均住院天数为 13.64 天。最常见的病因是特发性,一半以上的患者囊肿位于头部和/或身体,分别有 15 人和 36 人接受了保守和治疗。技术成功率为94%,据报道,2015-18年间,杜利凯尔医院的胰腺假性囊肿有所增加:研究结果凸显了胰腺炎假性囊肿作为急性或慢性胰腺炎并发症的增加趋势。使用塑料支架在内镜下引流假性囊肿是一种成熟的处理方法。然而,即使胰腺假性囊肿大于 6 厘米,也可自行消退。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Nepal Health Research Council
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