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Oral Health Status, Dietary Intake, and Oral Health-related Quality of Life among Institutionalized Elderly in Bangalore 班加罗尔机构养老者的口腔健康状况、膳食摄入量和与口腔健康相关的生活质量
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_234_24
V. Rani, Niharika Benjamin, A. Abhilash, Meenakshi Bhasin, Ruchira Bhamare, Sneha Sinha
ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary intake and oral health status and how oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL) influences the institutionalized elderly population of Bangalore. A cross-sectional study was conducted to appraise the oral health and dietary intake of institutionalized elderly. Patients completed a validated questionnaire and a clinical evaluation. CPI index, loss of attachment (LoA), DMFT, prosthetic status, and prosthetic necessity were utilized to contrast OHQoL using the Chi-square test. The diet and OHQoL were compared using ANOVA. This study surveyed 400 institutionalized elderly populations. The average age of the sample was 70.02 ± 8.149 years. LoA and DMFT were significantly associated with GOHAI’s functional domain (P = 0.000). CPI (P = 0.049) and DMFT index (P = 0.003) were associated with GOHAI pain/discomfort and psycho-social domains. The psycho-social domain was associated with an upper arch prosthesis status (P = 0.010). Subjects with good OHQoL consumed 1961.19 ± 479.33 calories, while those with poor OHQoL consumed 1814 ± 432.41 calories (P = 0.002). According to the study findings, periodontal disease, decay, and missing teeth impaired OHQoL. The OHQoL was significantly declined with dietary intake.
摘要 该研究旨在评估饮食摄入量与口腔健康状况之间的关系,以及口腔健康相关生活质量(OHQoL)对班加罗尔机构养老人群的影响。 这项横断面研究旨在评估机构养老老年人的口腔健康和饮食摄入情况。患者填写了有效问卷并进行了临床评估。采用卡方检验(Chi-square test)对 CPI 指数、附着丧失(LoA)、DMFT、修复状态和修复必要性进行了对比。采用方差分析对饮食和健康生活质量进行比较。 本研究调查了 400 名入住养老院的老年人。样本的平均年龄为 70.02 ± 8.149 岁。LoA和DMFT与GOHAI的功能域有明显相关性(P = 0.000)。CPI(P = 0.049)和 DMFT 指数(P = 0.003)与 GOHAI 的疼痛/不适和社会心理领域相关。社会心理领域与上弓假体状态相关(P = 0.010)。健康生活质量良好的受试者消耗的热量为 1961.19 ± 479.33 卡路里,而健康生活质量较差的受试者消耗的热量为 1814 ± 432.41 卡路里(P = 0.002)。 研究结果表明,牙周病、龋齿和缺牙会损害健康生活质量。健康生活质量随饮食摄入量的增加而明显下降。
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引用次数: 0
Prevalence and Patterns of Oral Mucosal Lesions Among Geriatric Patients in India: A Retrospective Study 印度老年患者口腔黏膜病变的患病率和模式:回顾性研究
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_211_24
Kumar Ankit, Yusra Khan, Avinash Jaiswal, Deepmala Rana, A. Qurishi, Shreya Pandey, Pranav V Manek
ABSTRACT Geriatric dentistry plays a pivotal role in addressing the oral health needs of the elderly population, who are prone to various age-related disorders affecting the oral mucosa. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among geriatric patients in India, considering factors, such as age, gender, and systemic diseases. A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted, analyzing medical and clinical examination records of 354 geriatric patients attending a dental college/hospital between 2022 and 2023. Data on demographics, systemic diseases, oral habits, and denture usage were collected, and oral mucosal lesions were classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Among the 354 subjects examined, oral mucosal lesions were observed in 54.66% of cases. Leukoplakia (19.49%) and lichen planus (17.80%) were the most prevalent lesions, followed by malignancy (12.99%) and denture stomatitis (9.04%). The prevalence varied across age-groups, with higher rates observed in individuals aged 60–70 years. The study highlights the significant burden of oral mucosal lesions among geriatric patients in India, underscoring the need for targeted preventive strategies and comprehensive oral healthcare interventions tailored to the specific needs of elderly individuals.
ABSTRACT 老年牙科在满足老年人口腔健康需求方面发挥着关键作用,因为老年人容易患上各种影响口腔黏膜的老年性疾病。本研究旨在调查印度老年患者口腔黏膜病变的患病率,同时考虑年龄、性别和全身性疾病等因素。 本研究以医院为基础开展了一项回顾性研究,分析了 2022 年至 2023 年期间在牙科学院/医院就诊的 354 名老年患者的医疗和临床检查记录。研究收集了人口统计学、全身性疾病、口腔习惯和义齿使用情况等数据,并根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的标准对口腔黏膜病变进行了分类。 在接受检查的 354 名受试者中,54.66% 的病例出现了口腔黏膜病变。白斑病(19.49%)和扁平苔藓(17.80%)是最常见的病变,其次是恶性肿瘤(12.99%)和义齿口腔炎(9.04%)。不同年龄段的患病率各不相同,60-70 岁人群的患病率较高。 这项研究强调了口腔黏膜病变在印度老年患者中造成的沉重负担,突出表明有必要针对老年人的特殊需求制定有针对性的预防策略和全面的口腔保健干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mask Usage Among Patients in a Tertiary Dental Care Center 一家三级牙科护理中心患者使用口罩的知识、态度和实践
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_187_24
Jinu George, Mereesha Kayyalakkal, Fathimathu T. A. Koppara, R. Christalin, Dhanya Shaji, S. K. Narayanankutty
ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice related to mask use among patients visiting a tertiary dental care clinic through a structured self-administered questionnaire. The cross-sectional study comprised dental outpatients at Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala. The questionnaire contained demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practice questions about COVID-19. Data analysis included Chi-square testing and descriptive statistics. A 99% response rate was achieved with 495 responses. There were 241 (49%) men and 254 (51%) women. The study had the most respondents aged 21 to 40 years (n = 220; 44.4%), followed by people older than 40 years (n = 204; 41.2%) and younger than 20 years (n = 71; 14.3%). There were statistically significant differences in age, education, and occupation with knowledge and significant differences in attitude and practice by occupation. This study suggests that dental patients are knowledgeable about health issues and disease prevention strategies. Positive attitudes toward infection prevention in dental clinics with higher levels of prevention practices against COVID-19 transmission rates were reported.
ABSTRACT 该研究旨在通过结构化自填式问卷,评估在一家三级牙科保健诊所就诊的患者对口罩使用的相关知识、态度和做法。 这项横断面研究的对象是喀拉拉邦特里苏尔政府医学院的牙科门诊患者。问卷包含有关 COVID-19 的人口统计学、知识、态度和实践问题。数据分析包括卡方检验和描述性统计。 共有 495 份回复,回复率为 99%。其中男性 241 人(占 49%),女性 254 人(占 51%)。研究中年龄在 21-40 岁之间的受访者最多(220 人;44.4%),其次是 40 岁以上(204 人;41.2%)和 20 岁以下(71 人;14.3%)。在知识方面,年龄、教育程度和职业的差异有统计学意义,而在态度和实践方面,职业的差异也很明显。 这项研究表明,牙科患者对健康问题和疾病预防策略有一定的了解。据报告,牙科诊所对预防感染持积极态度,对 COVID-19 传播率的预防实践水平较高。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Interface: A Case Series on Endoperio Lesions 探索界面:术中病变病例系列
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_217_24
Sagorika Saha, Dennis V Abraham, Sonal Mahilkar, Rhitam Ghosal, Priyal Agrawal, Ahmed Ali
ABSTRACT Endoperiodontal lesion is a result of pathological/inflammatory connections between pulpal and periodontal tissues via open structures like apical foramina, dentinal tubules, and lateral accessory canals. This case series deals with endoperio lesions in which regenerative treatment is performed post-root canal treatment (RCT). Post 6 months, results suggested uneventful healing with gain in clinical attachment level.
摘要 牙周内病变是牙髓和牙周组织之间通过根尖孔、牙本质小管和侧方附属管等开放结构发生病理/炎症连接的结果。本病例系列涉及根管治疗(RCT)后进行再生治疗的牙髓病变。6 个月后,结果显示愈合顺利,临床附着水平有所提高。
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引用次数: 0
Forensically Valuable Odonatological Records Documentation in an Era of Electronics: How Aware Are the Dental Fraternity? 电子时代具有鉴证价值的齿科记录文档:牙科兄弟会的意识如何?
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_216_24
Kriti Garg, Vishal Mehrotra, A. Srivastava, Sarika Umrao
ABSTRACT Forensic odontology plays a pivotal role in the identification of victims in mass disasters with the help of “Preserved dental records” available to general dental practitioners (GDPs). Comparison of dental data obtained from the deceased person with dental data obtained by the dentist from the person’s file is a primary method of identification through dental evidence. We explored the practice of maintaining dental records among GDPs, as well as their knowledge of legal regulations and the application of dental records in forensic odontology. Two hundred fifty dentists participated in an online survey. Questions covered general information on dentists, maintenance of dental records, and knowledge of legal requirements and forensic odontology. Overall, 85.2% of dentists obtain and archive written informed consent, while 73.2% retain records in the form of dental cast. Generally, non-carious dental lesions and developmental dental anomalies were not recorded. About 90.8% of dentists use Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) notation. The survey revealed different practices in the maintenance of dental records, including significant flaws and a lack of awareness of their forensic importance. This obvious need for additional education on the proper maintenance of dental records could be met by including forensic odontology in compulsory undergraduate courses and postgraduate dental education. Establishing national and international standards in dental charting would comply with contemporary trends in health care and the requirements of forensic expertise.
ABSTRACT 法医牙科学在借助普通牙科医生(GDPs)可获得的 "保存的牙科记录 "确认大规模灾难中的受害者身份方面发挥着关键作用。将从死者身上获得的牙科数据与牙科医生从死者档案中获得的牙科数据进行比较,是通过牙科证据进行身份鉴定的主要方法。 我们探讨了全科牙医保存牙科记录的做法,以及他们对法律规定和牙科记录在法医牙科学中的应用的了解。 250 名牙医参与了在线调查。问题涉及牙医的一般信息、牙科记录的维护、法律规定和法医牙科知识。 总体而言,85.2% 的牙医会获取书面知情同意书并将其存档,73.2% 的牙医会以牙科石膏的形式保留记录。一般来说,非龋齿病变和牙齿发育异常没有记录在案。约 90.8%的牙医使用国际牙医联合会(FDI)符号。 调查显示,在保存牙科记录方面存在不同做法,包括存在重大缺陷和缺乏对其法医重要性的认识。通过将法医牙科学纳入本科必修课程和研究生牙科教育,可以满足对正确保存牙科记录的额外教育的明显需求。建立国家和国际标准的牙科病历将符合当代医疗保健的趋势和法医专业知识的要求。
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引用次数: 0
A Comparative Clinical Evaluation of Subgingivally Delivered 0.5% Azithromycin Gel and 1% Chlorhexidine Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Chronic Periodontitis 龈下给药 0.5%阿奇霉素凝胶和 1%洗必泰凝胶作为洗牙和根面平整术辅助治疗慢性牙周炎的比较临床评估
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_193_24
Priyanka B Vhanmane, Rishi Nandy, S. Mangalekar, J. Rai, Shweta V. Sagare, Shruti Kumbhare
ABSTRACT Chronic periodontitis is a prevalent inflammatory condition affecting the supporting structures of teeth. Adjunctive therapies to scaling and root planing (SRP) play a crucial role in enhancing treatment outcomes. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin gel and 1% chlorhexidine gel as adjuncts to SRP in the management of chronic periodontitis. A comparative clinical evaluation was conducted involving 60 participants diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. They were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A received subgingival application of 0.5% azithromycin gel after SRP, whereas Group B received 1% chlorhexidine gel in a similar manner. Clinical parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival index (GI) were recorded at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in clinical parameters after treatment. However, Group A exhibited a greater reduction in PPD (mean decrease of 2.5 mm) compared with Group B (mean decrease of 1.8 mm). Similarly, Group A showed a higher gain in CAL (mean gain of 2.3 mm) compared with Group B (mean gain of 1.5 mm). In addition, a significant reduction in GI was observed in both groups, with Group A showing slightly better outcomes. Subgingivally delivered 0.5% azithromycin gel demonstrated superior clinical efficacy as an adjunct to SRP in the treatment of chronic periodontitis compared with 1% chlorhexidine gel. The findings suggest that azithromycin gel may serve as a promising therapeutic option in managing periodontal disease.
摘要 慢性牙周炎是一种影响牙齿支撑结构的普遍炎症。洗牙和根面平整术(SRP)的辅助疗法在提高治疗效果方面起着至关重要的作用。本研究旨在比较龈下给药0.5%阿奇霉素凝胶和1%洗必泰凝胶作为SRP治疗慢性牙周炎的辅助疗法的临床效果。 研究人员对 60 名确诊为慢性牙周炎的患者进行了临床对比评估。他们被随机分配到两组:A 组在 SRP 后龈下涂抹 0.5% 阿奇霉素凝胶,而 B 组以类似的方式涂抹 1% 洗必泰凝胶。在基线和 3 个月随访时记录临床参数,包括探诊袋深度 (PPD)、临床附着水平 (CAL) 和牙龈指数 (GI)。 治疗后,两组的临床参数均有明显改善。不过,与 B 组(平均减少 1.8 毫米)相比,A 组的 PPD 减少幅度更大(平均减少 2.5 毫米)。同样,与 B 组(平均增加 1.5 毫米)相比,A 组的 CAL 增加幅度更大(平均增加 2.3 毫米)。此外,两组的 GI 都有明显下降,A 组的效果稍好。 与 1%洗必泰凝胶相比,龈下注射 0.5% 阿奇霉素凝胶作为 SRP 的辅助治疗慢性牙周炎的临床疗效更佳。研究结果表明,阿奇霉素凝胶可作为治疗牙周病的一种有前途的治疗选择。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Analysis of Two Different Techniques for Ridge Preservation Following Tooth Extraction: A Clinical and Radiographic Study 拔牙后保留牙脊的两种不同技术的比较分析:临床和放射学研究
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_190_24
Naseemoon Shaik, Sai D. R. Rajoli, P. S. Sarika, Venkatesh Bejagam, Shifa F. Shajahan, Ghanta Snehika
ABSTRACT Ridge preservation following tooth extraction is essential for maintaining the alveolar bone structure and facilitating successful dental implant placement. Various techniques have been proposed for this purpose, but there remains a need for comparative analysis to determine their efficacy. This clinical and radiographic study compared two different techniques for ridge preservation: Technique A and Technique B. Fifty patients requiring tooth extraction were randomly assigned to either Technique A or Technique B group. Clinical parameters including pain, swelling, and soft tissue healing were evaluated postoperatively. Radiographic assessments were conducted to measure the dimensional changes in the alveolar ridge at baseline and after 3 months using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). In the Technique A group, postoperative pain scores averaged 2.3 (±0.5) on a visual analog scale (VAS), while in the Technique B group, the average pain score was 2.5 (±0.6). The swelling was minimal in both groups with no significant difference. Soft tissue healing was satisfactory in both groups. Radiographically, the mean vertical bone loss was 1.2 mm (±0.3) in the Technique A group and 0.9 mm (±0.4) in the Technique B group, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). Both Technique A and Technique B demonstrated favorable outcomes in terms of postoperative discomfort and soft tissue healing. However, Technique B showed superior preservation of vertical ridge dimensions compared to Technique A. Therefore, Technique B may be considered more effective for ridge preservation following tooth extraction.
摘要 拔牙后保留牙脊对于维持牙槽骨结构和促进种植牙的成功植入至关重要。为此,人们提出了多种技术,但仍需要进行比较分析以确定其有效性。 这项临床和放射学研究比较了两种不同的牙脊保存技术,即技术 A 和技术 B:50 名需要拔牙的患者被随机分配到技术 A 组或技术 B 组。术后对疼痛、肿胀和软组织愈合等临床参数进行评估。使用锥束计算机断层扫描(CBCT)对基线和 3 个月后的牙槽嵴尺寸变化进行放射学评估。 在技术 A 组中,术后疼痛评分在视觉模拟量表(VAS)上平均为 2.3(±0.5)分,而在技术 B 组中,平均疼痛评分为 2.5(±0.6)分。两组患者的肿胀都很轻微,没有明显差异。两组的软组织愈合情况均令人满意。从影像学上看,技术 A 组的平均垂直骨量损失为 1.2 毫米(±0.3),技术 B 组为 0.9 毫米(±0.4),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 在术后不适和软组织愈合方面,技术 A 和技术 B 都取得了良好的效果。不过,与技术 A 相比,技术 B 显示出更佳的垂直牙脊尺寸保存效果。
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引用次数: 0
Awareness about COVID-19 among Patients Attending the Out-patient Department of a Tertiary Dental Care Center: A Cross-Sectional Study 一家三级牙科护理中心门诊部患者对 COVID-19 的认识:横断面研究
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_215_24
Dhanya Shaji, S. K. Narayanankutty, Jinu George, Divia Attuvalappil Rajan, Christalin Ramakrishnan, Shalmiya Karukappadath Ibrahim
ABSTRACT The study aimed to assess coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) knowledge among dental patients seeking treatment at a tertiary care center. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Government Dental College Thrissur to assess dental patients’ COVID-19 awareness. Patients over 18 who attended the dental department and agreed to participate were included after obtaining the informed consent. A validated self-administered questionnaire study was done. The sample had an average age of 39.68 ± 13.83 years. The study included 179 men (46.9%) and 203 women (53.1%). The t-test revealed statistically insignificant age and gender distribution (P = 0.59). The study found that dental patients at tertiary care were aware of the health issue, its potential spread, and preventive measures.
ABSTRACT 该研究旨在评估在一家三级医疗中心就诊的牙科患者对冠状病毒病2019(COVID-19)的了解程度。 在特里苏尔政府牙科学院开展了一项横断面研究,以评估牙科患者对 COVID-19 的认识。18岁以上在牙科就诊并同意参与的患者在获得知情同意后被纳入研究。研究人员进行了有效的自填式问卷调查。 样本的平均年龄为 39.68 ± 13.83 岁。研究包括 179 名男性(46.9%)和 203 名女性(53.1%)。t 检验显示,年龄和性别分布在统计学上并不显著(P = 0.59)。 研究发现,三级医疗机构的牙科患者了解健康问题、其潜在的传播途径和预防措施。
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引用次数: 0
Awareness of Orthodontists Toward Management of Orthodontic Patients Suffering with Diabetes Mellitus in Central India Population: A Cross-Sectional Survey 印度中部正畸医师对糖尿病正畸患者管理的认识:横断面调查
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_214_24
Arun R. Mhaske, S. Parhad, Sakina Abdul Sattar, Ashish Pandey, K. Fafat, P. Tekale
ABSTRACT To evaluate orthodontists’ awareness and knowledge about management of orthodontic patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and determine if the treatment approach is according to the international guidelines. This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Central India from January 2023to December 2023 and included 60 orthodontists from different dental clinics in private practice. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, with questions about the orthodontic management of patients with DM. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences statistical software, version 22. Significant variation is seen while evaluating the HB1Ac, maintaining oral hygiene, and consideration for optimal control of periodontitis in DM. Controlled DM is not a contraindication for orthodontic treatment. During orthodontic treatment, special consideration is obligatory concerning periodontal problems and proper oral hygiene to prevent the progression of periodontal breakdown.
摘要 评估正畸医师对糖尿病(DM)正畸患者管理的认识和知识,并确定治疗方法是否符合国际指南。 这项横断面调查于 2023 年 1 月至 2023 年 12 月在印度中部进行,包括来自不同牙科诊所的 60 名私人执业正畸医师。数据收集采用自填式问卷调查,其中包含有关 DM 患者正畸管理的问题。数据分析采用社会科学统计软件包第 22 版进行。 在评估 HB1Ac、保持口腔卫生和考虑对 DM 牙周炎进行最佳控制方面存在显著差异。 已控制的 DM 并不是正畸治疗的禁忌症。在正畸治疗期间,必须特别考虑牙周问题和适当的口腔卫生,以防止牙周病的恶化。
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引用次数: 0
Amelioration: An Innovative Approach to Behavior Management Based on Cognitive Process 改善:基于认知过程的行为管理创新方法
IF 0.8 Q3 Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_186_24
S. Sathyaprasad, K. B. Dhanya, P. J. S. Anand, Reshma Amin, P. A. Thomas, H. Alwafi
ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine the applicability of psychological traits identified by Piaget sixty years ago to children in the current generation and to utilize these traits clinically for behavior modification. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 participants aged 4–7, divided into four groups. Three tests were administered to evaluate the manifestation of preoperational features. Based on the most noticeable aspect of cognitive development, tailored behavior management strategies were applied to help improve cooperation among the children. The study utilized Frankl’s behavior rating scale both before and after the intervention, and statistical analysis was performed to assess the outcomes. Contrary to Piaget’s findings, the study revealed that 94% of children displayed egocentrism and centration at the age of four, with these traits gradually decreasing from four to seven years old. Moreover, better patient cooperation was observed when cognitive-based behavior management techniques were employed clinically, and the improvement was statistically significant at P < 0.001. The study concluded that the Amelioration, a cognitive feature-based behavior modification technique, represented the most effective way to elicit cooperative responses from children. This technique can be considered a novel and pioneering behavior management strategy for enhancing patient cooperation.
摘要 该研究旨在确定皮亚杰六十年前发现的心理特征对当代儿童的适用性,并将这些特征用于临床行为矫正。 这项横断面研究将 200 名 4-7 岁的参与者分为四组。研究人员进行了三项测试,以评估前运算特征的表现。根据认知发展中最显著的方面,采用了量身定制的行为管理策略,以帮助改善儿童之间的合作。研究采用弗兰克尔的行为评定量表,对干预前后的结果进行了统计分析。 与皮亚杰的研究结果相反,研究显示,94% 的儿童在四岁时表现出自我中心和集中注意力,这些特征在四岁至七岁期间逐渐减少。此外,在临床上采用以认知为基础的行为管理技术后,观察到患者的配合度有所提高,而且这种提高在统计学上有显著意义(P < 0.001)。 研究认为,"改善 "是一种基于认知特征的行为矫正技术,是激发儿童合作反应的最有效方法。该技术可被视为一种新颖的、开创性的行为管理策略,可增强患者的合作性。
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引用次数: 0
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