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Evolutionary Algorithm for Enhanced Gas Path Analysis in Turbofan Engines 改进涡扇发动机气路分析的进化算法
T. Rootliep, W. Visser, M. Nollet
Adaptive modelling (AM) based Gas Path Analysis (GPA) is a powerful diagnostic and prognostic technique for turbofan engine maintenance. This involves the assessment of turbofan component condition using thermodynamic models that can iteratively adapt to measurements values in the gas path by changing component condition parameters. The problem with this approach is that newer turbofan engines such as the General Electric GEnx-1B have fewer gas path sensors installed causing the AM equation systems to become underdetermined. To overcome this problem, a novel approach has been developed that combines the AM model with an Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) optimization scheme and applies it to multiple operating points. Additionally, these newer turbofan engines provide performance data continuously during flight. Information on variable geometry and bleed valve position, active clearance control state and power off-take is included and can be accounted for to further enhance AM model accuracy. A procedure is proposed where the selection of operating points is based on steady-state stability requirements, cycle model operating point uncertainty and parameter outlier filtering. The Gas turbine Simulation Program (GSP) is used as the non-linear GPA modelling environment. A Multiple Operating Point Analysis (MOPA) is chosen to overcome the problem of underdetermination by utilizing multiple data sets at different operating points. The EA finds the best fit of health parameter deviations by minimizing the multi-point objective function using the GSP AM model. A sub-form of the EA class named Differential Evolution (DE) has been chosen as the optimizer. Like all EAs, DE is a parallel direct search method in which a population of parameter vectors evolves following genetic operations towards an optimum output candidate. The resulting hybrid GPA tool has been verified by solving for different simulated deterioration cases of a GSP model. The tool can identify the direction and magnitude of condition deviation of 10 health parameters using 6 gas path sensors. It has subsequently been validated using historical in-flight data of the GEnx-1B engine. It has demonstrated successful tracking of engine component condition for all 10 health parameters and identification of events such as turbine blade failure and water washes. The authors conclude that the tool has proven significant potential to enhance turbofan engine condition monitoring accuracy for minimizing maintenance costs and increasing safety and reliability.
基于自适应建模(AM)的气路分析(GPA)是涡扇发动机维修的一种强有力的诊断和预测技术。这涉及到使用热力学模型来评估涡轮风扇组件的状态,该模型可以通过改变组件条件参数来迭代地适应气路中的测量值。这种方法的问题在于,通用电气GEnx-1B等新型涡扇发动机安装的气路传感器较少,导致AM方程系统变得不确定。为了克服这一问题,开发了一种将AM模型与进化算法(EA)优化方案相结合的新方法,并将其应用于多个工作点。此外,这些较新的涡扇发动机在飞行过程中不断提供性能数据。可变几何形状和排气阀位置、主动间隙控制状态和功率带走的信息包括在内,可以进一步提高增材制造模型的精度。提出了一种基于稳态稳定性要求、循环模型工作点不确定性和参数离群值滤波的工作点选择方法。采用燃气轮机仿真程序(GSP)作为非线性GPA建模环境。采用多工作点分析(MOPA)方法,利用不同工作点的多个数据集来克服欠确定问题。该方法利用GSP AM模型,通过最小化多点目标函数,找到健康参数偏差的最佳拟合。EA类的一个子形式——差分进化(Differential Evolution, DE)被选为优化器。与所有ea一样,DE是一种并行直接搜索方法,其中参数向量的种群随着遗传操作向最佳输出候选方向发展。通过求解GSP模型的不同模拟劣化情况,验证了混合GPA工具的有效性。该工具使用6个气路传感器,可识别10个健康参数状态偏差的方向和大小。随后使用GEnx-1B发动机的历史飞行数据进行了验证。它已经成功地跟踪了发动机部件的所有10个健康参数,并识别了涡轮叶片故障和水洗等事件。作者得出结论,该工具已被证明具有显著的潜力,可以提高涡轮风扇发动机状态监测的准确性,从而最大限度地降低维护成本,提高安全性和可靠性。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis and Design of Centrifugal Blowers for the Pressure Ratio Range 1.2 - 1.8 压力比1.2 ~ 1.8离心式鼓风机的分析与设计
J. Howard, A. Engeda
Centrifugal/centrifugal compressor designs within pressure ratio range of 2.0–4.0 have well-established guidelines for most common gases, and it is possible to determine optimum compressor geometry for numerous applications as characterized by specific speed or flow coefficient. Specific speed can be correlated to various combinations of inlet tip-exit diameter ratio, inlet hub-tip diameter ratio, blade exit back-sweep, and inlet-tip absolute tangential velocity for solid body pre-whirl. For centrifugal compressors in the pressure ratio range of 1.2–1.8, commonly known as blowers, there lacks organized and systematic optimum design procedures. Blowers, among many others uses, are widely used in HVAC, and provide air for ventilation and industrial process requirements. Due to broad applications in industry, blowers comprise an important sub-group of turbomachinery. This paper provides analysis and design data for blowers in the pressure ratio range of 1.2–1.8. Specific speed is determined from the data provided, and accurate correlations to possible achievable maximum efficiencies are established within a good operational range. Furthermore, plots of impeller exit flow angle, inlet tip-exit diameter ratio, inlet hub-tip diameter ratio, head coefficient, and blade exit back-sweep are provided over a range of specific speeds for various tip speeds to permit rapid selection of optimum blower size and shape for a variety of applications. The design procedure follows a method that enables efficient blade passage sizing. When the blower inlet and outlet velocities, diameters, blade widths, and blade angles are determined and fixed, the blade passage and profile will be sized by applying an energy, momentum, and continuity balance analysis. The application of these equations equates the proper pressure and velocity distribution throughout the blower impeller. Generally, the passage is designed to accommodate an optimum prescribed diffusion rate.
压力比在2.0-4.0范围内的离心式/离心式压缩机设计对大多数常见气体都有完善的指导方针,并且可以根据特定的速度或流量系数确定许多应用的最佳压缩机几何形状。对于固体预旋,比速度可以与进口尖-出口直径比、进口轮毂-尖端直径比、叶片出口后掠和进口尖绝对切向速度的各种组合相关联。对于压力比在1.2-1.8范围内的离心式压缩机,即俗称鼓风机,缺乏有组织、系统的优化设计程序。鼓风机,在许多其他用途中,广泛用于暖通空调,并为通风和工业过程要求提供空气。由于在工业上的广泛应用,鼓风机构成了涡轮机械的一个重要分支。本文提供了压力比在1.2 ~ 1.8范围内鼓风机的分析和设计数据。根据提供的数据确定具体速度,并在良好的操作范围内建立与可能实现的最大效率的准确相关性。此外,叶轮出口气流角、进口尖端-出口直径比、进口轮毂-尖端直径比、扬程系数和叶片出口后掠图在不同尖端速度的特定速度范围内提供,以便为各种应用快速选择最佳鼓风机尺寸和形状。设计过程遵循一种方法,使有效的叶片通道尺寸。当鼓风机进出口速度、直径、叶片宽度和叶片角度确定和固定后,将通过应用能量、动量和连续性平衡分析来确定叶片通道和轮廓的大小。这些方程的应用等于在整个鼓风机叶轮中适当的压力和速度分布。通常,通道的设计是为了适应最佳规定的扩散速率。
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引用次数: 0
Morphing of Reversible Axial Fan Blade: A FSI-FEM Study 可逆轴流风机叶片变形的FSI-FEM研究
V. F. Barnabei, A. Castorrini, A. Corsini, F. Rispoli
Reversible axial fans are widely used in industrial and tunnel ventilation systems, and a lot of research effort is spent in the design process of the blades shape and blades profile. The target is to achieve reasonable performances in both flow directions, but those are still below the levels of the corresponding non-reversible geometries. In this paper, an alternative design solution for reversible axial fan is presented by adopting flexible blades instead of the rigid ones. Such design, inspired by the boat sails, could allow the blade to change its shape by passively adapting to the flow field, from a symmetrical blade profile to a not symmetric one, and thus adapting the curvature to the flow condition. In the paper, a series of alternative materials and material distributions are analysed and compared. The analysis is conducted by performing Fluid-Structure Interaction simulations using stabilized Finite Elements formulations for both the fluid and the structure dynamics. Simulations are performed using the in-house built software FEMpar, which implements the Residual Based Variational MultiScale to model the Navier-Stokes equation, the Total Lagrangian formulation for the non-linear elastic solid and the Solid Extension Moving Mesh Technique to move the fluid mesh.
可逆轴流风机广泛应用于工业通风和隧道通风系统中,在叶片形状和叶片型线的设计过程中花费了大量的研究精力。目标是在两个流动方向上都达到合理的性能,但这些性能仍然低于相应的非可逆几何形状的水平。本文提出了一种采用柔性叶片代替刚性叶片的可逆轴流风机设计方案。这种设计受到船帆的启发,可以让叶片通过被动地适应流场来改变其形状,从对称的叶片轮廓到不对称的叶片轮廓,从而使曲率适应流动条件。本文对一系列替代材料和材料分布进行了分析和比较。分析是通过使用稳定的有限元公式对流体和结构动力学进行流固耦合模拟来进行的。仿真使用内部软件FEMpar进行,该软件实现了基于残差的变分多尺度模型来模拟Navier-Stokes方程,非线性弹性固体的总拉格朗日公式和固体扩展移动网格技术来移动流体网格。
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引用次数: 2
Optimization of a High Pressure Industrial Fan 高压工业风机的优化设计
E. Rivera, Fanny Besem-Cordova, J. Bonaccorsi
Fans are used in industrial refineries, power generation, petrochemistry, pollution control, etc. These fans can perform in sometimes extreme, mission-critical conditions. The design of fans has historically relied on turbomachinery affinity laws, resulting in oversized machines that are expensive to manufacture and transport. With the increasingly lower CPU cost of fluid modeling, designers can now turn to CFD optimization to produce the necessary machine performance and flow conditions while respecting manufacturing constraints. The objective of this study is to maximize the pressure rise across an industrial fan while respecting manufacturing constraints. First, a 3D scan of the baseline impeller is used to create the CFD model and validated against experimental data. The baseline impeller geometry is then parameterized with 21 free parameters driving the shape of the hub, shroud, blade lean and camber. A fully automated optimization process is conducted using Numeca’s Fine™/Design3D software, allowing for a CPU-efficient Design Of Experiment (DOE) database generation and a surrogate model using the powerful Minamo optimization kernel and data-mining tool. The optimized impeller coupled with a CFD-aided redesigned volute showed an increase in overall pressure rise over the whole performance line, up to 24% at higher mass flow rates compared to the baseline geometry.
风机广泛应用于工业炼化、发电、石油化工、污染治理等领域。这些风扇有时可以在极端的关键任务条件下工作。从历史上看,风扇的设计依赖于涡轮机械的亲和规律,导致制造和运输成本高昂的超大机器。随着流体建模的CPU成本越来越低,设计人员现在可以转向CFD优化,以在尊重制造限制的情况下产生必要的机器性能和流动条件。本研究的目的是在尊重制造限制的情况下最大化工业风扇的压力上升。首先,使用基线叶轮的3D扫描来创建CFD模型,并根据实验数据进行验证。然后用驱动轮毂、叶冠、叶片倾斜度和弧度形状的21个自由参数参数化基准叶轮几何形状。使用Numeca的Fine™/Design3D软件进行全自动优化过程,允许cpu高效的实验设计(DOE)数据库生成和使用功能强大的Minamo优化内核和数据挖掘工具的代理模型。经过优化的叶轮与cfd辅助的重新设计的蜗壳相结合,与基线几何形状相比,在更高的质量流量下,整个性能线的总压力上升幅度增加了24%。
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引用次数: 0
Feasibility Study on the Effect of Blade Inclination for Heavy Duty Centrifugal Fans – Aerodynamic Aspects 重型离心风机叶片倾角影响的可行性研究——气动方面
T. Biedermann, Youssef Moutamassik, F. Kameier
With a special focus on the industrial feasibility and the manufacturability, a recently proposed novel approach to centrifugal impeller blade inclination is adopted and investigated through extensive CFD analysis. The fan blades, originally aligned perpendicular to the impeller backplate, are inclined in either forward or backward direction. For the presented study, an industrially proven fan design is chosen for testing. Compared to the original design, the inclined fan blades possess an increased total blade area and at the same time providing variable inflow angles at the leading edges of the blades. These two factors are expected to alter the fan characteristic curves in providing an increased range of optimum performance while maintaining high aerodynamic efficiency. The results obtained show a clear trend in aerodynamic performance with the degree of inclination, where the characteristic curves rotate at about the design point, allowing local improvements either at overload conditions or part-load conditions of the fan. Moreover, the trends obtained show the tendency to agree well with the rudimentary models published in previous studies, even though it appears to be affected by the fan volute and the point of operation as well.
针对离心叶轮叶片倾角的工业可行性和可制造性,本文采用了一种新的计算方法,并对其进行了广泛的CFD分析。原本垂直于叶轮背板的风扇叶片,在向前或向后的方向上倾斜。对于提出的研究,一个工业证明的风扇设计被选择进行测试。与原来的设计相比,倾斜风扇叶片增加了叶片的总面积,同时在叶片的前缘提供了可变的入流角。预计这两个因素将改变风扇的特性曲线,在保持高空气动力学效率的同时,提供更大范围的最佳性能。得到的结果表明,气动性能随倾斜度的变化有明显的趋势,特性曲线在设计点附近旋转,使得风机在过载或部分负载条件下都能得到局部改善。此外,所获得的趋势显示出与先前研究中发表的基本模型非常一致的趋势,即使它似乎也受到风机蜗壳和操作点的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Design and Analysis of an Aircraft Thermal Management System Linked to a Low-Bypass Ratio Turbofan Engine 低涵道比涡扇发动机飞机热管理系统设计与分析
R. A. Clark, Mingxuan Shi, Jonathan C. Gladin, D. Mavris
The design of an aircraft thermal management system (TMS) that is capable of rejecting heat loads into the bypass stream of a typical low-bypass ratio turbofan engine, or a ram-air stream, is investigated. The TMS consists of an air cycle system (ACS), which is similar to the typical air cycle machines (ACMs) used on current aircraft, both military and commercial. This system turbocharges compressor bleed air and uses heat exchangers in a ram air stream or the engine bypass stream to cool the engine bleed air prior to expanding it to low temperatures suitable for heat rejection. In this study, a simple low-bypass ratio afterburning turbofan engine was modeled in NPSS to provide boundary conditions to the TMS system throughout the flight envelope of a typical military fighter aircraft. The engine was sized to produce sea level static (SLS) thrust roughly equivalent to that of an F-35-class engine. Two different variations of the TMS system, a ram air cooled and a bypass air cooled, were sized to handle a given demanded aircraft heat load, which might include environmental control system (ECS) loads, avionics cooling loads, weapons system loads, or other miscellaneous loads. The architecture and modeling of the TMS is described in detail, and the ability of the sized TMS to reject these demanded aircraft loads throughout several key off-design points was analyzed, along with the impact of ACS engine bleeds on engine thrust and fuel consumption. A comparison is made between the cooling capabilities of the ram-air stream versus the engine bypass stream, along with the benefits and drawbacks of each cooling stream. It is observed that the maximum load dissipation capability of the TMS is tied directly to the amount of engine bleed flow, while the level of bleed flow required is set by the temperature conditions imposed by the aircraft cooling system and the heat transfer fluid used in the ACS thermal transport bus. Furthermore, the higher bypass stream temperatures significantly limit the thermodynamic viability and capability of a TMS designed with bypass air as the ultimate heat sink. The results demonstrate the advantage that adaptive, variable cycle engines (VCEs) may have for future military aircraft designs, as they combine the best features of the two TMS architectures that were studied here.
研究了飞机热管理系统(TMS)的设计,该系统能够将热负荷排除在典型的低涵道比涡扇发动机的旁通流或冲压气流中。TMS由一个空气循环系统(ACS)组成,它类似于目前军用和商用飞机上使用的典型空气循环机(acm)。该系统对压气机引气进行涡轮增压,并在冲压气流或发动机旁通气流中使用热交换器冷却发动机引气,然后将其扩展到适合散热的低温。在这项研究中,在NPSS中对一个简单的低涵道比加力燃烧涡扇发动机进行建模,为典型军用战斗机整个飞行包线的TMS系统提供边界条件。发动机的尺寸可以产生与f -35级发动机大致相当的海平面静态(SLS)推力。TMS系统的两种不同的变体,冲压风冷和旁路风冷,被用于处理给定要求的飞机热负载,其中可能包括环境控制系统(ECS)负载,航空电子冷却负载,武器系统负载或其他杂项负载。详细描述了TMS的结构和建模,并分析了该尺寸TMS在几个关键的非设计点上拒绝这些要求的飞机载荷的能力,以及ACS发动机排气对发动机推力和燃油消耗的影响。对比了冲压空气流和发动机旁通流的冷却能力,以及每种冷却流的优缺点。研究发现,TMS的最大负载耗散能力直接与发动机排气流量有关,而所需的排气流量水平则由飞机冷却系统和ACS热传输总线中使用的传热流体所施加的温度条件决定。此外,较高的旁通流温度严重限制了以旁通空气作为最终散热器设计的TMS的热力学可行性和能力。结果表明,自适应变循环发动机(VCEs)在未来军用飞机设计中可能具有优势,因为它们结合了本文研究的两种TMS架构的最佳特性。
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引用次数: 0
Internal Aerodynamic Performance Evaluation of Double Entrance S-Duct Intake at Moderately High Subsonic Mach Number 中高亚音速马赫数双入口s -风道进气道内部气动性能评价
S. Sidhu, Asad Asghar, W. Allan, R. Stowe, R. Pimentel
Inlets are an essential element of aircraft propulsion systems. Aircraft with fuselage-embedded engines require intake ducts with bends to direct oncoming air into the engine. Consequently they often experience flow separation, losses, total pressure distortion, and swirling flow near the engine faces, all of which are detrimental to engine stability and performance. In some aircraft, double-entrance ducts are used to meet geometric constraints and maintain the required airflow. The present paper investigated aerodynamic performance of a bifurcated Y-duct with S-bends in both horizontal and vertical planes. Intake performance was evaluated at inlet Ma = 0.63 by measuring the surface static pressure along the four stream-wise rows of pressure taps and total pressure and 3D velocities using 5-hole probe across the exit plane of the intake duct. The data were used to determine the static and total pressure recovery, together with associated radial and circumferential distortion coefficients and swirl intensity. This work provides a rare experimental data-set for a twin-entrance, moderately high-subsonic, double S-duct intake. It compared reasonably with the most similar work published, that of single-entrance ducts at higher Mach number. Pressure recovery was on par while swirl was noted to be reduced when compared with those geometries. Complementary computational fluid dynamics was useful in the qualitative comparisons as well.
进气道是飞机推进系统的重要组成部分。机身内嵌式发动机的飞机需要带有弯管的进气管道来引导迎面而来的空气进入发动机。因此,它们经常经历流动分离、损失、总压畸变和发动机表面附近的旋流,所有这些都不利于发动机的稳定性和性能。在一些飞机上,双入口管道被用来满足几何限制和保持所需的气流。本文研究了水平面和垂直面上带有s弯的分叉y形风管的气动性能。在进气道Ma = 0.63时,通过测量沿四排压力水龙头的表面静压、总压和三维速度,使用穿过进气道出口平面的5孔探头来评估进气道性能。这些数据用于确定静压和总压恢复,以及相关的径向和周向畸变系数和旋流强度。这项工作提供了一个罕见的实验数据集双入口,中等高亚音速,双s导管进气。它与大多数已发表的类似工作进行了合理的比较,即在更高马赫数下的单入口管道。与这些几何形状相比,压力恢复是相同的,而漩涡被注意到减少了。互补计算流体力学在定性比较中也很有用。
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引用次数: 0
Optimization of a Tip Appendage for the Control of Tip Leakage Vortices in Axial Flow Fans 控制轴流风机叶顶泄漏涡的叶顶附件优化设计
T. O. Meyer, S. V. D. Spuy, C. Meyer, A. Corsini
This paper presents the numerical optimization of a tip appendage design for the passive control of tip leakage vortices in subsonic axial flow cooling fans. The studied class of fan was designed in the conventional manner without the consideration of tip clearance effects. As such, the objective of this investigation is the improvement of the aerodynamic performance characteristics of the datum fan through consideration of the blade tip geometry. Based on previous studies involving fan performance enhancement using various tip end-plate configurations, the most promising end-plate geometry which is found to best improve the fan’s performance characteristics is selected for further development through optimization. Before the optimization process can begin, initialization of the chosen end-plate’s design space using the Design of Experiments (DoE) technique is performed. Formulation of the response surface is based on a multi-objective multi-point objective function which considers the fan’s various performance metrics. Considering the optimization process, the Design and Analysis of Computer aided Experiments (DACE) method is used in the development of the Kriging based surrogate model’s (SM) database. The resulting database is coupled with an Efficient Global Optimization (EGO) algorithm which completes the workflow of the optimization routine. The Pareto-front of non-dominated solutions is used to guide the optimal design selection, on which the experimental evaluations are based. The experimental results of the optimized design indicate improved fan performance characteristics at greater than peak efficiency flow rates. This design is found to increase the datum fan’s design point performance characteristics by a value of 32.90 percent in total-to-static pressure rise and a 7.66 percentage point increase in total-to-static efficiency at the fan’s design speed of 722 rpm.
针对亚声速轴流冷却风扇叶顶泄漏涡的被动控制,对叶顶附件设计进行了数值优化。所研究的这类风机采用常规设计方法,不考虑叶尖间隙的影响。因此,本研究的目的是通过考虑叶尖几何形状来改善基准风扇的气动性能特征。在前人研究的基础上,采用不同的端板结构来提高风机的性能,选择最能提高风机性能的端板几何形状进行进一步的优化开发。在优化过程开始之前,使用实验设计(DoE)技术对所选端板的设计空间进行初始化。响应面是基于多目标的多点目标函数,考虑风机的各种性能指标。考虑到优化过程,采用计算机辅助实验设计与分析(DACE)方法开发基于Kriging的代理模型(SM)数据库。生成的数据库与高效全局优化(EGO)算法相结合,完成了优化例程的工作流程。利用非支配解的Pareto-front来指导最优设计选择,并以此为基础进行实验评价。优化设计的实验结果表明,在大于峰值效率流量时,风扇的性能特性得到改善。在风机的设计转速为722 rpm时,该设计将基准风机的设计点性能特性提高了32.90%的总静压上升值和7.66个百分点的总静压效率提高。
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引用次数: 1
Influence of Atomization Characteristics on Lean Blow-Out Limits in a Gas Turbine Combustor 雾化特性对燃气轮机燃烧室贫爆极限的影响
Xiwei Wang, Yong Huang, Lei Sun, Yunfeng Liu, Donghui Wang
In order to investigate the effects of atomization characteristics on the lean blow-out (LBO) performance, an experimental study was carried out on the spray and the combustion. The LBO limits and the outlet temperature near the LBO condition of different atomizers were measured in a single dome rectangular model combustor with a dual-radial and a dual-axial swirl cup, respectively. In the combustor, the spray analysis was performed on different atomizers (without combustion) at the LBO condition. The Malvern particle size analyzer was used to measure the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD), and the laser sheet was used to take spray images. First of all, the spray pattern determines the minimum heat release required to maintain the combustion, which corresponds to the ideal LBO fuel/air ratio (FAR), which is the maximum potential for the lean combustion. Secondly, the matching of the spray SMD, the droplet size spatial distribution and the droplet initial velocity with the flow field determines the ratio of the completely burned fuel to the total fuel ejected from the atomizer, which determines the extent to which the combustor exerts its lean combustion potential. In addition, the numerical simulation of the flow field of the combustor with two structures was carried out, which provided an important basis for the theoretical analysis of this paper.
为了研究雾化特性对稀爆性能的影响,对喷雾和燃烧进行了实验研究。在双径向旋流杯和双轴旋流杯的单圆顶矩形模型燃烧室中,分别测量了不同喷嘴的LBO极限和LBO附近的出口温度。在燃烧室中,对不同的雾化器(不燃烧)在LBO条件下进行了喷雾分析。采用Malvern粒度分析仪测量ssauter平均直径(SMD),采用激光片进行喷雾成像。首先,喷雾模式决定了维持燃烧所需的最小热量释放,这对应于理想的LBO燃料/空气比(FAR),这是精益燃烧的最大潜力。其次,喷雾SMD、液滴尺寸空间分布和液滴初速与流场的匹配决定了完全燃烧的燃油占喷雾器喷射总燃油的比例,从而决定了燃烧室发挥稀薄燃烧潜能的程度。此外,还对两种结构燃烧室的流场进行了数值模拟,为本文的理论分析提供了重要依据。
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引用次数: 0
On the Shaft Speed Selection of Parallel Hybrid Aero Engines 并联混合动力航空发动机轴速选择研究
M. Sielemann, J. Gohl, Xin Zhao, K. Kyprianidis, G. Valente, S. Sumsurooah
The boosted turbo fan or parallel hybrid is a promising means to reduce fuel consumption of gas turbines on aircraft. With an electric drive on the low-pressure spool of the gas turbine, it requires a trade-off between the characteristics of the gas turbine and the electric power sub-systems. Reducing specific thrust at a given thrust requirement results in a larger fan with a lower pressure ratio. This leads to improved propulsive efficiency but at the expense of increased weight and nacelle drag. At a given design relative tip Mach number, increasing fan size and hence tip diameter means the fan shaft speed will need to be reduced. This will, according to occasionally quoted ‘rules of thumb’, make the directly coupled electrical drive more efficient but heavier. The objective of this paper is to expose some key aspects of this trade-off in terms of efficiency and weight, and relate them to these guidelines. The paper applies sophisticated methodology in both addressed domains. For the gas turbine, multi-point design is used. Here, established synthesis matching schemes focusing on gas turbine performance parameters are extended with parameters from the sizing and weight estimation such as diameters and tip speeds. For the electrical machine, fully analytical sizing capturing the impact of cooling supply is used. The paper reports estimated gas path and machine geometries. It gives an understanding of the interactions between both sub-systems and allows concluding which low pressure spool speed gives the best instantaneous performance. It largely confirms the quoted rules of thumb but exposes that the factors affecting machine efficiency are more involved than implied for an integrated design.
增压涡轮风扇或并联混合动力是一种很有前途的降低飞机燃气轮机燃油消耗的方法。在燃气轮机的低压阀芯上采用电力驱动,需要在燃气轮机和电力子系统的特性之间进行权衡。在给定的推力要求下减少比推力会导致更大的风扇和更低的压力比。这导致了推进效率的提高,但代价是重量和机舱阻力的增加。在给定的设计相对叶尖马赫数下,增加风扇尺寸和叶尖直径意味着需要降低风扇轴的转速。根据偶尔引用的“经验法则”,这将使直接耦合电驱动更高效,但更重。本文的目标是在效率和权重方面揭示这种权衡的一些关键方面,并将它们与这些指导方针联系起来。本文在这两个领域应用了复杂的方法。对于燃气轮机,采用多点设计。本文将以燃气轮机性能参数为核心的已有综合匹配方案进行了扩展,引入了直径、叶顶速度等来自尺寸和重量估计的参数。对于电机,采用了充分分析浆料,以捕捉冷却供应的影响。本文报告了估计的气路和机器几何形状。它给出了两个子系统之间的相互作用的理解,并允许得出结论,低压阀芯速度给出了最佳的瞬时性能。它在很大程度上证实了引用的经验法则,但暴露了影响机器效率的因素比集成设计所隐含的要多。
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Volume 1: Aircraft Engine; Fans and Blowers; Marine; Wind Energy; Scholar Lecture
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