{"title":"Science vs. Non-Science, Natural vs. Constructed Who is in Charge of Sorting Claims?","authors":"Heather M Lawson","doi":"10.7710/2155-4838.1184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1184","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116158444","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Contractualism and consequentialism, two of the most prominent theories in contemporary morality, are often perceived to be in opposition to each other. This essay will propose a novel two-stage system for moral decision-making which combines the two. I will explain how this model retains the strengths of contractualism and consequentialism, whilst resolving many of the problems with the theories as they stand alone.
{"title":"Can Contractualism and Consequentialism be used together in a two-stage model?","authors":"D. O’Connor","doi":"10.7710/2155-4838.1189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1189","url":null,"abstract":"Contractualism and consequentialism, two of the most prominent theories in contemporary morality, are often perceived to be in opposition to each other. This essay will propose a novel two-stage system for moral decision-making which combines the two. I will explain how this model retains the strengths of contractualism and consequentialism, whilst resolving many of the problems with the theories as they stand alone.","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122124512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Identifying Errors in the Ethical Narrativity Thesis","authors":"W. Meier","doi":"10.7710/2155-4838.1191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1191","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125376832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sympathia Aesthetica: On the Possible Significance of Intersubjective Cognitive Uniformity in the Critical-era Philosophy of Immanuel Kant","authors":"Riley Andrew Pike","doi":"10.7710/2155-4838.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115744148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Estranged from the World: The Film Audience as the Flâneur","authors":"Amir Maharjan","doi":"10.7710/2155-4838.1185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2155-4838.1185","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132900290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
If ekphrasisis a literary description of a visual work of art, and ecocriticism uses literature to study nature and ecological concerns, how do the two mix? The ekphrastic poem “Musée des Beaux Arts” by W.H. Auden not only expands the understanding of the genre but also broadens the understanding of nature. Auden’s poem is quintessentially ekphrastic, yet it has never been examined in terms of how it is both informed by and informs an eco-critical reading. Auden and Pieter Bruegel, the painter of “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” upon which Auden based his poem, express nature through the imagery of animals; however, Auden enriches his poem by synthesizing ecological nature, human nature, and inner nature, all of which not only help deepen understanding of Bruegel’s painting, but also create a more complex image of nature through the reader’s eyes. By combining Auden’s lyrical beauty, as he was heavily inspired by Freud in understanding suffering as exquisite, with Bruegel’s fantastical imagery, the viewer is able to understand the mythology of Icarus and how human nature, perhaps emphasized through ecological nature, has told the tale of Icarus many times over.
如果生态学是对视觉艺术作品的文学描述，而生态批评是用文学来研究自然和生态问题，那么这两者是如何结合的呢?w·h·奥登的诗作《muse des Beaux Arts》不仅拓展了对体裁的理解，也拓宽了对自然的理解。奥登的诗是典型的措辞，但它从未被研究过它是如何被生态批判的阅读所影响的。奥登和彼得·勃鲁盖尔(Pieter Bruegel)通过动物的意象来表达自然。勃鲁盖尔是奥登创作《伊卡洛斯堕落的风景》(Landscape with the Fall of Icarus)这首诗的基础;然而，奥登通过综合生态自然、人性和内在自然来丰富他的诗，这不仅有助于加深对勃鲁盖尔绘画的理解，而且通过读者的眼睛创造了一个更复杂的自然形象。奥登的抒情之美，因为他在很大程度上受到弗洛伊德的启发，将痛苦理解为精致，与勃鲁盖尔的幻想意象相结合，观众能够理解伊卡洛斯的神话，以及人性，也许是通过生态自然强调的，如何多次讲述伊卡洛斯的故事。
{"title":"Ekphrasis in Ecocriticism: Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts” and Bruegel’s “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus”","authors":"Chloe N Young","doi":"10.7710/2168-0620.1129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1129","url":null,"abstract":"If ekphrasisis a literary description of a visual work of art, and ecocriticism uses literature to study nature and ecological concerns, how do the two mix? The ekphrastic poem “Musée des Beaux Arts” by W.H. Auden not only expands the understanding of the genre but also broadens the understanding of nature. Auden’s poem is quintessentially ekphrastic, yet it has never been examined in terms of how it is both informed by and informs an eco-critical reading. Auden and Pieter Bruegel, the painter of “Landscape with the Fall of Icarus” upon which Auden based his poem, express nature through the imagery of animals; however, Auden enriches his poem by synthesizing ecological nature, human nature, and inner nature, all of which not only help deepen understanding of Bruegel’s painting, but also create a more complex image of nature through the reader’s eyes. By combining Auden’s lyrical beauty, as he was heavily inspired by Freud in understanding suffering as exquisite, with Bruegel’s fantastical imagery, the viewer is able to understand the mythology of Icarus and how human nature, perhaps emphasized through ecological nature, has told the tale of Icarus many times over.","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115809289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Darci Collison, C. Hinkle, Sierra Marsh, Sherrie M. Steiner
The purpose of this study was to introduce a citizen’s stakeholder perspective into research on environmental regulation and offending. The business operations of a steel recycling plant located in a residential neighborhood was analyzed to identify how their mitigation efforts have been used to justify continued business expansion, mask other aspects of environmental offending, and block citizen efforts to become stakeholders in the governance process. The concept of “mitigation masking” was introduced to reveal victim blaming governance processes. We surveyed the residence using the retrospective pre-then-post design in a two-block radius surrounding HI&M (N=17). We collected a convenience sample of public comment cards (n = 79) on two different occasions. This study adds to research on environmental offending by introducing a citizen narrative into the literature on environmental regulation and offending and exploring how mitigation masking pollutes citizen human agency.
{"title":"Trapped in Toxic Exposure: Mitigation Masking and the Emotional Geography of Residential Proximity to Expanding Industry","authors":"Darci Collison, C. Hinkle, Sierra Marsh, Sherrie M. Steiner","doi":"10.7710/2168-0620.1127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1127","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to introduce a citizen’s stakeholder perspective into research on environmental regulation and offending. The business operations of a steel recycling plant located in a residential neighborhood was analyzed to identify how their mitigation efforts have been used to justify continued business expansion, mask other aspects of environmental offending, and block citizen efforts to become stakeholders in the governance process. The concept of “mitigation masking” was introduced to reveal victim blaming governance processes. We surveyed the residence using the retrospective pre-then-post design in a two-block radius surrounding HI&M (N=17). We collected a convenience sample of public comment cards (n = 79) on two different occasions. This study adds to research on environmental offending by introducing a citizen narrative into the literature on environmental regulation and offending and exploring how mitigation masking pollutes citizen human agency.","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129448437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Noelle L. Cutter, E. Cruz, Frank Cristall, K. Lacey, R. Julian
Regular physical activity has been linked to greater overall health. Literature review and studies have also defined regular physical activity as a reducer of life-threatening illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. However, long increments of strenuous exercise can produce oxidative stress and muscle fatigue in the human body. The increase in oxygen consumption during strenuous exercise leads to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species as part of metabolic processes in the body. These free radicals are neutralized by an antioxidant defense system in the body consisting of enzymes, such as catalase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An Ironman Triathlon consists of a 2.4-mile (3.86 km) swim, a 112-mile (180.25 km) bicycle ride and a marathon 26.2mile (42.2 km) run, raced in that order and without a break. It is widely considered by athletes to be one of the most demanding sporting events in the world. It is hypothesized that a physically challenging event such as the Ironman Triathlon can be linked to elevated cortisol levels, increased occurrence of DNA damage, elevated concentrations of ROS, and consequently increased oxidative stress in humans. In order to derive conclusive results regarding the hypothesis, groups containing athletes who completed the full Ironman race, the half Ironman race, and a control group of moderately active individuals were established and individuals were required to report Garmin Smartwatch health and wellness data. The half Ironman consists of a 1.2-mile (1.93 km) swim, a 56-mile (90.12 km) bicycle ride and a marathon 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, raced in that order and without a break. Several protocols were then applied to derive data necessary to complete the research. After the participants were selected, their saliva was collected in a non-invasive fashion and was used in the Elisa Saliva Kit to determine cortisol concentration. The saliva samples were also utilized to perform DNA and RNA extraction; and the resulting products were analyzed for quantity and quality of the DNA and RNA. Real time PCR allows scientists to monitor PCR while it is occurring. In this technique, luminescence is produced by reporter molecules as the PCR products increase with every cycle. To determine ROS concentration, the ROS-Glo assay, which provides a light signal that is proportional to the ROS in a given sample, was utilized. An additional marker of oxidative stress is 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine(8-oxo-dG). The OxiSelectTM Oxidative DNA Damage ELISA uses antibody and antigen interactions to report the concentration of 8-oxodG in a sample. Furthermore, the results indicate an increase in enzymatic indicators of elevated ROS, elevated cortisol levels, and disruption of sleep in the participating athletes after the race. In conclusion, the athletes who completed the full Ironman triathlon experienced increased amounts of oxidative stress than their les
{"title":"Strenuous Exercise Increases the Risk of Oxidative Stress in Ironman Triathlon Participants","authors":"Noelle L. Cutter, E. Cruz, Frank Cristall, K. Lacey, R. Julian","doi":"10.7710/2168-0620.1144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1144","url":null,"abstract":"Regular physical activity has been linked to greater overall health. Literature review and studies have also defined regular physical activity as a reducer of life-threatening illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. However, long increments of strenuous exercise can produce oxidative stress and muscle fatigue in the human body. The increase in oxygen consumption during strenuous exercise leads to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells continuously produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species as part of metabolic processes in the body. These free radicals are neutralized by an antioxidant defense system in the body consisting of enzymes, such as catalase, and non-enzymatic antioxidants. An Ironman Triathlon consists of a 2.4-mile (3.86 km) swim, a 112-mile (180.25 km) bicycle ride and a marathon 26.2mile (42.2 km) run, raced in that order and without a break. It is widely considered by athletes to be one of the most demanding sporting events in the world. It is hypothesized that a physically challenging event such as the Ironman Triathlon can be linked to elevated cortisol levels, increased occurrence of DNA damage, elevated concentrations of ROS, and consequently increased oxidative stress in humans. In order to derive conclusive results regarding the hypothesis, groups containing athletes who completed the full Ironman race, the half Ironman race, and a control group of moderately active individuals were established and individuals were required to report Garmin Smartwatch health and wellness data. The half Ironman consists of a 1.2-mile (1.93 km) swim, a 56-mile (90.12 km) bicycle ride and a marathon 13.1-mile (21.1 km) run, raced in that order and without a break. Several protocols were then applied to derive data necessary to complete the research. After the participants were selected, their saliva was collected in a non-invasive fashion and was used in the Elisa Saliva Kit to determine cortisol concentration. The saliva samples were also utilized to perform DNA and RNA extraction; and the resulting products were analyzed for quantity and quality of the DNA and RNA. Real time PCR allows scientists to monitor PCR while it is occurring. In this technique, luminescence is produced by reporter molecules as the PCR products increase with every cycle. To determine ROS concentration, the ROS-Glo assay, which provides a light signal that is proportional to the ROS in a given sample, was utilized. An additional marker of oxidative stress is 8-oxo-2-deoxyguanosine(8-oxo-dG). The OxiSelectTM Oxidative DNA Damage ELISA uses antibody and antigen interactions to report the concentration of 8-oxodG in a sample. Furthermore, the results indicate an increase in enzymatic indicators of elevated ROS, elevated cortisol levels, and disruption of sleep in the participating athletes after the race. In conclusion, the athletes who completed the full Ironman triathlon experienced increased amounts of oxidative stress than their les","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"149 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124363777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Through reading sets of medieval love songs one can notice trends that are connected to the conventions of fin’amor or courtly love. Troubadours, medieval French poets, would compose and sing songs that reflect the trends of courtly love during the time period. Within the lyrics of these songs there are two main trends when it comes to the objectification of the female beloved. First, they spend a great deal of time in describing the physicality of the beloved, but make no inferences or connections to her interior life—going so far as to animalize her. Even when those beautiful features may be manufactured, their artificiality still supersedes her personhood. Second, they use the lyric technique of reprisal to formally reinforce sense of woman as inanimate. Using the anonymous “Alison” and Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Complaint to his Purse” as example cases, in this essay I demonstrate the techniques that effect this displacement of power, as well as how they are still prevalent in popular music today. Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Elizabeth E. Tavares
通过阅读中世纪情歌，人们可以注意到与fin 'amor或宫廷爱情习俗有关的趋势。中世纪法国诗人吟游诗人会创作和演唱反映当时宫廷爱情趋势的歌曲。在这些歌曲的歌词中，当涉及到女性爱人的物化时，有两种主要趋势。首先，他们花了大量的时间来描述心爱的人的肉体，但没有对她的内心生活做出推论或联系——以至于把她动物化了。即使那些美丽的容貌可能是人造的，它们的人为性仍然取代了她的人格。其次，他们用报复的抒情手法正式强化了女性的无生命意识。在这篇文章中，我以匿名的“艾莉森”和杰弗里·乔叟的“向他的钱包抱怨”为例，展示了影响这种权力转移的技巧，以及它们如何在今天的流行音乐中仍然普遍存在。教授赞助人:Elizabeth E. Tavares博士
{"title":"“With middal smal and wel ymake”: Objectification and Power in Medieval English Love Songs","authors":"Allison D. Jones","doi":"10.7710/2168-0620.1139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1139","url":null,"abstract":"Through reading sets of medieval love songs one can notice trends that are connected to the conventions of fin’amor or courtly love. Troubadours, medieval French poets, would compose and sing songs that reflect the trends of courtly love during the time period. Within the lyrics of these songs there are two main trends when it comes to the objectification of the female beloved. First, they spend a great deal of time in describing the physicality of the beloved, but make no inferences or connections to her interior life—going so far as to animalize her. Even when those beautiful features may be manufactured, their artificiality still supersedes her personhood. Second, they use the lyric technique of reprisal to formally reinforce sense of woman as inanimate. Using the anonymous “Alison” and Geoffrey Chaucer’s “Complaint to his Purse” as example cases, in this essay I demonstrate the techniques that effect this displacement of power, as well as how they are still prevalent in popular music today. Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Elizabeth E. Tavares","PeriodicalId":167127,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133853799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay explores the quintessential accessory to any male warrior in medieval literature. The swords that belong to Grendel’s Mother in the medieval epic poem “Beowulf ”and King Arthur in the “Morte d’Arthur” are used as metaphors and symbols to illuminate specific motivations fueling medieval English representations of masculinity. Grendel’s Mother’s sword underscores anxieties of Hrothgar’s people in “Beowulf”—namely, that of procreation and the subversion of traditional gender roles. Its destruction is key to understanding the disdain that the Danes hold against Grendel’s Mother as an aberrant model of loyalty. King Arthur’s, thrown into a lake and seemingly cleansed of its impurities, likewise highlights faults in his reign and their absolution after his death. The history of the medieval sword plays an important role in this analysis, as the jewels and engravings provide a new reading of weapons in medieval English poetry. Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Elizabeth E. Tavares
这篇文章探讨了中世纪文学中男性战士的典型附属品。中世纪史诗《贝奥武夫》中属于格伦德尔母亲的剑和《亚瑟王》中属于亚瑟王的剑被用作隐喻和象征，以阐明中世纪英语中男性气概表现的具体动机。格伦德尔母亲的剑强调了《贝奥武夫》中赫罗斯加人民的焦虑——即对生育和对传统性别角色的颠覆的焦虑。它的毁灭是理解丹麦人蔑视格伦德尔之母的关键，因为它是一个异常的忠诚典范。亚瑟王的戒指，被扔进湖中，似乎净化了它的杂质，同样强调了他统治时期的错误，以及他死后这些错误的赦免。中世纪剑的历史在这一分析中扮演着重要的角色，因为珠宝和雕刻为中世纪英语诗歌中的武器提供了一种新的解读。教授赞助人:Elizabeth E. Tavares博士
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