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Insider Trading Patterns 内幕交易模式
Pub Date : 2020-05-14 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2128127
Lee Biggerstaff, David C. Cicero, M. B. Wintoki
We find that corporate insiders trade over longer periods of time when they may have a longer-lived informational advantage. Controlling for the duration of insiders' trading strategies, both their sales and purchases predict sizable abnormal returns on average. We discuss how failure to account for these trading patterns has previously masked the returns to insider trading, and show how accounting for them helps sharpen screens for corporate insiders who trade on information. We also provide evidence that insiders attempt to preserve their informational advantage to maximize trading profits by disclosing their trades after the market has closed. When insiders report their trades after business hours they are more likely to engage in extended sequences of trades, they trade more shares overall, and their trades predict larger abnormal returns.
我们发现,公司内部人士进行交易的时间更长,因为他们可能拥有长期的信息优势。控制内部人士交易策略的持续时间,他们的销售和购买都预示着可观的平均异常回报。我们讨论了未能解释这些交易模式如何掩盖了内幕交易的回报,并展示了对这些交易模式的解释如何有助于为利用信息进行交易的公司内部人士提供清晰的屏幕。我们还提供证据表明,内幕人士试图通过在市场收盘后披露他们的交易来保持他们的信息优势,以最大化交易利润。当内部人士在营业时间之后报告他们的交易时,他们更有可能参与延长的交易序列,他们交易的股票总体上更多,他们的交易预示着更大的异常回报。
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引用次数: 33
Does Corporate Governance Quality Influence Private In-House Meeting Frequency and Insider Trading? 公司治理质量对内部会议频率和内幕交易的影响?
Pub Date : 2020-01-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3524533
R. M. Bowen, S. Dutta, Songlian Tang, P. Zhu
We examine the effectiveness of corporate governance in monitoring private in-house meetings between management and investors. Consistent with better corporate governance curbing the opportunistic corporate disclosure and insider trading behavior, we find a negative association between governance quality and (i) private in-house meeting frequency, (ii) reduced insider trading frequency and value around private in-house meetings, and (iii) reduced insider trading profitability around these meetings. We document a potential channel that may explain these findings. Particularly, we find that firms with better corporate governance tend to reduce leakage of price-sensitive information during private in-house meetings, which limits the opportunity to make profitable insider trades. Our results are robust using instrumental variable and propensity score matching approaches to address endogeneity. We argue that improving corporate governance quality may be a partial substitute for costly government regulation designed to curb negative consequences of private in-house meetings.
我们考察了公司治理在监督管理层和投资者之间的内部私人会议方面的有效性。与更好的公司治理抑制机会性公司披露和内幕交易行为相一致,我们发现治理质量与(i)内部私人会议频率、(ii)内部私人会议相关的内幕交易频率和价值以及(iii)内部会议相关的内幕交易盈利能力之间存在负相关关系。我们记录了一个可能解释这些发现的潜在渠道。特别是,我们发现公司治理较好的公司倾向于减少在内部私人会议期间泄露价格敏感信息,这限制了进行有利可图的内幕交易的机会。我们的结果是稳健使用工具变量和倾向得分匹配方法来解决内生性。我们认为,提高公司治理质量可以部分替代旨在遏制私人内部会议负面后果的昂贵政府监管。
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引用次数: 1
Shareholder Satisfaction with Overlapping Directors 股东对重叠董事的满意度
Pub Date : 2020-01-13 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3278243
Rachel Li, Miriam Schwartz-Ziv
Mutual fund shareholders are particularly supportive of “overlapping directors”—directors who serve simultaneously on a corporate board and a mutual fund board. Such support is observed on behalf of both connected funds (sharing a director with the company) and non-connected funds (not sharing a director with the company), and is particularly prominent when monitoring is needed. Our results suggest that the benefits offered by overlapping directors to all fund shareholders exceed the costs arising from their potential conflicts of interest, and that the benefits they offer are more valuable to mutual fund shareholders than to other types of shareholders.
共同基金股东尤其支持“重叠董事”——同时在公司董事会和共同基金董事会任职的董事。关联基金(与公司共享一名董事)和非关联基金(不与公司共享一名董事)都可以观察到这种支持,在需要监控时尤其突出。我们的研究结果表明,重叠董事为所有基金股东提供的利益超过了其潜在利益冲突所产生的成本,并且他们提供的利益对共同基金股东比其他类型的股东更有价值。
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引用次数: 1
Firm-Initiated Clawback Provisions and Insider Trading 公司发起的追回条款和内幕交易
Pub Date : 2020-01-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3517284
T. Le, B. Oliver, Kelvin Jui Keng Tan
This paper investigates the causal effect of firm-initiated compensation clawback provisions on the profitability of insider trading. We find that clawback provisions reduce the ability of insiders to generate profits from their trades, especially insider sales, based on their information advantage. However, this effect is not associated with prior information asymmetry conditions as the literature suggests. Instead, our evidence suggests that firm-initiated clawback provisions prevent firm insiders from extracting wealth relative to other market participants. Overall, our findings suggest that clawback provisions are effective in preventing insiders from withholding value-relevant information to trade gainfully.
本文研究了公司发起的薪酬追回条款对内幕交易盈利能力的因果关系。我们发现,追回条款降低了内部人基于其信息优势从交易中获取利润的能力,尤其是内部人销售。然而,这种影响并不像文献所表明的那样与先前的信息不对称条件有关。相反,我们的证据表明,公司发起的追回条款阻止了公司内部人员相对于其他市场参与者获取财富。总体而言,我们的研究结果表明,追回条款在防止内幕人士隐瞒价值相关信息以获利交易方面是有效的。
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引用次数: 0
BREAKING THE GLASS CEILING: GENDER IMBALANCE IN SPANISH CORPORATE BOARDS (Rompiendo el techo de cristal: Desequilibrio de género en las juntas directivas españolas) 打破玻璃天花板:西班牙公司董事会的性别不平衡
Pub Date : 2019-11-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3728055
E. Fayos, Cátedra José María Cervelló
English Abstract: Gender discrimination is one of the greatest challenges faced by modern society. This paper focuses on positive action measures and, particularly, gender quotas, as tools aimed at breaking the so-called glass ceiling, assessing how this kind of measures have crystalized in our legal order. It also reflects on the delicate balance between the principle of equality and positive action, a thorny issue that has been addressed by our courts of law amidst great controversy. Likewise, it analyzes the different measures and policies implemented at national and European level in breaking the glass ceiling measuring their success in fostering gender balance in corporate boards.

Spanish Abstract: La discriminación de género es uno de los grandes retos a los que se enfrenta nuestra sociedad. Este ensayo se centra en las medidas de acción positiva y, en particular, las cuotas de género, como instrumentos dirigidos a romper el llamado techo de cristal, analizando cómo este tipo de medidas han cristalizado en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. También reflexiona sobre el difícil equilibrio entre el principio de igualdad y la acción positiva, espinosa cuestión que ha sido abordada por nuestros tribunales con gran controversia. Asimismo, analiza las distintas medidas y políticas implementadas a nivel nacional y europeo con el objetivo de romper el techo de cristal, midiendo el éxito de las mismas en promover la igualdad de género en los consejos de administración.
摘要:性别歧视是现代社会面临的最大挑战之一。本文侧重于积极的行动措施,特别是性别配额,作为旨在打破所谓玻璃天花板的工具,评估这类措施如何在我们的法律秩序中具体化。它还反映了平等原则和积极行动之间的微妙平衡,这是我国法院在巨大争议中处理的一个棘手问题。同样,它分析了在国家和欧洲一级为打破玻璃天花板而实施的不同措施和政策,衡量了它们在促进公司董事会性别平衡方面的成功。摘要:La discriminación de gassnero es uno de los grandes retos a los que se enfrenta nuestra sociedad。Este ensayo ' s centra en las medias de acción积极地,特别是,astoas - camas - camas - dirigidos - camoas - dirigidos - lamado - technology - de - crystaltech - lamado, analyizando cómo Este ensio - medias - centra - crystalizado - nesteroramento jurídico。坦比亚姆斯基姆斯的反射和冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静的冷静。Asimismo,分析三个不同的媒介políticas,执行一个新的国家和欧洲共同的目标:提高技术的效率、提高交换条件的效率、提高交换条件的效率、提高交换条件的效率、提高交换条件的效率和降低交换条件的效率administración。
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引用次数: 0
Becker Meets Kyle: Inside Insider Trading 贝克尔遇见凯尔:内幕交易
Pub Date : 2019-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3142006
Marcin T. Kacperczyk, Emiliano S. Pagnotta
How do illegal insiders trade on private information? Do they internalize legal risk? Using hand-collected data on insiders prosecuted by the SEC, we find that, consistent with Kyle (1985), insiders manage trade size and timing according to market conditions and the value of information. Gender, age, and profession play a lesser role. Various shocks to penalties and likelihood of prosecution show that insiders internalize legal risk by moderating aggressiveness, providing support to regulators' deterrence ability. Consistent with Becker (1968), following positive shocks to expected penalties, insiders concentrate on fewer signals of higher value. Thus, enforcement actions could hamper price informativeness.
非法内幕人士如何利用私人信息进行交易?他们是否将法律风险内部化?利用美国证券交易委员会(SEC)起诉的内部人员的手工收集数据,我们发现,与Kyle(1985)一致,内部人员根据市场情况和信息价值管理交易规模和时机。性别、年龄和职业的影响较小。对处罚和起诉可能性的各种冲击表明,内部人员通过缓和攻击性来内化法律风险,为监管机构的威慑能力提供支持。与Becker(1968)一致的是,在预期惩罚受到积极冲击之后,内部人士会关注较少的高价值信号。因此,执法行动可能妨碍价格信息。
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引用次数: 12
How Labor Unions Affect Firm Value: Evidence from Political Contributions in the United States 工会如何影响企业价值:来自美国政治献金的证据
Pub Date : 2019-06-11 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3109159
K. Woods, Kelvin Jui Keng Tan
This paper investigates the relation between political engagement by special interest groups (corporations and labor unions) and corporate stock returns in the United States. Exploiting two opposing interventions affecting the legality of soft-money political contributions from unions and corporations, we find that abnormal returns around the ban (repeal) of soft-money contributions are positively (negatively) related to unionization. These results suggest that political spending by labor unions has a meaningfully deleterious effect on the value of unionized corporations. To counter-engage labor unions in the political arena, we find that unionized firms provide more support (i.e., hard-money contribution) for Republicans.
本文研究了美国特殊利益集团(公司和工会)的政治参与与公司股票回报之间的关系。利用影响工会和企业软钱政治献金合法性的两种对立干预,我们发现围绕软钱献金禁令(废除)的异常回报与工会化呈正(负)相关。这些结果表明,工会的政治支出对工会企业的价值产生了有意义的有害影响。为了对抗工会在政治舞台上的参与,我们发现工会化的公司为共和党人提供了更多的支持(即硬通货捐款)。
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引用次数: 0
Insider Trading As Fraud 内幕交易是欺诈行为
Pub Date : 2019-06-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3402158
Z. J. Gubler
Federal insider-trading law consists, for the most part, of federal common law rooted in a statutory regime that prohibits fraud in connection with the purchase or sale of securities. Commentators have long lamented this fact, viewing the law’s grounding in an anti-fraud statute as a quirk of history with little to recommend it. After all, what does fraud have to do with insider trading? A lot, it turns out. In this article, I develop a theory explaining and defending the fraud-based nature of federal insider trading law. Specifically, I argue that Rule 10b-5, the anti-fraud rule in question, should be understood as altering the common law rule barring parties from contracting for fraud liability. As contract scholars have shown, this common law rule prevents contracting parties from effectively deterring certain hard-to-detect breaches of which insider trading is but one example. Rule 10b-5, I argue, reverses the common law rule, allowing contracting parties to contract for fraud liability and the accompanying extra-compensatory damages for insider trading. The implications of this new theory of insider trading law are significant. First, this theory helps us explain the law as it’s been received, something that competing theories simply can’t do. Second, it implies that insider trading liability under Rule 10b-5 should not be limited to fiduciaries but should include trading by at least some non-fiduciaries as well. Third, this theory provides courts with a tractable way of determining the scope of Rule 10b-5 – they must ask whether the trader and the information source are likely to have contracted for insider trading liability under Rule 10b-5, an inquiry that turns in part on the availability of alternatives to fraud liability for deterring insider trading. Fourth, and finally, the contractual fraud theory of insider trading law implies that, interpreting these implicit contracts over information, the SEC can cast a broader liability net than courts. Consequently, this theory explains not just the Supreme Court’s insider trading jurisprudence but also rules promulgated by the SEC, like rule 10b5-2, which are thought to go beyond the limits of the Court’s interpretation of the statute. This theory implies that the SEC is well within its authority to adopt Rule 10b5-2, a proposition that has been called into question by some federal courts.
联邦内幕交易法在很大程度上是由联邦普通法组成的,它植根于一种禁止与证券买卖有关的欺诈行为的法定制度。长期以来,评论家们一直对这一事实感到遗憾,认为该法律以反欺诈法规为基础是历史上的一个怪癖,没有什么可取之处。毕竟,欺诈与内幕交易有什么关系呢?事实证明,有很多。在本文中,我发展了一个理论来解释和捍卫联邦内幕交易法基于欺诈的本质。具体而言,我认为10b-5规则,即所讨论的反欺诈规则,应被理解为改变了禁止当事人就欺诈责任签订合同的普通法规则。正如合同学者所表明的那样,这种普通法规则阻止了合同当事人有效阻止某些难以察觉的违规行为,内幕交易只是其中一个例子。我认为,规则10b-5与普通法规则相反,允许订约各方就欺诈责任和内幕交易附带的额外补偿性损害赔偿签订合同。这一新内幕交易法理论的意义重大。首先,这个理论帮助我们解释已知的定律,这是其他理论无法做到的。其次,这意味着10b-5规则下的内幕交易责任不应局限于受托人,而应包括至少一些非受托人的交易。第三,这一理论为法院确定10b-5规则的范围提供了一种易于处理的方法——他们必须询问交易者和信息源是否有可能根据10b-5规则承担内幕交易责任,这一调查在一定程度上取决于是否存在欺诈责任的替代方案,以阻止内幕交易。第四,也是最后一点,内幕交易法的合同欺诈理论意味着,在解释这些关于信息的隐性合同时,SEC可以撒下比法院更广泛的责任网。因此,这一理论不仅解释了最高法院的内幕交易判例,也解释了美国证券交易委员会颁布的规则,如10b5-2规则,这些规则被认为超出了法院对法规解释的限制。这一理论意味着SEC完全有权力采用10b5-2规则,这一主张受到了一些联邦法院的质疑。
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引用次数: 0
Women on Board, Regulations and Reality 女性在船上,规则和现实
Pub Date : 2019-03-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3360211
Velmurugan Palaniappan Shanmugam, A. T
An attempt made in this paper to understand the credibility of Corporate Governance regulations relating to mandatory women representation in Indian companies. It considered recent regulatory norms introduced by SEBI on women representation. Reviews of articles and data from NSE 50 companies are taken for the completion of this paper. From the analysis of top 50 companies listed with NSE, using simple percentage analysis and review based analysis it is found that there is relatively poor representation of women in executive ranks in corporations. After the implementation of Sec 149 of Companies Act 2013 there is a drastic change in the women representation. It is found that in many companies’ female appointments are made to satisfy the legal provisions in companies act, 2013. This study shows that single women on board and tokenism of female members in board prevent the effective functioning of the women directors in board. This study concluded with valuable recommendations to improve the norms, that leads to more effective implementation of gender diversity on corporate boards in India.
本文试图了解与印度公司中强制性女性代表有关的公司治理法规的可信度。委员会审议了印度证券交易委员会最近提出的关于妇女代表性的管理准则。对NSE 50公司的文章和数据的回顾是为了完成本文。从NSE前50家上市公司的分析中,使用简单的百分比分析和基于审查的分析发现,女性在公司高管中的代表性相对较差。《2013年公司法》第149条实施后,女性代表人数发生了巨大变化。研究发现,在许多公司中,女性的任命是为了满足2013年公司法的法律规定。研究表明,董事会中女性成员的单身和女性成员的象征主义阻碍了女性董事在董事会中的有效发挥作用。这项研究最后提出了改善规范的宝贵建议,从而使印度公司董事会更有效地实施性别多样性。
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引用次数: 1
Boards and Sustainable Value Creation The Legal Entity, Co-Determination and Other Means 董事会与可持续价值创造:法人实体、共同决策等方式
Pub Date : 2019-03-04 DOI: 10.54648/eulr2019013
J. Veldman
Boards of directors face growing pressures to engage with systemic risks and sustainable value creation. In this article I explore how an entity view in company law provides a consideration of the status, architecture and purpose of the modern corporation that theoretically offers the capacity to integrate such issues in corporate strategy. I also explore how specific models of corporate architecture such as co-determination relate to such an entity view. Exploring different perspectives on the VW case I show how a dominant view of corporate governance conflicts with the assumptions underlying co-determination. In relation to these issues I argue that the entity view and co-determination do not provide panacea for the reform of corporate governance theory and practice, but provide conceptual building blocks that may be used to engage in a creative way with notions of status, architecture and purpose in order to enhance the capacity for company directors to engage with systemic risks and sustainable value creation in corporate strategy.
董事会面临着越来越大的压力,需要应对系统性风险和可持续价值创造。在本文中,我将探讨公司法中的实体观如何提供对现代公司的地位、结构和目的的考虑,从而在理论上提供将这些问题整合到公司战略中的能力。我还探讨了企业架构的特定模型(如共同决定)如何与这样的实体视图相关联。通过对大众案例的不同视角的探索,我展示了公司治理的主流观点是如何与共同决定背后的假设相冲突的。关于这些问题,我认为,实体观和共同决策并不能为公司治理理论和实践的改革提供灵丹妙药,但提供了概念性的构建模块,可用于以创造性的方式参与地位、架构和目的的概念,以增强公司董事在公司战略中参与系统性风险和可持续价值创造的能力。
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引用次数: 6
期刊
Corporate Governance: Internal Governance
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