Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22339
M. Grossoni, G. Mologni
The authors describe standards for valve-regulated lead-acid recombination batteries. Particular attention is paid to the mechanical and electrical characteristics of these batteries, their safety aspects, and essential requirements for office compatibility. The tests required for approval are described. Also described are the salient characteristics of CGA (Compagnia Generale Accumulators) batteries, designed to conform with the described standards, and some the results of tests carried out on them.<>
{"title":"Recombination batteries for telecommunications SIP standardization","authors":"M. Grossoni, G. Mologni","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22339","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe standards for valve-regulated lead-acid recombination batteries. Particular attention is paid to the mechanical and electrical characteristics of these batteries, their safety aspects, and essential requirements for office compatibility. The tests required for approval are described. Also described are the salient characteristics of CGA (Compagnia Generale Accumulators) batteries, designed to conform with the described standards, and some the results of tests carried out on them.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129452477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22378
D. Wilson
A draft of a standard for the selection of batteries for UPS (uninterruptible power supply) applications is being written to address the application problems including the reduced-life phenomenon. In looking for a cause for accelerated battery wear-out, the author studied the electrical environment to identify the differences between the relatively recent UPS applications and the older telecommunications applications. The author describes the data acquisition system, the data reduction procedure, and the instrumentation used. The problem of standardizing the measurement techniques and procedures is discussed.<>
{"title":"The measurement of ripple current in battery plants","authors":"D. Wilson","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22378","url":null,"abstract":"A draft of a standard for the selection of batteries for UPS (uninterruptible power supply) applications is being written to address the application problems including the reduced-life phenomenon. In looking for a cause for accelerated battery wear-out, the author studied the electrical environment to identify the differences between the relatively recent UPS applications and the older telecommunications applications. The author describes the data acquisition system, the data reduction procedure, and the instrumentation used. The problem of standardizing the measurement techniques and procedures is discussed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128486803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22321
A. M. Pesco, R. Biagetti
The authors describe the results of a study performed for the purpose of elucidating the impact of critical product features on customer requirements for the valve-regulated lead-acid technology, as gathered through existing literature concerning telecommunication power system design and field experiences. In this study, the necessary areas of concentration were systematically identified by describing their impact on three different classes of customer requirements. The first class consists of requirements attributed to the performance of individual batteries in a system; the second class involves the general categories of safety, reliability, and variability; and the third class represents issues related to the battery system. As a result, a framework is established that provides a discipline to assure that the product features that impact significantly on each class of customer requirements drive product and process design.<>
{"title":"The quality required in electrolyte limited, valve regulated lead-acid batteries for telecommunication systems","authors":"A. M. Pesco, R. Biagetti","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22321","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the results of a study performed for the purpose of elucidating the impact of critical product features on customer requirements for the valve-regulated lead-acid technology, as gathered through existing literature concerning telecommunication power system design and field experiences. In this study, the necessary areas of concentration were systematically identified by describing their impact on three different classes of customer requirements. The first class consists of requirements attributed to the performance of individual batteries in a system; the second class involves the general categories of safety, reliability, and variability; and the third class represents issues related to the battery system. As a result, a framework is established that provides a discipline to assure that the product features that impact significantly on each class of customer requirements drive product and process design.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114143830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22400
M. Rahman, J. Quaicoe, R. Newman, M. A. Choudhury
The authors present the input current harmonic analysis of delta-modulated converters. The analysis is based on the discrete Fourier transform of sampled input current waveforms of various converters. The converter configurations considered include the AC-AC voltage controller, the controlled rectifier, and inverters. The use of the discrete Fourier transform in waveform analysis is associated with spectral leakage and aliasing. To minimize these effects, the use of proper windows to weight the sampled waveforms is examined. Sampled waveforms are windowed by three different windows, namely the Hamming, the Hanning, and the Blackman window. The results obtained in the study were experimentally verified.<>
{"title":"Spectral analysis of input currents of delta PWM converters using discrete Fourier transform","authors":"M. Rahman, J. Quaicoe, R. Newman, M. A. Choudhury","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22400","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the input current harmonic analysis of delta-modulated converters. The analysis is based on the discrete Fourier transform of sampled input current waveforms of various converters. The converter configurations considered include the AC-AC voltage controller, the controlled rectifier, and inverters. The use of the discrete Fourier transform in waveform analysis is associated with spectral leakage and aliasing. To minimize these effects, the use of proper windows to weight the sampled waveforms is examined. Sampled waveforms are windowed by three different windows, namely the Hamming, the Hanning, and the Blackman window. The results obtained in the study were experimentally verified.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114248088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22384
Edoardo O. L Gotti, M. Boost
The authors describe the development of a 6 kW offline switched-mode rectifier (SMR) which is being manufactured in two versions: three-phase and single-phase. The rectifier uses a full-bridge converter topology with power MOSFET transistors and is current-mode controlled. The unit is convection-cooled and uses only isolated-case power modules which are directly mounted on the heat sink. The rectifier is field-upgradable from a basic unit equipped with essential alarms and plant controls to a surveillance-enhanced rectifier with elaborate diagnostics and commands for the purpose of remote monitoring and control. A well-designed heat sink along with a careful choice of components yields a typical overall efficiency of 90%. It is concluded that the current-mode control technique provides an excellent dynamic performance under fast load variations along with excellent line ripple rejection.<>
{"title":"A new current-mode controlled -48 V/100 Amp SMR using isolated semiconductors","authors":"Edoardo O. L Gotti, M. Boost","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22384","url":null,"abstract":"The authors describe the development of a 6 kW offline switched-mode rectifier (SMR) which is being manufactured in two versions: three-phase and single-phase. The rectifier uses a full-bridge converter topology with power MOSFET transistors and is current-mode controlled. The unit is convection-cooled and uses only isolated-case power modules which are directly mounted on the heat sink. The rectifier is field-upgradable from a basic unit equipped with essential alarms and plant controls to a surveillance-enhanced rectifier with elaborate diagnostics and commands for the purpose of remote monitoring and control. A well-designed heat sink along with a careful choice of components yields a typical overall efficiency of 90%. It is concluded that the current-mode control technique provides an excellent dynamic performance under fast load variations along with excellent line ripple rejection.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124006068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22402
R. Cloke
The author reviews developments to upgrade the performance of NiCd button cells to meet the requirements of equipment designed for use in the 1990s, with special emphasis on improving the battery's trickle charge and quick-charge facilities. It is concluded that requirements to enable portable equipment to be fully charged, within an 8 h working day, can now be achieved with a simple charger which can apply a 0.2 C charge to batteries regardless of their state of charge and without any prior conditioning. On the same basis, the need to recover batteries which are used in the standby mode more quickly than the four days previously possible for NiCd button cells, and 24 h required by NiCd sintered cells, can now be achieved by the inclusion of a timer to charge for 7 h at 0.2 C.<>
{"title":"State of the art sealed NiCd button cells optimized for telecommunications use","authors":"R. Cloke","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22402","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22402","url":null,"abstract":"The author reviews developments to upgrade the performance of NiCd button cells to meet the requirements of equipment designed for use in the 1990s, with special emphasis on improving the battery's trickle charge and quick-charge facilities. It is concluded that requirements to enable portable equipment to be fully charged, within an 8 h working day, can now be achieved with a simple charger which can apply a 0.2 C charge to batteries regardless of their state of charge and without any prior conditioning. On the same basis, the need to recover batteries which are used in the standby mode more quickly than the four days previously possible for NiCd button cells, and 24 h required by NiCd sintered cells, can now be achieved by the inclusion of a timer to charge for 7 h at 0.2 C.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129074557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22340
K. Mistry, M. Goldstein
The impact of the integrated services digital network (ISDN) on the development of power planning and engineering guidelines for telecommunications power supplies is considered. The load profile is discussed, and attention is given to ISDN power and transport requirements. Power provisioning in an all-fiber network is also examined. Finally, the goals of power planning with respect to ISDN are addressed.<>
{"title":"ISDN-impact on power (supplies)","authors":"K. Mistry, M. Goldstein","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22340","url":null,"abstract":"The impact of the integrated services digital network (ISDN) on the development of power planning and engineering guidelines for telecommunications power supplies is considered. The load profile is discussed, and attention is given to ISDN power and transport requirements. Power provisioning in an all-fiber network is also examined. Finally, the goals of power planning with respect to ISDN are addressed.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129840123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22383
Sebastian Bengtsson, K. Lundqvist
The authors present the requirements or a low-cost battery supervisory device intended for use in small PABXs or similar applications where valve-regulated batteries are used. They also present a battery supervisor based on these requirements. The function of the device and the philosophy behind the simplified method of estimating the battery capacity status on which the device is based are discussed. A block diagram of the battery supervisor is given, and the technical data of the device are presented.<>
{"title":"A low-cost battery supervisory device for use with valve-regulated batteries","authors":"Sebastian Bengtsson, K. Lundqvist","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22383","url":null,"abstract":"The authors present the requirements or a low-cost battery supervisory device intended for use in small PABXs or similar applications where valve-regulated batteries are used. They also present a battery supervisor based on these requirements. The function of the device and the philosophy behind the simplified method of estimating the battery capacity status on which the device is based are discussed. A block diagram of the battery supervisor is given, and the technical data of the device are presented.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125311492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22380
H. Kiehne
Various aspects of the installation of stationary lead-acid batteries are examined, including performance improvement, the gassing situation, electrolyte effects, heat generation, and the relationship between floor-space demands and power demand. It is concluded that the safety rules against electric shock and impacts of short circuits require special design methods. Among other results, it is found that vented lead-acid batteries with low gassing rates during float operation and valve-regulated lead-acid batteries may be installed in racks or cubicles that are office compatible, if the minimum requirements for hourly air-exchange are met.<>
{"title":"Modern battery installation","authors":"H. Kiehne","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22380","url":null,"abstract":"Various aspects of the installation of stationary lead-acid batteries are examined, including performance improvement, the gassing situation, electrolyte effects, heat generation, and the relationship between floor-space demands and power demand. It is concluded that the safety rules against electric shock and impacts of short circuits require special design methods. Among other results, it is found that vented lead-acid batteries with low gassing rates during float operation and valve-regulated lead-acid batteries may be installed in racks or cubicles that are office compatible, if the minimum requirements for hourly air-exchange are met.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124533644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1988-10-30DOI: 10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22373
M. Nakao, H. Hayama, T. Uekusa
The evaluation of air-flow systems for telecommunication equipment rooms was carried out experimentally. Parameters were room air temperature distribution and ambient temperature of electric parts, i.e. air temperature around circuit boards, which are influenced by an air-flow system. The under-floor air supply and overhead return system has shown to be superior to other flow systems and its allowable average heat density was up to 1.1 kW/m/sup 2/. A microcomputer control unit was developed for the cooling unit. It is shown that this control can optimize the refrigeration cycle of the cooling unit under low outdoor air temperature, minimizing running costs.<>
{"title":"An efficient cooling system for telecommunication equipment rooms","authors":"M. Nakao, H. Hayama, T. Uekusa","doi":"10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/INTLEC.1988.22373","url":null,"abstract":"The evaluation of air-flow systems for telecommunication equipment rooms was carried out experimentally. Parameters were room air temperature distribution and ambient temperature of electric parts, i.e. air temperature around circuit boards, which are influenced by an air-flow system. The under-floor air supply and overhead return system has shown to be superior to other flow systems and its allowable average heat density was up to 1.1 kW/m/sup 2/. A microcomputer control unit was developed for the cooling unit. It is shown that this control can optimize the refrigeration cycle of the cooling unit under low outdoor air temperature, minimizing running costs.<<ETX>>","PeriodicalId":169486,"journal":{"name":"10th International Telecommunications Energy Conference","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1988-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115593918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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