Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans (FOC) causes yellow wilt, a serious cabbage disease. This fungal species is composed of many strains within two pathotypes. In this study, the inhibitory effect of essential oils of six aromatic and medicinal plants (oregano, thyme, clove, cinnamon, lemongrass, litsea) at multiple concentrations on eight FOC isolates of different origins was investigated. Our results showed that oregano essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect. The tested essential oils could be divided into three clusters according to the similar content of their main components (oregano and thyme, clove and cinnamon, lemongrass, and litsea), which correlated to some extent with their inhibitory effects on FOC. The tested isolates also differed in their response to the studied essential oils. The differences within FOC races were more important than between races, and the sensitivity of isolates against essential oils seemed to be more related to the geographical origin of the isolates, rather than to their race affiliation.
{"title":"Diversity in the growth response of isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans to different essential oils","authors":"Stepan Helmer, Matej Panek","doi":"10.1111/jph.13332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>conglutinans</i> (FOC) causes yellow wilt, a serious cabbage disease. This fungal species is composed of many strains within two pathotypes. In this study, the inhibitory effect of essential oils of six aromatic and medicinal plants (oregano, thyme, clove, cinnamon, lemongrass, litsea) at multiple concentrations on eight FOC isolates of different origins was investigated. Our results showed that oregano essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect. The tested essential oils could be divided into three clusters according to the similar content of their main components (oregano and thyme, clove and cinnamon, lemongrass, and litsea), which correlated to some extent with their inhibitory effects on FOC. The tested isolates also differed in their response to the studied essential oils. The differences within FOC races were more important than between races, and the sensitivity of isolates against essential oils seemed to be more related to the geographical origin of the isolates, rather than to their race affiliation.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jph.13332","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141326736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rudy Hermanto, Rudi Hari Murti, Sedyo Hartono, Azis Purwantoro, Arman Wijonarko, Mulyantoro, Hartinio Natalia Nahampun, Ahmad Afifuddin
Yellow mosaic and leaf curl diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted begomo virus genera are important problems in tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) production in Indonesia, particularly on Java Island. The aims of this survey are to assess the percentages of disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI), evaluate the spread and complexity of begomovirus and crinivirus infections responsible for yellow mosaic and leaf curl diseases in tomato plants, and identify the species of whitefly insect vectors and their cryptic biotypes in tomato production centers located on Java Island, Indonesia. A total of 43 locations in East, Central, and West Java were surveyed during the dry season from July 2022 to September 2022. Disease incidence and severity were determined by observing 200 samples of tomato plants from five points at each location, with 40 plants per point of land. A total of 116 whitefly samples in microtubes and 215 symptomatic leaf samples were collected. The genus begomovirus and crinivirus infecting tomato were identified by PCR and RT-PCR using genus-specific primers. Similarly, whitefly species and their cryptic biotypes were identified by PCR using MCoI gene-specific primers. Results showed that DI and DSI remarkably differed between the lowlands (66%–89%) and highlands (33%–62%) in the provinces of Central Java and West Java. Furthermore, PCR analysis of 215 infected tomato showing the symptoms of yellow mosaic and curly leaf revealed that three begomoviruses, one crinivirus and their mixed combination both begomoviruses, one crinivirus has been detected in all the samples. Similarly, the whitefly insect vector Bemisia tabaci biotype Q was identified in all areas, whereas Trialeurodes vaporariorum was found only in the East Java and Java highlands, respectively.
{"title":"Viral complexity of tomatoes yellow mosaic and leaf curl diseases in lowland and highland areas","authors":"Rudy Hermanto, Rudi Hari Murti, Sedyo Hartono, Azis Purwantoro, Arman Wijonarko, Mulyantoro, Hartinio Natalia Nahampun, Ahmad Afifuddin","doi":"10.1111/jph.13326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Yellow mosaic and leaf curl diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted begomo virus genera are important problems in tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicon</i> L.) production in Indonesia, particularly on Java Island. The aims of this survey are to assess the percentages of disease incidence (DI) and disease severity index (DSI), evaluate the spread and complexity of begomovirus and crinivirus infections responsible for yellow mosaic and leaf curl diseases in tomato plants, and identify the species of whitefly insect vectors and their cryptic biotypes in tomato production centers located on Java Island, Indonesia. A total of 43 locations in East, Central, and West Java were surveyed during the dry season from July 2022 to September 2022. Disease incidence and severity were determined by observing 200 samples of tomato plants from five points at each location, with 40 plants per point of land. A total of 116 whitefly samples in microtubes and 215 symptomatic leaf samples were collected. The genus begomovirus and crinivirus infecting tomato were identified by PCR and RT-PCR using genus-specific primers. Similarly, whitefly species and their cryptic biotypes were identified by PCR using MCoI gene-specific primers. Results showed that DI and DSI remarkably differed between the lowlands (66%–89%) and highlands (33%–62%) in the provinces of Central Java and West Java. Furthermore, PCR analysis of 215 infected tomato showing the symptoms of yellow mosaic and curly leaf revealed that three begomoviruses, one crinivirus and their mixed combination both begomoviruses, one crinivirus has been detected in all the samples. Similarly, the whitefly insect vector <i>Bemisia tabaci</i> biotype Q was identified in all areas, whereas <i>Trialeurodes vaporariorum</i> was found only in the East Java and Java highlands, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jph.13326","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141298406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Desmodium triflorum is an important gramineous forage grown in tropical regions of China. In August 2022, a new leaf spot disease was observed on D. triflorum during a field survey at the base of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China. The pathogen was isolated and identified using morphological examination and phylogeny based on multi-gene sequences analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, the second largest RNA polymerase subunit (RPB2), and beta-tubulin genes. The isolates were identified as Epicoccum sorghinum. The pathogenicity of E. sorghinum on D. triflorum was validated fulfilling Koch's postulates, causing leaf spot disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease on D. triflorum caused by E. sorghinum in China.
Desmodium triflorum 是中国热带地区种植的一种重要禾本科牧草。2022 年 8 月,在中国热带农业科学院海南基地的一次田间调查中,观察到一种新的叶斑病。通过形态学检查和基于核糖体内部转录间隔区、第二大RNA聚合酶亚基(RPB2)和β-tubulin基因的多基因序列分析的系统发育,对病原进行了分离和鉴定。经鉴定,这些分离物为高粱伊皮球孢属(Epicoccum sorghinum)。根据科赫推论,高粱疫霉菌对三叶青 D. 的致病性得到了验证,它能引起叶斑病。据我们所知,这是中国首次报道 E. sorghinum 在三叶青上引起的叶斑病。
{"title":"Leaf spot of Desmodium triflorum caused by Epicoccum sorghinum in South China","authors":"Ying Lu, Hui-ru Zhang, Wei-yi Zhang, Wei-huai Wu, Chun-ping He, Yan-qiong Liang, Xing Huang, Ke-xian Yi","doi":"10.1111/jph.13331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13331","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Desmodium triflorum</i> is an important gramineous forage grown in tropical regions of China. In August 2022, a new leaf spot disease was observed on <i>D. triflorum</i> during a field survey at the base of the Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Hainan, China. The pathogen was isolated and identified using morphological examination and phylogeny based on multi-gene sequences analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, the second largest RNA polymerase subunit (<i>RPB2</i>), and beta-tubulin genes. The isolates were identified as <i>Epicoccum sorghinum.</i> The pathogenicity of <i>E. sorghinum</i> on <i>D. triflorum</i> was validated fulfilling Koch's postulates, causing leaf spot disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease on <i>D. triflorum</i> caused by <i>E. sorghinum</i> in China.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141298405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xianren Xia, Quanzhen Wang, Kai Guo, GuoQin Yuan, Tao Deng, Zhenyu Zhao, Qichao Guo, Kai Wu, Biao Chen, Yihong Pan
Tobacco black shank (TBS) and tobacco root black rot (TRBR) are two of the most devastating tobacco soil-borne diseases that threaten sustainable tobacco planting. This study investigated the effects of Trichoderma sp. and a resistance inducer (RI) extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, individually or in combination, on the control of TBS and TRBR. The results showed that the application of Trichoderma sp. and RI, individually or in combination, significantly controlled the two soil-borne diseases by significantly affecting the bacterial, but not fungal, Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes. The disease indexes of TBS and TRBR in integrated application management were the lowest, resulting in the highest potassium contents in the tobacco leaves. The control efficacies of TBS and TRBR in the integrated application treatment were 71.52 ± 1.43% and 68.33 ± 0.69%, respectively. The integrated treatment altered the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbial community. The bacterial community, but not the fungal community, of the control treatment was separated from those of other treatments. The relative abundance of bacteria involved in chemoheterotrophy and fermentation in the control treatment increased, whereas that of bacteria involved in nitrification and aerobic ammonia oxidation decreased compared with the other treatments. Importantly, the application of Trichoderma sp. and RI, individually or in combination, clearly increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi in contrast to the control treatment, while decreasing that of pathotrophic fungi. Our study suggests that a suitable integrated application of bioagents and RI has synergistic effects on the suppression of two tobacco soil-borne diseases by altering the rhizosphere microbiome composition in the field.
烟草黑柄病(TBS)和烟草根黑腐病(TRBR)是威胁烟草可持续种植的两种最具破坏性的烟草土传病害。本研究探讨了单独或联合使用毛霉和从中药中提取的抗性诱导剂(RI)对烟草黑柄病和烟草根黑腐病的防治效果。结果表明,单独或联合施用毛霉和抗性诱导剂可显著控制这两种土传病害,对细菌(而非真菌)的香农(Shannon)和辛普森(Simpson)多样性指数有明显影响。在综合施药管理中,TBS 和 TRBR 的病害指数最低,因此烟叶中的钾含量最高。在综合施药处理中,TBS 和 TRBR 的防治效果分别为 71.52 ± 1.43% 和 68.33 ± 0.69%。综合处理改变了根圈土壤微生物群落的组成。对照处理的细菌群落与其他处理的细菌群落分开,但真菌群落没有分开。与其他处理相比,对照处理中参与化合营养和发酵的细菌相对丰度增加,而参与硝化和需氧氨氧化的细菌相对丰度减少。重要的是,与对照处理相比,单独或联合施用毛霉和 RI 明显增加了嗜根真菌的相对丰度,而减少了嗜病真菌的相对丰度。我们的研究表明,适当综合应用生物制剂和 RI 可通过改变田间根瘤微生物组的组成,对抑制两种烟草土传病害产生协同效应。
{"title":"Combined application of resistance inducer and Trichoderma control two tobacco soil-borne diseases by regulating the field soil microbial composition","authors":"Xianren Xia, Quanzhen Wang, Kai Guo, GuoQin Yuan, Tao Deng, Zhenyu Zhao, Qichao Guo, Kai Wu, Biao Chen, Yihong Pan","doi":"10.1111/jph.13333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tobacco black shank (TBS) and tobacco root black rot (TRBR) are two of the most devastating tobacco soil-borne diseases that threaten sustainable tobacco planting. This study investigated the effects of <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. and a resistance inducer (RI) extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, individually or in combination, on the control of TBS and TRBR. The results showed that the application of <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. and RI, individually or in combination, significantly controlled the two soil-borne diseases by significantly affecting the bacterial, but not fungal, Shannon and Simpson diversity indexes. The disease indexes of TBS and TRBR in integrated application management were the lowest, resulting in the highest potassium contents in the tobacco leaves. The control efficacies of TBS and TRBR in the integrated application treatment were 71.52 ± 1.43% and 68.33 ± 0.69%, respectively. The integrated treatment altered the composition of the rhizosphere soil microbial community. The bacterial community, but not the fungal community, of the control treatment was separated from those of other treatments. The relative abundance of bacteria involved in chemoheterotrophy and fermentation in the control treatment increased, whereas that of bacteria involved in nitrification and aerobic ammonia oxidation decreased compared with the other treatments. Importantly, the application of <i>Trichoderma</i> sp. and RI, individually or in combination, clearly increased the relative abundance of saprotrophic fungi in contrast to the control treatment, while decreasing that of pathotrophic fungi. Our study suggests that a suitable integrated application of bioagents and RI has synergistic effects on the suppression of two tobacco soil-borne diseases by altering the rhizosphere microbiome composition in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141298404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a paucity of information on the relationship between anthers and Type II expression of Fusarium Head Blight resistance (measured by point inoculation of a spikelet and observing disease spread over the wheat spike). Twenty-nine UK commercial wheat varieties were evaluated for the expression of Type II resistance. Anther extrusion was measured by counting the number of spikelets with anthers trapped between the lemma and palea (anthers trapped). In five spikelets where trapped anthers were not observed, the number of spikelets with anthers contained within the spikelet was counted (anthers retained). There was variation in expression in the expression of Type II resistance (p < .001), anthers trapped (p < .001) and anthers retained (p < .001). Anthers trapped and anthers retained were not correlated with each other, indicating both should be considered independently. Later maturity correlated with great resistance in the AHDB Type I resistance ratings but to greater susceptibility to point inoculations (Type II). Consistent with previous literature higher numbers of anthers trapped to increase susceptibility to FHB Type I. However, the relationships were reversed for the expression of resistance measured by point inoculation within the spikelet, where anthers trapped between the lemma and palea reduced susceptibility to Type II point inoculation (p < .01). This suggests a benefit of releasing some pollen from within the spikelet for this inoculation method. Similarly, anthers retained contributed to increased Type II susceptibility (p < .05), potentially providing substrates within the spikelet inoculation site aiding fungal growth, but correlated to greater Type I resistance (p < .05) indicating the anthers are hidden from initial infection on the outside of the spikelet, particularly under low infection pressure. While preliminary, this work suggests that variation in anthers trapped, anthers retained and maturity date may increase Type II expression of resistance and could relate to increased Type I FHB susceptibility.
关于花药与镰刀菌头疫病抗性 II 型表达之间关系的信息很少(通过对小穗进行点接种并观察病害在小麦穗上的蔓延情况来衡量)。对 29 个英国商业小麦品种的 II 型抗性表达进行了评估。通过计算花药被困在外稃和内稃之间(花药被困)的小穗数量来衡量花药挤压情况。在未观察到花药被困的五个小穗中,计算了花药包含在小穗中的小穗数量(保留花药)。第二类抗性(p <.001)、花药被诱捕(p <.001)和花药被保留(p <.001)的表达存在差异。捕获的花药和保留的花药互不相关,表明两者应独立考虑。在 AHDB I 类抗性评级中,晚熟与高抗性相关,但更易受点接种(II 类)影响。然而,在小穗内通过点接种测量抗性表现时,两者之间的关系却相反,外稃和内稃之间的花药会降低对 II 型点接种的敏感性(p <.01)。这表明在这种接种方法中,从小穗内释放一些花粉是有益的。同样,保留花药也增加了第二类接种的易感性(p <.05),这可能在小穗接种部位提供了基质,有助于真菌生长,但也与第一类接种的抗性有关(p <.05),这表明花药隐藏在小穗外部,避免了最初的感染,尤其是在低感染压力下。这项工作虽然是初步的,但表明花药诱捕、花药保留和成熟日期的变化可能会增加第二类抗性的表达,并可能与第一类 FHB 易感性的增加有关。
{"title":"Fusarium head blight resistance measured by type II inoculation method among UK wheat cultivars and investigations into the relationship with anthers trapped and anthers retained","authors":"Roy A. Browne","doi":"10.1111/jph.13329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13329","url":null,"abstract":"<p>There is a paucity of information on the relationship between anthers and Type II expression of Fusarium Head Blight resistance (measured by point inoculation of a spikelet and observing disease spread over the wheat spike). Twenty-nine UK commercial wheat varieties were evaluated for the expression of Type II resistance. Anther extrusion was measured by counting the number of spikelets with anthers trapped between the lemma and palea (anthers trapped). In five spikelets where trapped anthers were not observed, the number of spikelets with anthers contained within the spikelet was counted (anthers retained). There was variation in expression in the expression of Type II resistance (<i>p</i> < .001), anthers trapped (<i>p</i> < .001) and anthers retained (<i>p</i> < .001). Anthers trapped and anthers retained were not correlated with each other, indicating both should be considered independently. Later maturity correlated with great resistance in the AHDB Type I resistance ratings but to greater susceptibility to point inoculations (Type II). Consistent with previous literature higher numbers of anthers trapped to increase susceptibility to FHB Type I. However, the relationships were reversed for the expression of resistance measured by point inoculation within the spikelet, where anthers trapped between the lemma and palea reduced susceptibility to Type II point inoculation (<i>p</i> < .01). This suggests a benefit of releasing some pollen from within the spikelet for this inoculation method. Similarly, anthers retained contributed to increased Type II susceptibility (<i>p</i> < .05), potentially providing substrates within the spikelet inoculation site aiding fungal growth, but correlated to greater Type I resistance (<i>p</i> < .05) indicating the anthers are hidden from initial infection on the outside of the spikelet, particularly under low infection pressure. While preliminary, this work suggests that variation in anthers trapped, anthers retained and maturity date may increase Type II expression of resistance and could relate to increased Type I FHB susceptibility.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jph.13329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of the seed gall nematode ‘Anguina tritici’ (Steinbuch, 1799) on the agronomic characteristics of some bread wheat cultivars were investigated at the Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Türkiye. An experiment was carried out in two different locations in Edirne in the 2019–2020 growing season. A total of 19 winter bread wheat cultivars were evaluated to assess infected grain number, healthy grain number, infected grain rate and yield. According to the results of the combined variance analysis, a statistically significant difference (p ≤ .01) was found in terms of yield from the application of inoculum. Compared to the control in wheat cultivars, there was a 52.15% decrease in the yield of infected parcels due to the damage of wheat seed gall nematode. The highest yield loss in infected parcels occurred in cv. Damla with 64.22% loss, while the least yield loss occurred in cv. Yüksel cultivar with 19%. Pathological symptoms, curling and twisting of the leaves, were not observed on green plants of cv. Yüksel cultivated in the field.
{"title":"Grain yield losses in wheat from the seed gall nematode Anguina tritici under field conditions","authors":"Adnan Tülek, İrfan Öztürk, Banu Tülek, Onur Göktepe, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Rachid Lahlali, Abdelfattah A. Dababat","doi":"10.1111/jph.13330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13330","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The effects of the seed gall nematode ‘<i>Anguina tritici</i>’ (Steinbuch, 1799) on the agronomic characteristics of some bread wheat cultivars were investigated at the Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, Türkiye. An experiment was carried out in two different locations in Edirne in the 2019–2020 growing season. A total of 19 winter bread wheat cultivars were evaluated to assess infected grain number, healthy grain number, infected grain rate and yield. According to the results of the combined variance analysis, a statistically significant difference (<i>p</i> ≤ .01) was found in terms of yield from the application of inoculum. Compared to the control in wheat cultivars, there was a 52.15% decrease in the yield of infected parcels due to the damage of wheat seed gall nematode. The highest yield loss in infected parcels occurred in cv. Damla with 64.22% loss, while the least yield loss occurred in cv. Yüksel cultivar with 19%. Pathological symptoms, curling and twisting of the leaves, were not observed on green plants of cv. Yüksel cultivated in the field.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apple rot disease, caused by Alternaria alternata, is causing significant losses in apple production, especially in post-harvest periods. Alternaria alternata, was isolated from rotten apple fruit of cv Amasya. Identification of the strain isolated from rotten apple fruit was made by ITS sequence and morphological analysis. In the present study, 58 different endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from apple fruit for use in apple rot disease control. Among the isolated strains, 26 endophyte strains were determined to inhibit the radial growth of mycelia of A. alternata in binary culture in PDA media. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, these antagonistic endophytic bacteria strains were identified as Bacillus ssp. Bacillus methylotrophicus (ib17) showed the highest significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of A. alternata at a rate of 79.5% in PDA medium. The results of in vivo experiments showed that Bacillus licheniformis (ib20) achieved 100% biocontrol when endophyte bacterial strains were inoculated 24 h before the inoculation of A. alternata. When the three bacteria species and A. alternata were inoculated simultaneously, Bacillus myloliquefaciens (ib1), Bacillus licheniformis (ib21) and the Endophytic bacterium (ib16) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy against A. alternata at 81.8%. Furthermore, when the bacterial strains were inoculated at 24 h after inoculation of A. alternata, B. licheniformis (ib21) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy of 83.3% against the fungal pathogen compared to the controls. The endophytic bacterial strains produced fungal cell wall hydrolysing enzymes such as chitinase, cellulase, amylase and protease. According to the results of this study, apple endophytic bacteria are potential candidates to control apple decay caused by A. alternata through cell wall hydrolysing enzymes and reduce disease severity. However, the efficacy of the biological control was dependent on the applied time of epiphytic bacterial strains. Further research is needed on the biochemical mechanisms underlying the activity of these bacteria against A. alternata.
{"title":"Molecular characterization of apple endophytic bacteria and biological effect on Alternaria rot on apple","authors":"Idris Bektas, Ferit Can Yazdıc, Mustafa Kusek","doi":"10.1111/jph.13323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Apple rot disease, caused by <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, is causing significant losses in apple production, especially in post-harvest periods. <i>Alternaria alternata</i>, was isolated from rotten apple fruit of cv Amasya. Identification of the strain isolated from rotten apple fruit was made by ITS sequence and morphological analysis. In the present study, 58 different endophytic bacteria strains were isolated from apple fruit for use in apple rot disease control. Among the isolated strains, 26 endophyte strains were determined to inhibit the radial growth of mycelia of <i>A. alternata</i> in binary culture in PDA media. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing analysis, these antagonistic endophytic bacteria strains were identified as <i>Bacillus</i> ssp. <i>Bacillus methylotrophicus</i> (ib17) showed the highest significant inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth of <i>A. alternata</i> at a rate of 79.5% in PDA medium. The results of in vivo experiments showed that <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (ib20) achieved 100% biocontrol when endophyte bacterial strains were inoculated 24 h before the inoculation of <i>A. alternata</i>. When the three bacteria species and <i>A. alternata</i> were inoculated simultaneously, <i>Bacillus myloliquefaciens</i> (ib1), <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i> (ib21) and the <i>Endophytic bacterium</i> (ib16) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy against <i>A. alternata</i> at 81.8%. Furthermore, when the bacterial strains were inoculated at 24 h after inoculation of <i>A. alternata, B. licheniformis</i> (ib21) showed the highest biocontrol efficacy of 83.3% against the fungal pathogen compared to the controls. The endophytic bacterial strains produced fungal cell wall hydrolysing enzymes such as chitinase, cellulase, amylase and protease. According to the results of this study, apple endophytic bacteria are potential candidates to control apple decay caused by <i>A. alternata</i> through cell wall hydrolysing enzymes and reduce disease severity. However, the efficacy of the biological control was dependent on the applied time of epiphytic bacterial strains. Further research is needed on the biochemical mechanisms underlying the activity of these bacteria against <i>A. alternata.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a crucial vegetable globally, pivotal in securing the world's food supply. However, viral diseases pose a significant threat to tomato cultivation, resulting in considerable yield losses. Employing sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods is imperative for mitigating such losses in agricultural production. In response, we developed a Taqman® probe-based real-time multiplex PCR method capable of concurrently detecting three major plant viruses: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), and pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), all of which are prominent viral pathogens affecting tomato production. Utilizing envelope protein encoding sequences of these pathogens, we designed primers and probes, assigning the FAM reporter for ToBRFV, the HEX reporter for TSWV, and the Cy5 reporter for PepMV detection. The multiplex RT-qPCR experiment yielded successful results, with Ct values of 29.34, 25.93, and 27.47 for ToBRFV (at 10−6 dilution), TSWV (at 10−2 dilution), and PepMV (at 10−3 dilution), respectively. Developed primers facilitate the early detection of destructive pathogens ToBRFV, TSWV, and PepMV using both RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, offering a user-friendly and cost-effective approach.
{"title":"Multiplex PCR methods for simultaneous detection of tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tomato spotted wilt virus and pepino mosaic virus","authors":"Havva Nur Cayak, Hakan Fidan","doi":"10.1111/jph.13327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tomato (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>) is a crucial vegetable globally, pivotal in securing the world's food supply. However, viral diseases pose a significant threat to tomato cultivation, resulting in considerable yield losses. Employing sensitive, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods is imperative for mitigating such losses in agricultural production. In response, we developed a Taqman® probe-based real-time multiplex PCR method capable of concurrently detecting three major plant viruses: Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV), and pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), all of which are prominent viral pathogens affecting tomato production. Utilizing envelope protein encoding sequences of these pathogens, we designed primers and probes, assigning the FAM reporter for ToBRFV, the HEX reporter for TSWV, and the Cy5 reporter for PepMV detection. The multiplex RT-qPCR experiment yielded successful results, with Ct values of 29.34, 25.93, and 27.47 for ToBRFV (at 10<sup>−6</sup> dilution), TSWV (at 10<sup>−2</sup> dilution), and PepMV (at 10<sup>−3</sup> dilution), respectively. Developed primers facilitate the early detection of destructive pathogens ToBRFV, TSWV, and PepMV using both RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, offering a user-friendly and cost-effective approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141245797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nectria dematiosa exhibiting orange red colour perithecia on stems and branches of young and old apple trees were reported under field conditions during 2020 and 2021. Reddish discoloration followed by papery appearance of stem and branches were the characteristic symptoms observed. Ascomata were non-papillate, surface irregular comprising numerous cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci. Ascospores were ellipsoidal to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline with 0 to 1-septa. Richard and Royal Delicious variety of apple were more susceptible with moderate to high severity of the European canker. Based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen was confirmed as N. dematiosa (accession no. OQ152022). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dematiosa causing European canker of apple in India.
2020 年和 2021 年期间,在田间条件下报告了 Nectria dematiosa 在苹果幼树和老树的茎干和枝条上表现出橙红色的包囊。观察到的特征性症状是茎干和枝条变色呈红色,随后出现纸质外观。子囊无乳头,表面不规则,由许多圆柱形至狭棍棒状的子囊组成。孢子呈椭圆形至纺锤形,直或稍弯曲,透明,有 0 至 1 个胚珠。理查德(Richard)和皇家美味(Royal Delicious)苹果品种对欧洲腐烂病的易感性较高,严重程度为中度到高度。根据核苷酸同源性和系统进化分析,病原体被确认为 N. dematiosa(登录号:OQ152022)。据我们所知,这是印度首次报道 N. dematiosa 引起苹果欧洲腐烂病。
{"title":"First report of Nectria dematiosa causing European canker of apple in India","authors":"Durga Prashad Bhandari, Usha Sharma, Monica Sharma, Ashok Kumar Thakur, Arun Kumar","doi":"10.1111/jph.13328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13328","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Nectria dematiosa</i> exhibiting orange red colour perithecia on stems and branches of young and old apple trees were reported under field conditions during 2020 and 2021. Reddish discoloration followed by papery appearance of stem and branches were the characteristic symptoms observed. Ascomata were non-papillate, surface irregular comprising numerous cylindrical to narrowly clavate asci. Ascospores were ellipsoidal to fusiform, straight or slightly curved, hyaline with 0 to 1-septa. Richard and Royal Delicious variety of apple were more susceptible with moderate to high severity of the European canker. Based on nucleotide homology and phylogenetic analysis, the pathogen was confirmed as <i>N. dematiosa</i> (accession no. OQ152022). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <i>N. dematiosa</i> causing European canker of apple in India.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141164913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahimeh Jami, Sanelisiwe Duma, Gerda Fourie, Gerhard Botha, Maritha Schoeman
Macadamia cultivation plays significant role in the economy of South Africa. Despite its importance, the industry grapples with disease-related challenges, notably flower blight, which threatens substantial economic losses by affecting yield and nut quality. In 2022, diagnostic services at the Agricultural Research Council and the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute received macadamia flowers displaying blight symptoms. Employing two methods for fungal isolation, 25 isolates were obtained which were classified into one group based on morphological characteristics. DNA analysis identified the isolates as Botrytis cinerea. The pathogenicity testing was conducted on macadamia flowers to confirm Koch's postulates. This is the first report of B. cinerea affecting Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche in South Africa, underlining its potential threat to the industry.
澳洲坚果种植在南非经济中发挥着重要作用。尽管其重要性不言而喻,但该行业仍在努力应对与病害有关的挑战,尤其是花枯病,它影响产量和坚果质量,造成巨大的经济损失。2022 年,农业研究理事会和林业与农业生物技术研究所的诊断部门收到了显示枯萎病症状的澳洲坚果花。采用两种方法进行真菌分离,获得了 25 个分离物,并根据形态特征将其分为一组。通过 DNA 分析,确定这些分离物为灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)。在澳洲坚果花上进行了致病性测试,以证实科赫假设。这是南非首次报告 B. cinerea 影响 Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche 的情况,凸显了它对该产业的潜在威胁。
{"title":"First report of Botrytis cinerea causing flower blight on macadamia in South Africa","authors":"Fahimeh Jami, Sanelisiwe Duma, Gerda Fourie, Gerhard Botha, Maritha Schoeman","doi":"10.1111/jph.13325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.13325","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Macadamia cultivation plays significant role in the economy of South Africa. Despite its importance, the industry grapples with disease-related challenges, notably flower blight, which threatens substantial economic losses by affecting yield and nut quality. In 2022, diagnostic services at the Agricultural Research Council and the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute received macadamia flowers displaying blight symptoms. Employing two methods for fungal isolation, 25 isolates were obtained which were classified into one group based on morphological characteristics. DNA analysis identified the isolates as <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>. The pathogenicity testing was conducted on macadamia flowers to confirm Koch's postulates. This is the first report of <i>B. cinerea</i> affecting <i>Macadamia integrifolia</i> Maiden & Betche in South Africa, underlining its potential threat to the industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":16843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Phytopathology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jph.13325","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141164943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}