首页 > 最新文献

Journal of Physiological Anthropology最新文献

英文 中文
What makes people grow? Love and hope. 是什么让人成长?爱和希望。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00330-7
Barry Bogin

Background: Hope and love are popular themes of literature and art in many human societies. The human physiology of love and hope is less well understood. This review presents evidence that the lack of love and/or hope delays growth disturbs development and maturation and even kills.

Main body: Love and hope intersect in promoting healthy human development. Love provides a sense of security and attachment, which are necessary for healthy physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Hope provides a sense of optimism and resilience in the face of adversity. Loving relationships can foster a sense of hope in individuals and in society by providing support systems during difficult times. Similarly, having a sense of hope can make it easier to form loving relationships by providing individuals with the confidence to connect with others. Hope and love are the fundamental basis of human biocultural reproduction, which is the human style of cooperation in the production, feeding, and care of offspring. Examples are given of the association between human growth in height with love and hope, including (1) the global "Long Depression" of 1873-1896, (2) "hospitalism" and the abuse/neglect of infants and children, (3) adoption, (4) international migration, (5) colonial conquest, and (6) social, economic, and political change in Japan between 1970 and 1990.

Conclusion: Overall, this review suggests that love and hope are both critical factors in promoting healthy human development and that they intersect in complex ways to support emotional well-being.

背景:希望和爱情是许多人类社会中流行的文学和艺术主题。人类对爱和希望的生理机制却知之甚少。这篇综述提供的证据表明,缺乏爱和/或希望会延缓成长,扰乱发育和成熟,甚至会导致死亡。正文:爱与希望在促进人类健康发展中相互交织。爱提供了一种安全感和依恋感,这是健康的身体、认知和情感发展所必需的。面对逆境,希望给人一种乐观和坚韧的感觉。恋爱关系可以在困难时期提供支持系统,从而在个人和社会中培养希望感。同样地,有希望的感觉可以通过提供个人与他人联系的信心,使它更容易形成爱的关系。希望和爱是人类生物文化繁殖的根本基础,这是人类在生产、喂养和照顾后代方面的合作方式。人类身高的增长与爱和希望之间的联系,给出了一些例子,包括(1)1873-1896年的全球“长期萧条”;(2)1970年至1990年间日本的"住院"和对婴儿和儿童的虐待/忽视,(3)收养,(4)国际移民,(5)殖民征服,以及(6)社会、经济和政治变革。结论:总的来说,本综述表明爱和希望都是促进人类健康发展的关键因素,并且它们以复杂的方式相互交叉以支持情感健康。
{"title":"What makes people grow? Love and hope.","authors":"Barry Bogin","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00330-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00330-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hope and love are popular themes of literature and art in many human societies. The human physiology of love and hope is less well understood. This review presents evidence that the lack of love and/or hope delays growth disturbs development and maturation and even kills.</p><p><strong>Main body: </strong>Love and hope intersect in promoting healthy human development. Love provides a sense of security and attachment, which are necessary for healthy physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Hope provides a sense of optimism and resilience in the face of adversity. Loving relationships can foster a sense of hope in individuals and in society by providing support systems during difficult times. Similarly, having a sense of hope can make it easier to form loving relationships by providing individuals with the confidence to connect with others. Hope and love are the fundamental basis of human biocultural reproduction, which is the human style of cooperation in the production, feeding, and care of offspring. Examples are given of the association between human growth in height with love and hope, including (1) the global \"Long Depression\" of 1873-1896, (2) \"hospitalism\" and the abuse/neglect of infants and children, (3) adoption, (4) international migration, (5) colonial conquest, and (6) social, economic, and political change in Japan between 1970 and 1990.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, this review suggests that love and hope are both critical factors in promoting healthy human development and that they intersect in complex ways to support emotional well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"13"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10339636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9818507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial. 冰浆摄入对热环境下体温和垒球投球表现的影响:一项随机交叉试验。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-29 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0
Urara Numata, Takuma Yanaoka, Shiho Kurosaka, Hiroshi Hasegawa

Background: Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment.

Methods: In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·kg-1 of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·kg-1 of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [- 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity).

Results: Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE.

Conclusions: Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion.

背景:虽然垒球运动员经常被要求在炎热的环境中比赛,但很少有证据表明冰浆摄入对垒球投手在炎热环境中体温和投球表现的影响。因此,本研究探讨了在高温环境下,局前和局间摄取冰浆对体温和垒球投球表现的影响。方法:在随机交叉设计中,7名热适应业余垒球投手(4男3女)完成模拟垒球比赛,每局15个最佳投球,共7局,投球间隔20秒。参与者被分配到对照试验(CON:在模拟垒球比赛前摄入5.0 g·kg-1的冷却液[9.8±2.2°C],在开始间隔期间摄入1.25 g·kg-1的冷却液)或冰试验(ice:摄入冰浆[- 1.2±0.1°C],基于与CON相同的时间和剂量)。参与者在夏季(30.8±2.7°C, 57.0±7.9%相对湿度)的室外场地进行两项试验。结果:在模拟垒球比赛前(预冷)摄入冰浆比摄入冷液更能降低直肠温度(p = 0.021, d = 0.68)。两组在模拟垒球比赛中直肠温度变化差异无统计学意义(p > 0.05)。与对照组相比,比赛期间的心率显著降低(p)。结论:在比赛前和比赛之间摄入冰浆可以减少热、心血管和知觉压力。然而,与摄入冷却液相比,它对垒球投球表现没有影响。
{"title":"Effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment: a randomized crossover trial.","authors":"Urara Numata,&nbsp;Takuma Yanaoka,&nbsp;Shiho Kurosaka,&nbsp;Hiroshi Hasegawa","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00329-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Although softball players are often required to play in hot environments, scarce evidence is available regarding the effects of ice slurry ingestion on body temperature and pitching performance in softball pitchers in a hot environment. Thus, this study investigated the effects of ice slurry ingestion before and between innings on body temperature and softball pitching performance in a hot environment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In a randomized crossover design, seven heat-acclimatized amateur softball pitchers (four males and three females) completed simulated softball games consisting of 15 best-effort pitches per inning for seven innings with between-pitch rest intervals of 20 s. Participants were assigned to either a control trial (CON: ingestion of 5.0 g·kg<sup>-1</sup> of cool fluid [9.8 ± 2.2 °C] before simulated softball games and 1.25 g·kg<sup>-1</sup> of cool fluid between inning intervals) or an ice trial (ICE: ingestion of ice slurry [- 1.2 ± 0.1 °C] based on the same timings and doses as the CON). Participants performed both trials in an outdoor ground during the summer season (30.8 ± 2.7 °C, 57.0 ± 7.9% relative humidity).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ice slurry ingestion before the simulated softball game (pre-cooling) resulted in a greater reduction in rectal temperature compared with cool fluid ingestion (p = 0.021, d = 0.68). No significant differences were observed between the trials in rectal temperature changes during the simulated softball game (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON, heart rate during the game was significantly decreased (p < 0.001, d = 0.43), and handgrip strength during the game was significantly increased (p = 0.001, d = 1.16) in the ICE. Ratings of perceived exertion, thermal comfort, and thermal sensation were improved in the ICE compared to those in the CON (p < 0.05). Ball velocity and pitching accuracy were not affected by ICE.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ice slurry ingestion before and between innings reduced thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain. However, it did not affect softball pitching performance compared to cool fluid ingestion.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10308695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9736944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults. 非视觉光效应的年龄相关差异:褪黑激素抑制、昼夜节律相移和瞳孔光反射在儿童和老年人中的研究进展。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1
Taisuke Eto, Shigekazu Higuchi

Physiological effects of light exposure in humans are diverse. Among them, the circadian rhythm phase shift effect in order to maintain a 24-h cycle of the biological clock is referred to as non-visual effects of light collectively with melatonin suppression and pupillary light reflex. The non-visual effects of light may differ depending on age, and clarifying age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light is important for providing appropriate light environments for people of different ages. Therefore, in various research fields, including physiological anthropology, many studies on the effects of age on non-visual functions have been carried out in older people, children and adolescents by comparing the effects with young adults. However, whether the non-visual effects of light vary depending on age and, if so, what factors contribute to the differences have remained unclear. In this review, results of past and recent studies on age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light are presented and discussed in order to provide clues for answering the question of whether non-visual effects of light actually vary depending on age. Some studies, especially studies focusing on older people, have shown age-related differences in non-visual functions including differences in melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex, while other studies have shown no differences. Studies showing age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light have suspected senile constriction and crystalline lens opacity as factors contributing to the differences, while studies showing no age-related differences have suspected the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Some studies in children and adolescents have shown that children's non-visual functions may be highly sensitive to light, but the studies comparing with other age groups seem to have been limited. In order to study age-related differences in non-visual effects in detail, comparative studies should be conducted using subjects having a wide range of ages and with as much control as possible for intensity, wavelength component, duration, circadian timing, illumination method of light exposure, and other factors (mydriasis or non-mydriasis, cataracts or not in the older adults, etc.).

光照对人体的生理影响是多种多样的。其中,昼夜节律相移效应与褪黑激素抑制和瞳孔光反射统称为光的非视觉效应,以维持24小时的生物钟周期。光的非视觉效果可能因年龄而异,厘清与年龄有关的光的非视觉效果差异,对于为不同年龄的人提供适当的光环境非常重要。因此,在包括生理人类学在内的各个研究领域中,通过将年龄对老年人、儿童和青少年的影响与年轻人的影响进行比较,开展了许多关于年龄对非视觉功能影响的研究。然而,光的非视觉效果是否会随着年龄的变化而变化,如果是的话,是什么因素导致了这种差异,目前还不清楚。本文对近年来有关光的非视觉效应的年龄差异的研究结果进行了综述和讨论,以期为回答光的非视觉效应是否真的随年龄而变化这一问题提供线索。一些研究,特别是针对老年人的研究,显示出与年龄相关的非视觉功能差异,包括褪黑激素抑制、昼夜节律相移和瞳孔光反射的差异,而其他研究则没有显示出差异。研究表明,光的非视觉效果与年龄有关,研究怀疑衰老收缩和晶状体混浊是造成这种差异的因素,而研究表明,没有年龄相关的差异,则怀疑存在一种补偿机制。一些针对儿童和青少年的研究表明,儿童的非视觉功能可能对光高度敏感,但与其他年龄组的研究相比,这些研究似乎有限。为了详细研究非视觉效果的年龄相关性差异,应该在广泛的年龄范围内进行比较研究,并尽可能控制光照强度、波长组成、持续时间、昼夜节律、光照方式以及其他因素(老年人是否有瞳孔、是否有白内障等)。
{"title":"Review on age-related differences in non-visual effects of light: melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex in children to older adults.","authors":"Taisuke Eto,&nbsp;Shigekazu Higuchi","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00328-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physiological effects of light exposure in humans are diverse. Among them, the circadian rhythm phase shift effect in order to maintain a 24-h cycle of the biological clock is referred to as non-visual effects of light collectively with melatonin suppression and pupillary light reflex. The non-visual effects of light may differ depending on age, and clarifying age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light is important for providing appropriate light environments for people of different ages. Therefore, in various research fields, including physiological anthropology, many studies on the effects of age on non-visual functions have been carried out in older people, children and adolescents by comparing the effects with young adults. However, whether the non-visual effects of light vary depending on age and, if so, what factors contribute to the differences have remained unclear. In this review, results of past and recent studies on age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light are presented and discussed in order to provide clues for answering the question of whether non-visual effects of light actually vary depending on age. Some studies, especially studies focusing on older people, have shown age-related differences in non-visual functions including differences in melatonin suppression, circadian phase shift and pupillary light reflex, while other studies have shown no differences. Studies showing age-related differences in the non-visual effects of light have suspected senile constriction and crystalline lens opacity as factors contributing to the differences, while studies showing no age-related differences have suspected the presence of a compensatory mechanism. Some studies in children and adolescents have shown that children's non-visual functions may be highly sensitive to light, but the studies comparing with other age groups seem to have been limited. In order to study age-related differences in non-visual effects in detail, comparative studies should be conducted using subjects having a wide range of ages and with as much control as possible for intensity, wavelength component, duration, circadian timing, illumination method of light exposure, and other factors (mydriasis or non-mydriasis, cataracts or not in the older adults, etc.).</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10290329/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10072056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Higher synchronization stability with piano experience: relationship with finger and presentation modality. 更高的同步稳定性与钢琴经验:与手指和表现方式的关系。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00327-2
Kanami Ito, Tatsunori Watanabe, Takayuki Horinouchi, Takuya Matsumoto, Keisuke Yunoki, Haruki Ishida, Hikari Kirimoto

Background: Synchronous finger tapping to external sensory stimuli is more stable for audiovisual combined stimuli than sole auditory or visual stimuli. In addition, piano players are superior in synchronous tapping and manipulating the ring and little fingers as compared to inexperienced individuals. However, it is currently unknown whether the ability to synchronize to external sensory stimuli with the ring finger is at the level of the index finger in piano players. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of piano experience on synchronization stability between the index and ring fingers using auditory, visual, and audiovisual combined stimuli.

Methods: Thirteen piano players and thirteen novices participated in this study. They were instructed to tap with their index or ring finger synchronously to auditory, visual, and audiovisual combined stimuli. The stimuli were presented from an electronic metronome at 1 Hz, and the tapping was performed 30 times in each condition. We analyzed standard deviation of intervals between the stimulus onset and the tap onset as synchronization stability.

Results: Synchronization stability for visual stimuli was lower during ring than index finger tapping in novices; however, this decline was absent in piano players. Also, piano players showed the higher synchronization stability for audiovisual combined stimuli than sole visual and auditory stimuli when tapping with the index finger. On the other hand, in novices, synchronization stability was higher for audiovisual combined stimuli than only visual stimuli.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that improvements of both sensorimotor processing and finger motor control by piano practice would contribute to superior synchronization stability.

背景:手指对外部感官刺激的同步敲击在视听组合刺激下比单独的听觉或视觉刺激下更稳定。此外,与没有经验的人相比,钢琴演奏者在同步敲击和操纵无名指和小指方面更胜一筹。然而,目前尚不清楚无名指与外部感官刺激同步的能力是否达到钢琴演奏者食指的水平。本研究的目的是比较钢琴体验对食指和无名指同步稳定性的影响,采用听觉、视觉和视听组合刺激。方法:13名钢琴演奏者和13名钢琴初学者参与本研究。他们被指示用食指或无名指同步敲击听觉、视觉和视听组合刺激。刺激来自1 Hz的电子节拍器,在每种情况下进行30次敲击。我们分析了刺激开始和轻拍开始之间间隔的标准差作为同步稳定性。结果:新手在敲击无名指时视觉刺激同步稳定性较低;然而,钢琴演奏者没有出现这种下降。钢琴演奏者在用食指敲击时,视听组合刺激比单一视听刺激表现出更高的同步稳定性。另一方面,在初学者中,视听联合刺激的同步稳定性高于单纯的视觉刺激。结论:钢琴练习对感觉运动加工和手指运动控制的改善有助于提高同步稳定性。
{"title":"Higher synchronization stability with piano experience: relationship with finger and presentation modality.","authors":"Kanami Ito,&nbsp;Tatsunori Watanabe,&nbsp;Takayuki Horinouchi,&nbsp;Takuya Matsumoto,&nbsp;Keisuke Yunoki,&nbsp;Haruki Ishida,&nbsp;Hikari Kirimoto","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00327-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00327-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Synchronous finger tapping to external sensory stimuli is more stable for audiovisual combined stimuli than sole auditory or visual stimuli. In addition, piano players are superior in synchronous tapping and manipulating the ring and little fingers as compared to inexperienced individuals. However, it is currently unknown whether the ability to synchronize to external sensory stimuli with the ring finger is at the level of the index finger in piano players. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of piano experience on synchronization stability between the index and ring fingers using auditory, visual, and audiovisual combined stimuli.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Thirteen piano players and thirteen novices participated in this study. They were instructed to tap with their index or ring finger synchronously to auditory, visual, and audiovisual combined stimuli. The stimuli were presented from an electronic metronome at 1 Hz, and the tapping was performed 30 times in each condition. We analyzed standard deviation of intervals between the stimulus onset and the tap onset as synchronization stability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Synchronization stability for visual stimuli was lower during ring than index finger tapping in novices; however, this decline was absent in piano players. Also, piano players showed the higher synchronization stability for audiovisual combined stimuli than sole visual and auditory stimuli when tapping with the index finger. On the other hand, in novices, synchronization stability was higher for audiovisual combined stimuli than only visual stimuli.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings suggest that improvements of both sensorimotor processing and finger motor control by piano practice would contribute to superior synchronization stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10278338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9666771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Is the muscle-tendon architecture of non-athletic Kenyans different from that of Japanese and French males? 非运动员肯尼亚人的肌肉肌腱结构与日本和法国男性不同吗?
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00326-3
Yoko Kunimasa, Kanae Sano, Caroline Nicol, Joëlle Barthèlemy, Masaki Ishikawa

Background: In endurance running, elite Kenyan runners are characterized by longer thigh, shank, and Achilles tendon (AT) lengths combined with shorter fascicles and larger medial gastrocnemius (MG) pennation angles than elite Japanese runners. These muscle-tendon characteristics may contribute to the running performance of Kenyans. Furthermore, these specific lower-leg musculoskeletal architectures have been confirmed not only in elite Kenyan runners but also in non-athletic Kenyans since early childhood. However, it remains questionable whether the differences in muscle-tendon architecture between Kenyans and Japanese differ from those of European Caucasians. Therefore, this study aimed to compare anthropometry and muscle-tendon architecture of young non-athletic Kenyan males with their Japanese and French counterparts.

Methods: A total of 235 young non-athletic males, aged 17-22 years, volunteered. The anthropometric measures, thigh, and shank lengths, as well as AT and MG muscle architecture, were measured using ultrasonography and a tape measure. Inter-group differences in anthropometry and muscle-tendon architecture were tested using one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses controlling for shank length and muscle thickness.

Results: The anthropometric and muscle-tendon characteristics of the non-athletic French were closer to those of the Kenyans than to those of the Japanese. However, the ultrasonography analysis confirmed that the non-athletic Kenyans had the longest AT as well as the shortest MG fascicles and the largest pennation angle compared to the French and Japanese, even after controlling for shank length and muscle thickness with ANCOVA, respectively.

Conclusions: These results confirmed the specificity of the muscle-tendon architecture of the triceps surae in Kenyans in comparison to their Japanese and French counterparts in non-athletic adults. This study provides additional support to the fact that Kenyans may have musculotendinous advantages in endurance running.

背景:在耐力跑中,优秀的肯尼亚跑步者比优秀的日本跑步者具有更长的大腿、小腿和跟腱(AT)长度,更短的肌束和更大的内侧腓肠肌(MG)夹角。这些肌肉肌腱的特征可能有助于肯尼亚人的跑步表现。此外,这些特殊的小腿肌肉骨骼结构不仅在肯尼亚优秀的跑步者中得到证实,而且在童年早期的肯尼亚非运动者中也得到证实。然而,肯尼亚人和日本人之间的肌肉肌腱结构差异是否与欧洲高加索人不同,这仍然是一个问题。因此,本研究旨在比较非运动的年轻肯尼亚男性与日本和法国男性的人体测量和肌肉肌腱结构。方法:共有235名17-22岁的年轻非运动男性自愿参加。使用超声和卷尺测量人体测量值、大腿和小腿长度以及AT和MG肌肉结构。在控制小腿长度和肌肉厚度的情况下,使用单因素方差分析和ANCOVA分析来检验人体测量和肌肉肌腱结构的组间差异。结果:非运动员法国人的人体测量和肌肉肌腱特征更接近肯尼亚人,而不是日本人。然而,超声分析证实,与法国人和日本人相比,非运动肯尼亚人的AT最长,MG束最短,笔角最大,即使分别用ANCOVA控制了小腿长度和肌肉厚度。结论:这些结果证实了肯尼亚人三头肌表面肌肉肌腱结构的特异性,与日本和法国的非运动成年人相比。这项研究为肯尼亚人在耐力跑中可能具有肌肉肌腱优势这一事实提供了额外的支持。
{"title":"Is the muscle-tendon architecture of non-athletic Kenyans different from that of Japanese and French males?","authors":"Yoko Kunimasa,&nbsp;Kanae Sano,&nbsp;Caroline Nicol,&nbsp;Joëlle Barthèlemy,&nbsp;Masaki Ishikawa","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00326-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00326-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In endurance running, elite Kenyan runners are characterized by longer thigh, shank, and Achilles tendon (AT) lengths combined with shorter fascicles and larger medial gastrocnemius (MG) pennation angles than elite Japanese runners. These muscle-tendon characteristics may contribute to the running performance of Kenyans. Furthermore, these specific lower-leg musculoskeletal architectures have been confirmed not only in elite Kenyan runners but also in non-athletic Kenyans since early childhood. However, it remains questionable whether the differences in muscle-tendon architecture between Kenyans and Japanese differ from those of European Caucasians. Therefore, this study aimed to compare anthropometry and muscle-tendon architecture of young non-athletic Kenyan males with their Japanese and French counterparts.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 235 young non-athletic males, aged 17-22 years, volunteered. The anthropometric measures, thigh, and shank lengths, as well as AT and MG muscle architecture, were measured using ultrasonography and a tape measure. Inter-group differences in anthropometry and muscle-tendon architecture were tested using one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses controlling for shank length and muscle thickness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The anthropometric and muscle-tendon characteristics of the non-athletic French were closer to those of the Kenyans than to those of the Japanese. However, the ultrasonography analysis confirmed that the non-athletic Kenyans had the longest AT as well as the shortest MG fascicles and the largest pennation angle compared to the French and Japanese, even after controlling for shank length and muscle thickness with ANCOVA, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results confirmed the specificity of the muscle-tendon architecture of the triceps surae in Kenyans in comparison to their Japanese and French counterparts in non-athletic adults. This study provides additional support to the fact that Kenyans may have musculotendinous advantages in endurance running.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10233967/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9575926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effects of fearful face presentation time and observer's eye movement on the gaze cue effect. 恐惧面孔呈现时间和观察者眼球运动对注视线索效应的影响。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-29 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00325-4
Chuntai Yu, Keita Ishibashi, Koichi Iwanaga

Background: There are many conflicting findings on the gaze cueing effect (GCE) of emotional facial expressions. This study aimed to investigate whether an averted gaze, accompanied by a fearful expression of different durations, could enhance attentional orientation, as measured by a participant's eye movements.

Methods: Twelve participants (3 females) completed the gaze cue task, reacting to a target location after observing changes in the gaze and expression of a face illustrated on a computer screen. Meanwhile, participants' eye movements were monitored by electrooculography. The GCE was calculated by reaction time as an indicator of attention shift.

Results: The analysis of the overall data did not find a significant effect of fearful facial expressions on the GCE. However, analysis of trial data that excluded a participant's eye movement data showed that brief (0, 100 ms) presentation of the fearful facial expression enhanced the GCE compared to that during a neutral facial expression, although when the presentation time of the fearful expression was increased to 200 or 400 ms, the GCE of the fearful expression was at the same level as when model showed a neutral expression.

Conclusions: The results suggest that the attention-enhancing effect of gaze cues induced by rapidly presented fearful expressions occurs only when the effect of eye movement trials is excluded. This effect may be mediated by reflexively neural circuits in the amygdala that process threatening stimuli. However, as the expression duration increased, the fearful expression's attention-enhancing effect decreased. We suggest that future studies on the emotion modulation of GCE should consider the negative effects of participants' saccades and blinks on the experimental results.

背景:关于情绪性面部表情的凝视线索效应(GCE)有许多相互矛盾的发现。这项研究的目的是通过观察参与者的眼球运动来研究,在不同持续时间的恐惧表情下,转移视线是否能增强注意力定向。方法:12名参与者(3名女性)完成凝视线索任务,在观察计算机屏幕上显示的面部表情和凝视变化后对目标位置做出反应。同时,参与者的眼球运动通过眼电描记术进行监测。GCE以反应时间作为注意力转移的一个指标来计算。结果:整体数据分析未发现恐惧面部表情对GCE有显著影响。然而,对排除参与者眼球运动数据的试验数据的分析表明,与中性面部表情相比,短暂(0,100 ms)的恐惧面部表情呈现时间提高了GCE,尽管当恐惧表情呈现时间增加到200或400 ms时,恐惧表情的GCE与模型显示中性表情时处于同一水平。结论:快速呈现的恐惧表情引起的注视线索的注意增强作用仅在排除眼动试验的影响后才会发生。这种效应可能是由杏仁核中处理威胁性刺激的反射性神经回路介导的。然而,随着表情持续时间的增加,恐惧表情的注意力增强作用减弱。我们建议未来的情绪调节研究应考虑参与者的扫视和眨眼对实验结果的负面影响。
{"title":"Effects of fearful face presentation time and observer's eye movement on the gaze cue effect.","authors":"Chuntai Yu,&nbsp;Keita Ishibashi,&nbsp;Koichi Iwanaga","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00325-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00325-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are many conflicting findings on the gaze cueing effect (GCE) of emotional facial expressions. This study aimed to investigate whether an averted gaze, accompanied by a fearful expression of different durations, could enhance attentional orientation, as measured by a participant's eye movements.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twelve participants (3 females) completed the gaze cue task, reacting to a target location after observing changes in the gaze and expression of a face illustrated on a computer screen. Meanwhile, participants' eye movements were monitored by electrooculography. The GCE was calculated by reaction time as an indicator of attention shift.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis of the overall data did not find a significant effect of fearful facial expressions on the GCE. However, analysis of trial data that excluded a participant's eye movement data showed that brief (0, 100 ms) presentation of the fearful facial expression enhanced the GCE compared to that during a neutral facial expression, although when the presentation time of the fearful expression was increased to 200 or 400 ms, the GCE of the fearful expression was at the same level as when model showed a neutral expression.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results suggest that the attention-enhancing effect of gaze cues induced by rapidly presented fearful expressions occurs only when the effect of eye movement trials is excluded. This effect may be mediated by reflexively neural circuits in the amygdala that process threatening stimuli. However, as the expression duration increased, the fearful expression's attention-enhancing effect decreased. We suggest that future studies on the emotion modulation of GCE should consider the negative effects of participants' saccades and blinks on the experimental results.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10226227/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9552261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Correction: Association between high cardiac output at altitude and acute mountain sickness: preliminary study on Mt. Fuji. 修正:高海拔心输出量与急性高山病的关系:富士山的初步研究。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00324-5
Takeshi Ebihara, Kentaro Shimizu, Yumi Mitsuyama, Hiroshi Ogura, Jun Oda
{"title":"Correction: Association between high cardiac output at altitude and acute mountain sickness: preliminary study on Mt. Fuji.","authors":"Takeshi Ebihara,&nbsp;Kentaro Shimizu,&nbsp;Yumi Mitsuyama,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ogura,&nbsp;Jun Oda","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00324-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00324-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"7"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10197468/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9498509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Postural influence on intracranial fluid dynamics: an overview. 体位对颅内流体动力学的影响:综述。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00323-6
Arlan Faritovich Sagirov, Timofey Vladimirovich Sergeev, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Shabrov, Andrey Yur'evich Yurov, Nadezhda Leonidovna Guseva, Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Agapova

This review focuses on the effects of different body positions on intracranial fluid dynamics, including cerebral arterial and venous flow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics, and intracranial pressure (ICP). It also discusses research methods used to quantify these effects. Specifically, the implications of three types of body positions (orthostatic, supine, and antiorthostatic) on cerebral blood flow, venous outflow, and CSF circulation are explored, with a particular emphasis on cerebrovascular autoregulation during microgravity and head-down tilt (HDT), as well as posture-dependent changes in cerebral venous and CSF flow, ICP, and intracranial compliance (ICC). The review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of intracranial fluid dynamics during different body positions, with the potential to enhance our understanding of intracranial and craniospinal physiology.

本文综述了不同体位对颅内流体动力学的影响,包括脑动脉和静脉流量、脑脊液(CSF)流体动力学和颅内压(ICP)。它还讨论了用于量化这些影响的研究方法。具体来说,三种体位(直立、仰卧和反直立)对脑血流量、静脉流出和脑脊液循环的影响进行了探讨,特别强调微重力和头向下倾斜(HDT)时的脑血管自身调节,以及脑静脉和脑脊液流量、ICP和颅内顺应性(ICC)的姿势依赖性变化。本文旨在对不同体位时的颅内流体动力学进行全面分析,以期加深我们对颅内和颅脊髓生理学的认识。
{"title":"Postural influence on intracranial fluid dynamics: an overview.","authors":"Arlan Faritovich Sagirov,&nbsp;Timofey Vladimirovich Sergeev,&nbsp;Aleksandr Vladimirovich Shabrov,&nbsp;Andrey Yur'evich Yurov,&nbsp;Nadezhda Leonidovna Guseva,&nbsp;Elizaveta Aleksandrovna Agapova","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00323-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00323-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review focuses on the effects of different body positions on intracranial fluid dynamics, including cerebral arterial and venous flow, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics, and intracranial pressure (ICP). It also discusses research methods used to quantify these effects. Specifically, the implications of three types of body positions (orthostatic, supine, and antiorthostatic) on cerebral blood flow, venous outflow, and CSF circulation are explored, with a particular emphasis on cerebrovascular autoregulation during microgravity and head-down tilt (HDT), as well as posture-dependent changes in cerebral venous and CSF flow, ICP, and intracranial compliance (ICC). The review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of intracranial fluid dynamics during different body positions, with the potential to enhance our understanding of intracranial and craniospinal physiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"5"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10100470/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9664936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Association between high cardiac output at altitude and acute mountain sickness: preliminary study on Mt. Fuji. 高海拔心输出量与急性高山病的关系:富士山的初步研究。
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00322-7
Takeshi Ebihara, Kentaro Shimizu, Yumi Mitsuyama, Hiroshi Ogura, Jun Oda

Background: Acute mountain sickness (AMS) affects around 30% of people climbing Mt. Fuji, but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. The influence of a rapid ascent to high altitude by climbing and summiting Mt. Fuji on cardiac function in the general population is unknown, and its association with altitude sickness has not been clarified.

Methods: Subjects climbing Mt. Fuji were included. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index were measured multiple times at 120 m as baseline values and at Mt. Fuji Research Station (MFRS) at 3,775 m. Each value and its difference from the baseline value (Δ) of subjects with AMS (defined as Lake Louise Score [LLS] ≥ 3 with headache after sleeping at 3,775 m) were compared with those of non-AMS subjects.

Results: Eleven volunteers who climbed from 2,380 m to MFRS within 8 h and stayed overnight at MFRS were included. Four suffered AMS. Compared with the non-AMS subjects, CI in the AMS subjects was significantly higher than that before sleeping (median [interquartile range]: 4.9 [4.5, 5.0] vs. 3.8 [3.4, 3.9] mL/min/m2; p = 0.04), and their ΔCI was significantly higher before sleeping (1.6 [1.4, 2.1] vs. 0.2 [0.0, 0.7] mL/min/m2; p < 0.01) and after sleeping (0.7 [0.3, 1.7] vs. -0.2 [-0.5, 0.0] mL/min/m2; p < 0.01). ΔCI in the AMS subjects dropped significantly after sleeping versus before sleeping (3.8 [3.6, 4.5] vs. 4.9 [4.5, 5.0] mL/min/m2; p = 0.04).

Conclusions: Higher values of CI and ΔCI were observed at high altitude in the AMS subjects. A high cardiac output might be associated with the development of AMS.

背景:攀登富士山的人中约有30%患有急性高山病,但其发病机制尚不完全清楚。通过攀登和登顶富士山而快速上升到高海拔地区对普通人群心脏功能的影响尚不清楚,其与高原反应的关系也尚未明确。方法:选取攀登富士山的受试者。心率、血氧饱和度、收缩压、心脏指数(CI)和脑卒中容量指数分别在海拔120 m和3775 m的富士山研究站(MFRS)进行多次测量。将AMS受试者(定义为Lake Louise Score [LLS]≥3且在3775 m处睡觉后头痛)与非AMS受试者的各项值及其与基线值(Δ)的差异进行比较。结果:纳入了11名在8小时内从2380米爬到MFRS并在MFRS过夜的志愿者。其中4人患有AMS。与非AMS组相比,AMS组的CI显著高于睡眠前(中位数[四分位数间距]:4.9 [4.5,5.0]vs. 3.8 [3.4, 3.9] mL/min/m2;p = 0.04),且睡眠前ΔCI明显增高(1.6 [1.4,2.1]vs. 0.2 [0.0, 0.7] mL/min/m2;p 2;p 2;p = 0.04)。结论:高海拔地区AMS患者CI和ΔCI值较高。高心输出量可能与AMS的发展有关。
{"title":"Association between high cardiac output at altitude and acute mountain sickness: preliminary study on Mt. Fuji.","authors":"Takeshi Ebihara,&nbsp;Kentaro Shimizu,&nbsp;Yumi Mitsuyama,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ogura,&nbsp;Jun Oda","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00322-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00322-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acute mountain sickness (AMS) affects around 30% of people climbing Mt. Fuji, but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. The influence of a rapid ascent to high altitude by climbing and summiting Mt. Fuji on cardiac function in the general population is unknown, and its association with altitude sickness has not been clarified.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Subjects climbing Mt. Fuji were included. Heart rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure, cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index were measured multiple times at 120 m as baseline values and at Mt. Fuji Research Station (MFRS) at 3,775 m. Each value and its difference from the baseline value (Δ) of subjects with AMS (defined as Lake Louise Score [LLS] ≥ 3 with headache after sleeping at 3,775 m) were compared with those of non-AMS subjects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven volunteers who climbed from 2,380 m to MFRS within 8 h and stayed overnight at MFRS were included. Four suffered AMS. Compared with the non-AMS subjects, CI in the AMS subjects was significantly higher than that before sleeping (median [interquartile range]: 4.9 [4.5, 5.0] vs. 3.8 [3.4, 3.9] mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.04), and their ΔCI was significantly higher before sleeping (1.6 [1.4, 2.1] vs. 0.2 [0.0, 0.7] mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p < 0.01) and after sleeping (0.7 [0.3, 1.7] vs. -0.2 [-0.5, 0.0] mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p < 0.01). ΔCI in the AMS subjects dropped significantly after sleeping versus before sleeping (3.8 [3.6, 4.5] vs. 4.9 [4.5, 5.0] mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p = 0.04).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Higher values of CI and ΔCI were observed at high altitude in the AMS subjects. A high cardiac output might be associated with the development of AMS.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10099929/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9496608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Association between decreased grip strength in preschool children and the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study from 2015 to 2021. 学龄前儿童握力下降与COVID-19大流行之间的关系:2015年至2021年的一项观察性研究
IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-24 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-023-00321-8
Atsumu Yuki, Yumi Tamase, Mika Nakayama

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reduced people's physical activity. It is essential to accumulate knowledge regarding the influence of COVID-19 on the stimulation of physical fitness and physical functions. Several studies have reported the effects of COVID-19 on physical fitness; however, there are very few reports regarding preschoolers. This study aimed to compare the physical fitness of preschoolers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to clarify the effects of curtailment of outings implemented to control the pandemic on physical fitness among preschoolers.

Methods: The subjects were 593 Japanese preschool children enrolled at a kindergarten during 2015-2019 and in 2021 who received a physical fitness test. Children enrolled in 2020 who did not receive a physical fitness test because of the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded. The physical fitness test included grip strength, standing long jump, and a 25-m run. The relationship between physical fitness level and survey year was analyzed using a general linear model, with grip strength and standing long jump as dependent variables, year of study as the independent variable, and sex and age in months as adjusted variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data for the 25-m run. Multiple comparisons were used to compare fitness levels between 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) with levels in previous years.

Results: Significant relationships were found between survey year and each of grip strength (p < 0.001), standing long jump (p < 0.05), and 25-m run (p < 0.001) among the overall subjects. Grip strength was significantly lower in 2021 compared with the 2016-2019 period. Similarly, sub-stratification analysis by sex showed that grip strength was lower in 2021 than in previous survey years, in both sexes. However, there was no difference in standing long jump or 25-m run times between before and during the pandemic among the overall subjects or according to sex.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the development of muscle strength in preschoolers, and suggest the need to develop strategies that could promote the development of muscle strength of preschool children when limitations are placed on activity during prolonged infectious disease pandemics.

背景:2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)减少了人们的身体活动。积累新冠肺炎对增强体质和身体机能影响的相关知识。几项研究报告了COVID-19对身体健康的影响;然而,很少有关于学龄前儿童的报道。本研究旨在比较COVID-19大流行之前和期间学龄前儿童的身体健康状况,以阐明为控制大流行而实施的减少外出对学龄前儿童身体健康的影响。方法:以2015-2019年和2021年在某幼儿园入学的593名日本学龄前儿童为研究对象,进行体能测试。由于COVID-19大流行而未接受体能测试的2020年入学儿童被排除在外。体能测试包括握力、立定跳远和25米跑。以握力和立定跳远为因变量,学习年份为自变量,性别和月龄为调整变量,采用一般线性模型分析体质水平与调查年份的关系。采用Kruskal-Wallis检验分析25米跑的数据。使用多重比较来比较2021年(COVID-19大流行期间)与前几年的健康水平。结果:调查年份与握力各指标之间存在显著相关性(p)。结论:新冠肺炎疫情对学龄前儿童肌力发育有负面影响,提示在传染病大流行期间限制活动的情况下,有必要制定促进学龄前儿童肌力发育的策略。
{"title":"Association between decreased grip strength in preschool children and the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study from 2015 to 2021.","authors":"Atsumu Yuki,&nbsp;Yumi Tamase,&nbsp;Mika Nakayama","doi":"10.1186/s40101-023-00321-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-023-00321-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has reduced people's physical activity. It is essential to accumulate knowledge regarding the influence of COVID-19 on the stimulation of physical fitness and physical functions. Several studies have reported the effects of COVID-19 on physical fitness; however, there are very few reports regarding preschoolers. This study aimed to compare the physical fitness of preschoolers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic to clarify the effects of curtailment of outings implemented to control the pandemic on physical fitness among preschoolers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The subjects were 593 Japanese preschool children enrolled at a kindergarten during 2015-2019 and in 2021 who received a physical fitness test. Children enrolled in 2020 who did not receive a physical fitness test because of the COVID-19 pandemic were excluded. The physical fitness test included grip strength, standing long jump, and a 25-m run. The relationship between physical fitness level and survey year was analyzed using a general linear model, with grip strength and standing long jump as dependent variables, year of study as the independent variable, and sex and age in months as adjusted variables. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze data for the 25-m run. Multiple comparisons were used to compare fitness levels between 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) with levels in previous years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Significant relationships were found between survey year and each of grip strength (p < 0.001), standing long jump (p < 0.05), and 25-m run (p < 0.001) among the overall subjects. Grip strength was significantly lower in 2021 compared with the 2016-2019 period. Similarly, sub-stratification analysis by sex showed that grip strength was lower in 2021 than in previous survey years, in both sexes. However, there was no difference in standing long jump or 25-m run times between before and during the pandemic among the overall subjects or according to sex.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a negative effect on the development of muscle strength in preschoolers, and suggest the need to develop strategies that could promote the development of muscle strength of preschool children when limitations are placed on activity during prolonged infectious disease pandemics.</p>","PeriodicalId":16768,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Physiological Anthropology","volume":"42 1","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10036968/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9544057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Physiological Anthropology
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1