Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46999
K. Dhakal, Dilip Bohora, Birendra Bista, H. Oli, Sanjay Singh, D. Bhattarai, N. Karki, A. Yadav
Extraction of alkaloids from Alnus nepalensis bark has been successfully carried out and used as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion exposed to 1 M H2SO4 solution. Alkaloids have been tested by chemical, UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods.Corrosion inhibition was monitored by weight loss measurement and electrochemical methods(open circuit potential method and potentiodynamic polarization method). Weight loss measurement was employed to study the inhibitor concentration and immersion time effect. Similarly, the temperature effect on inhibition efficiency was also carried out by this method. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency observed for 1000 ppm solution for 3 h was 71.94 % at 25 °C. The OCP measurement revealed that alkaloids acted as a mixed type of inhibitor. Potentiodynamic polarization for 3 h immersed samples in the presence and absence of inhibitors was carried out. The corrosion current density was decreased with the increasing concentration. The maximum efficiency of immersed sample in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution was 78.48 %. The adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the energy of activation (Ea) was found to be 71.41 kJ/mol. The positive value of enthalpy indicated that the reaction involves is endothermic.
从尼泊尔桤木树皮中成功提取生物碱，并将其作为低碳钢腐蚀的绿色缓蚀剂，暴露于1 M H2SO4溶液中。生物碱已通过化学、紫外和红外光谱方法进行了测试。采用失重法和电化学方法(开路电位法和动电位极化法)监测缓蚀作用。采用失重法研究了缓蚀剂的浓度和浸泡时间对缓蚀剂的影响。同样，该方法还研究了温度对缓蚀效率的影响。在25°C条件下，1000 ppm溶液作用3 h的最大缓蚀效率为71.94%。OCP测定表明，生物碱是一种混合型抑制剂。在存在和不存在抑制剂的情况下，对浸液3 h的样品进行了动电位极化。腐蚀电流密度随腐蚀浓度的增加而减小。在1000ppm的抑制剂溶液中，浸样的最高效率为78.48%。计算了吸附等温线和热力学参数，得到活化能为71.41 kJ/mol。焓值为正值表明反应是吸热的。
{"title":"Alkaloids extract of Alnus nepalensis bark as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in 1 M H2SO4 solution","authors":"K. Dhakal, Dilip Bohora, Birendra Bista, H. Oli, Sanjay Singh, D. Bhattarai, N. Karki, A. Yadav","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46999","url":null,"abstract":"Extraction of alkaloids from Alnus nepalensis bark has been successfully carried out and used as a green inhibitor for mild steel corrosion exposed to 1 M H2SO4 solution. Alkaloids have been tested by chemical, UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods.Corrosion inhibition was monitored by weight loss measurement and electrochemical methods(open circuit potential method and potentiodynamic polarization method). Weight loss measurement was employed to study the inhibitor concentration and immersion time effect. Similarly, the temperature effect on inhibition efficiency was also carried out by this method. The maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency observed for 1000 ppm solution for 3 h was 71.94 % at 25 °C. The OCP measurement revealed that alkaloids acted as a mixed type of inhibitor. Potentiodynamic polarization for 3 h immersed samples in the presence and absence of inhibitors was carried out. The corrosion current density was decreased with the increasing concentration. The maximum efficiency of immersed sample in 1000 ppm inhibitor solution was 78.48 %. The adsorption isotherm and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and the energy of activation (Ea) was found to be 71.41 kJ/mol. The positive value of enthalpy indicated that the reaction involves is endothermic.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83384006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47029
S. Pandeya, N. Sharma, Deepak Basyal
The current study evaluated the phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). It is a highly invasive ornamental garden plant species, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. Leaves of L. camara were extracted successively by petroleum ether and methanol by continuous hot percolation. The phytochemical screening was carried out by color reaction with different reagents. The Well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar was used for evaluating antimicrobial activity. The LD50 value was determined by acute toxicity studies. The analgesic activity was carried out by tail immersion method, antimotility activity was carried out by charcoal movement test and the antidiabetic activity was carried out by oral glucose tolerance test. The extractive value of methanolic and petroleum ether was found to be 10.11% and 3.11% respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed a positive reaction test for glycoside, tannin, saponin, steroid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, diterpene, and triterpene. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (p<0.05) and didn't show any activity against E. coli. The LD50 value was found above 2000mg/kg. The analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity of plant extract showed significant results in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The study revealed that the plant possessed antibacterial, analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity. Further studies are needed to standardize the extract and evaluation of the safety profile in long-term toxicity studies is recommended
{"title":"Phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara linn. leaves extract","authors":"S. Pandeya, N. Sharma, Deepak Basyal","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47029","url":null,"abstract":"The current study evaluated the phytochemical and biological screening of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae). It is a highly invasive ornamental garden plant species, native to tropical and sub-tropical America. Leaves of L. camara were extracted successively by petroleum ether and methanol by continuous hot percolation. The phytochemical screening was carried out by color reaction with different reagents. The Well diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar was used for evaluating antimicrobial activity. The LD50 value was determined by acute toxicity studies. The analgesic activity was carried out by tail immersion method, antimotility activity was carried out by charcoal movement test and the antidiabetic activity was carried out by oral glucose tolerance test. The extractive value of methanolic and petroleum ether was found to be 10.11% and 3.11% respectively. The preliminary phytochemical screening showed a positive reaction test for glycoside, tannin, saponin, steroid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, diterpene, and triterpene. The extract showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (p<0.05) and didn't show any activity against E. coli. The LD50 value was found above 2000mg/kg. The analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity of plant extract showed significant results in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.05). The study revealed that the plant possessed antibacterial, analgesic, antimotility and antidiabetic activity. Further studies are needed to standardize the extract and evaluation of the safety profile in long-term toxicity studies is recommended","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83748096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46961
Surendra Thapa, K. Poudel, Shova Kumari Limbu, G. Dahal, Shanta Pokhrel
Lemon (Citrus limon) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The fresh lemons were collected from the local market of Kathmandu, Nepal. Hexane and methanol extracts of plant material i.e. lemon peel were screened for the analysis of the presence of phytochemicals as well as their antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of lemon peel showed the maximum positive phytochemical test with the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, tannins etc. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from fresh peels of lemon using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Twenty six (26) chemical components were identified in the essential oil of lemon peel. Lemon peel essential oil indicated the presence of Pinene (β) (15.46 %), Limonene (28.94 %), and Terpinene (γ) (8.64), Terpinen-4-ol (3.29 %), Neral (4.20 %), Geranial (5.28 %) as major components. The lemon peel essential oil was found to be a potent antibacterial agent against the Bacillus subtilis (21 mm).
{"title":"Phytochemical Screening, GC Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Citrus limon Peel Extract and Essential Oil","authors":"Surendra Thapa, K. Poudel, Shova Kumari Limbu, G. Dahal, Shanta Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46961","url":null,"abstract":"Lemon (Citrus limon) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. The fresh lemons were collected from the local market of Kathmandu, Nepal. Hexane and methanol extracts of plant material i.e. lemon peel were screened for the analysis of the presence of phytochemicals as well as their antibacterial activity. Methanol extract of lemon peel showed the maximum positive phytochemical test with the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, glycosides, saponin, tannins etc. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation from fresh peels of lemon using the Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Twenty six (26) chemical components were identified in the essential oil of lemon peel. Lemon peel essential oil indicated the presence of Pinene (β) (15.46 %), Limonene (28.94 %), and Terpinene (γ) (8.64), Terpinen-4-ol (3.29 %), Neral (4.20 %), Geranial (5.28 %) as major components. The lemon peel essential oil was found to be a potent antibacterial agent against the Bacillus subtilis (21 mm).","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74828635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47031
R. Paudel, Gopinand Karn, Girija Aryal, J. Giri, R. Adhikari, M. L. Sharma
Bhasmas are prepared from metallic and herbal ingredients and are also referred to as herbo-metallic preparations. Lauha bhasma (LB) is one of the iron-based herbo-metallic preparations used in Ayurvedic medicine for treating various ailments due to iron deficiency. The preparation of LB involves normal purification (samanya sodhana), special purification(vishesha sodhana) followed by drying under sunlight (bhanupaka), heating in a frying pan (sthalipaka), and calcination (putapaka) with Triphala kwatha as a medium under the temperature of 650 oC in an electric muffle furnace (EMF) and maintained for 1 hour. LB is subjected to different physicochemical analysis and modern analytical methods using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Prepared LB is also undertaken to antibacterial study and is compared with market samples. The results suggest that organoleptic characters, preliminary test, and the physicochemical result of LB suggest that these steps were necessary to obtain a good quality of bhasma and also make it acceptable during the Bhasmikarna process. From physicochemical analysis data, it was observed the negligible moisture content (0.42 %; loss on drying), total ash value (17.3 %), acid insoluble ash value (7.6 %). It was observed that LB was prepared in 21 puta where the average crystalline size was found to be 57.23 nm from XRD spectra. SEM analysis shows the fine coarse structure with a uniform particle size of LB. EDX graph shows the presence of Fe (75.43 %) as a major element.FTIR spectra suggest the presence of different organic moieties which enhance the therapeutic action due to which bhasma shows significant antibacterial properties.
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Study of Synthesized Lauha Bhasma","authors":"R. Paudel, Gopinand Karn, Girija Aryal, J. Giri, R. Adhikari, M. L. Sharma","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47031","url":null,"abstract":"Bhasmas are prepared from metallic and herbal ingredients and are also referred to as herbo-metallic preparations. Lauha bhasma (LB) is one of the iron-based herbo-metallic preparations used in Ayurvedic medicine for treating various ailments due to iron deficiency. The preparation of LB involves normal purification (samanya sodhana), special purification(vishesha sodhana) followed by drying under sunlight (bhanupaka), heating in a frying pan (sthalipaka), and calcination (putapaka) with Triphala kwatha as a medium under the temperature of 650 oC in an electric muffle furnace (EMF) and maintained for 1 hour. LB is subjected to different physicochemical analysis and modern analytical methods using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Spectroscopy (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Prepared LB is also undertaken to antibacterial study and is compared with market samples. The results suggest that organoleptic characters, preliminary test, and the physicochemical result of LB suggest that these steps were necessary to obtain a good quality of bhasma and also make it acceptable during the Bhasmikarna process. From physicochemical analysis data, it was observed the negligible moisture content (0.42 %; loss on drying), total ash value (17.3 %), acid insoluble ash value (7.6 %). It was observed that LB was prepared in 21 puta where the average crystalline size was found to be 57.23 nm from XRD spectra. SEM analysis shows the fine coarse structure with a uniform particle size of LB. EDX graph shows the presence of Fe (75.43 %) as a major element.FTIR spectra suggest the presence of different organic moieties which enhance the therapeutic action due to which bhasma shows significant antibacterial properties.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76350743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47034
Anup Karn, S. Thakur, Bindra Shrestha
Wheat straw and Sugarcane bagasse are agricultural as well as industrial wastes rich in lignocellulosic components that can be extracted easily and used as a renewable source of energy. The main aim of this present work was to explore the alternative source of cellulose extraction using simple, fast, and eco-friendly conditions. The process involves NaOH degradation, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching using hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent. The extracted compound was analyzed by XRD and FTIR techniques. The XRD peaks obtained were specific to cellulose Iβ which is a crystalline allomorph with a monoclinic structure. The crystallite size of cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse was 10.51 nm which is larger than the size of cellulose obtained from wheat straw i.e 4.04 nm. Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse showed a crystallinity index of 51.84 % whereas wheat straw showed only 17.94 %. The yield was slightly higher in wheat straw than in sugarcane bagasse. FTIR analysis in sugarcane bagasse showed a characteristic peak at 3255.84 cm-1 which is shifted to 3340 cm-1 in the case of wheat straw. This peak is due to the vibration of the –OH group in both of the materials. However, both of the materials showed the vibration of the C-O-C bond at 1033 cm-1.
{"title":"Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Agricultural Residues: Wheat Straw and Sugarcane Bagasse","authors":"Anup Karn, S. Thakur, Bindra Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47034","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat straw and Sugarcane bagasse are agricultural as well as industrial wastes rich in lignocellulosic components that can be extracted easily and used as a renewable source of energy. The main aim of this present work was to explore the alternative source of cellulose extraction using simple, fast, and eco-friendly conditions. The process involves NaOH degradation, acid hydrolysis, and bleaching using hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent. The extracted compound was analyzed by XRD and FTIR techniques. The XRD peaks obtained were specific to cellulose Iβ which is a crystalline allomorph with a monoclinic structure. The crystallite size of cellulose obtained from sugarcane bagasse was 10.51 nm which is larger than the size of cellulose obtained from wheat straw i.e 4.04 nm. Cellulose from sugarcane bagasse showed a crystallinity index of 51.84 % whereas wheat straw showed only 17.94 %. The yield was slightly higher in wheat straw than in sugarcane bagasse. FTIR analysis in sugarcane bagasse showed a characteristic peak at 3255.84 cm-1 which is shifted to 3340 cm-1 in the case of wheat straw. This peak is due to the vibration of the –OH group in both of the materials. However, both of the materials showed the vibration of the C-O-C bond at 1033 cm-1.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85935366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46959
Susma Kc, Nelson Rai, Sambridhi Shah, R. Joshi, Naresh Raut, Situ Shrestha Pradhanang, R. Pandit
Urea Formaldehyde (UF) resins have good chemical resistivity and high thermal stability, making them an excellent choice in the construction industry. They, however, pulverize quickly and have low strength and toughness. In this work, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were added to UF as nanofillers to influence its compressive strength. MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing magnesium nitrate at different concentrations, using orange peel extract. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to confirm the formation of MgO nanoparticles. XRD results showed the formation of 43 nm, 35.28 nm, and 32.5 nm sized nanoparticles for 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and 0.4 M concentrations respectively. The varying-sized MgO nanoparticles were used for the preparation of UF/MgOnanocomposite at different weight-percentage (wt-%) ratios. A comparative study on the compressive strength of Urea Formaldehyde resins and UF/MgO was performed. From the results, it was found that the addition of MgO nanoparticles to UF resin enhances the compressive strength at certain wt-% ratios.
{"title":"Influence of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles on the Compressive Strength of Urea Formaldehyde Resin","authors":"Susma Kc, Nelson Rai, Sambridhi Shah, R. Joshi, Naresh Raut, Situ Shrestha Pradhanang, R. Pandit","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46959","url":null,"abstract":"Urea Formaldehyde (UF) resins have good chemical resistivity and high thermal stability, making them an excellent choice in the construction industry. They, however, pulverize quickly and have low strength and toughness. In this work, magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles were added to UF as nanofillers to influence its compressive strength. MgO nanoparticles were synthesized by reducing magnesium nitrate at different concentrations, using orange peel extract. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques were used to confirm the formation of MgO nanoparticles. XRD results showed the formation of 43 nm, 35.28 nm, and 32.5 nm sized nanoparticles for 0.1 M, 0.2 M, and 0.4 M concentrations respectively. The varying-sized MgO nanoparticles were used for the preparation of UF/MgOnanocomposite at different weight-percentage (wt-%) ratios. A comparative study on the compressive strength of Urea Formaldehyde resins and UF/MgO was performed. From the results, it was found that the addition of MgO nanoparticles to UF resin enhances the compressive strength at certain wt-% ratios.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89180445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47035
K. Bohara, Love Raj Bhatt, P. Saud, Mahesh Kumar Joshi
A study was performed to investigate the status of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues present in fruits and vegetables. For this purpose, samples were collected from the local markets of Godawari municipality and Dhangadhisub-metropolitan city of Sudurpaschim province in the Kailali district of Nepal. Samples were analyzed for pesticide residues by the rapid bioassay for pesticide residues (RBPR) technology. The obtained results showed that in fruits the highest inhibition (%) of carbamates(CMs) was present in the banana 29.488%and the highest inhibition (%) of organophosphates(OPs) was present in orange 17.433%. The highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (%) of CMs and OPs pesticides was found to be associated with Sting gourd i.e. 20.574% and 25.357% respectively. The findings point out the urgent need to address the potential risk of exposure to multiple pesticide residues via stringent monitoring programs on daily basis from pesticides present in the diet.
{"title":"Assessment of Neurotoxic Pesticides Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Bioassay Technique","authors":"K. Bohara, Love Raj Bhatt, P. Saud, Mahesh Kumar Joshi","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.47035","url":null,"abstract":"A study was performed to investigate the status of organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues present in fruits and vegetables. For this purpose, samples were collected from the local markets of Godawari municipality and Dhangadhisub-metropolitan city of Sudurpaschim province in the Kailali district of Nepal. Samples were analyzed for pesticide residues by the rapid bioassay for pesticide residues (RBPR) technology. The obtained results showed that in fruits the highest inhibition (%) of carbamates(CMs) was present in the banana 29.488%and the highest inhibition (%) of organophosphates(OPs) was present in orange 17.433%. The highest acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition (%) of CMs and OPs pesticides was found to be associated with Sting gourd i.e. 20.574% and 25.357% respectively. The findings point out the urgent need to address the potential risk of exposure to multiple pesticide residues via stringent monitoring programs on daily basis from pesticides present in the diet.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88676615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46956
K. Sharma, Prakash Ghimire, Umesh Neupane
The phase diagram study of the binary organic system has been investigated by the thaw melt method using 4-hydroxy- 3 methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) and 4-nitroaniline (NA). The temperature-composition plot showed that the intermolecular compound (IMC) has formed at 1:1 molar ratio with two eutectics on either side of IMC. The melting points of eutectics and IMC along with parents are verified by the DSC method. The different phases of the systems which are in equilibrium and their physicochemical properties are estimated using the enthalpy of fusion values obtained from DSC. The higher melting temperature of IMC suggested the formation of Schiff base during homogenization process. The new and moderately sharp Bragg’s peaks at specific 2θ values found in the diffractogram of IMC revealed the novelty and crystalline nature of IMC while repeated peaks in the diffractogram of eutectics suggest the mechanical mixture of eutectics
{"title":"Solid-Liquid Equilibrium Study for Binary System Forming Intermolecular Compound: Phase Diagram, Thermal, Physicochemical and Powder XRD study","authors":"K. Sharma, Prakash Ghimire, Umesh Neupane","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46956","url":null,"abstract":"The phase diagram study of the binary organic system has been investigated by the thaw melt method using 4-hydroxy- 3 methoxybenzaldehyde (HMB) and 4-nitroaniline (NA). The temperature-composition plot showed that the intermolecular compound (IMC) has formed at 1:1 molar ratio with two eutectics on either side of IMC. The melting points of eutectics and IMC along with parents are verified by the DSC method. The different phases of the systems which are in equilibrium and their physicochemical properties are estimated using the enthalpy of fusion values obtained from DSC. The higher melting temperature of IMC suggested the formation of Schiff base during homogenization process. The new and moderately sharp Bragg’s peaks at specific 2θ values found in the diffractogram of IMC revealed the novelty and crystalline nature of IMC while repeated peaks in the diffractogram of eutectics suggest the mechanical mixture of eutectics","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81609248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-08-30DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46960
Jagjit Kour, Pratima Bhatt
Plastics degrade into nano plastic or microplastic. Microplastics (MPs) leaches from plastic packaging to food affect human health. In this study overall migration of different plastics packaging was determined by using IS 9845: 1998 method. Food simulant distilled water (Simulant A) for aqueous/non acidic foods (pH ≥ 5) without fat, 3% acetic acid (simulant B) for aqueous, acidic food (pH≤ 5) without fat at 40°C/10 daysand n-heptane (simulant D) for edible fatty foods at 38°C/0.5 were used as per Bureau of Indian Standards IS - 9845-1998. Overall migration in local candy (Titaura) ranges from 4.51580 to 20.43310 mg/kg in food simulant 3% acetic acid (simulant B) and by using n-heptane (simulant D) it ranges from 12.2400 to 41.1066mg/kg. Similarly in pickles migration of microplastics range from 51.16 to 58.56 mg/kg by using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/kg. The overall migration of microplastics in Yogurt samples were found to be 3.0186 to 19.2093 mg/L using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/L.
{"title":"Microplastic Leaching in Local Candy, Pickles and Yogurt Packed in Plastic Containers","authors":"Jagjit Kour, Pratima Bhatt","doi":"10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v43i1.46960","url":null,"abstract":"Plastics degrade into nano plastic or microplastic. Microplastics (MPs) leaches from plastic packaging to food affect human health. In this study overall migration of different plastics packaging was determined by using IS 9845: 1998 method. Food simulant distilled water (Simulant A) for aqueous/non acidic foods (pH ≥ 5) without fat, 3% acetic acid (simulant B) for aqueous, acidic food (pH≤ 5) without fat at 40°C/10 daysand n-heptane (simulant D) for edible fatty foods at 38°C/0.5 were used as per Bureau of Indian Standards IS - 9845-1998. Overall migration in local candy (Titaura) ranges from 4.51580 to 20.43310 mg/kg in food simulant 3% acetic acid (simulant B) and by using n-heptane (simulant D) it ranges from 12.2400 to 41.1066mg/kg. Similarly in pickles migration of microplastics range from 51.16 to 58.56 mg/kg by using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/kg. The overall migration of microplastics in Yogurt samples were found to be 3.0186 to 19.2093 mg/L using simulant B and in the case of simulant D, it ranges from 7.2266 to 58.6266 mg/L.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88458488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The essential oil and methanol extract of the fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum DC were extracted by hydrodistillation in the Clevenger apparatus and cold percolation technique respectively and their chemical and biological studies were performed. The chemical compositions of essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The most abundant ingredient was linalool (75.31%) followed by E-methyl cinnamate (11.73%) and limonene (9.45%). The nature of the functional groups present in the extract was analyzed by performing FTIR analysis. The methanol extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, and saponins. Biological activities of the oil and extract were evaluated by performing brine shrimp bioassay, antibacterial activity test, and antifungal activity test. Essential oil (LC50 = 76.70 μg/mL) and methanol extract (LC50 = 62.25 μg/mL) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. The essential oil showed potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus leutus, and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibitions 11 mm, 16 mm, and 17 mm respectively and moderate antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the zone of inhibitions 9 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm respectively. The methanol extract was found to be effective against gram-positive bacteria only. Both oil and extract showed moderate antifungal activity against bacterial strains.
{"title":"Phytoconstituents and Biological Activities of Zanthoxylum armatum Fruit Extract","authors":"Ishwor Pathak, Shusma Rokaha, Kiran Bahadur Bajracharya","doi":"10.3126/JNCS.V42I1.35363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/JNCS.V42I1.35363","url":null,"abstract":"The essential oil and methanol extract of the fruit of Zanthoxylum armatum DC were extracted by hydrodistillation in the Clevenger apparatus and cold percolation technique respectively and their chemical and biological studies were performed. The chemical compositions of essential oil were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. The most abundant ingredient was linalool (75.31%) followed by E-methyl cinnamate (11.73%) and limonene (9.45%). The nature of the functional groups present in the extract was analyzed by performing FTIR analysis. The methanol extract showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, polyphenols, terpenoids, volatile oils, tannins, and saponins. Biological activities of the oil and extract were evaluated by performing brine shrimp bioassay, antibacterial activity test, and antifungal activity test. Essential oil (LC50 = 76.70 μg/mL) and methanol extract (LC50 = 62.25 μg/mL) were found highly cytotoxic against brine-shrimp nauplii. The essential oil showed potent antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus leutus, and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibitions 11 mm, 16 mm, and 17 mm respectively and moderate antibacterial activity against the gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the zone of inhibitions 9 mm, 5 mm and 6 mm respectively. The methanol extract was found to be effective against gram-positive bacteria only. Both oil and extract showed moderate antifungal activity against bacterial strains.","PeriodicalId":16483,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nepal Chemical Society","volume":"57 1","pages":"125-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76819013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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