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Correction: The 2022–2023 seismic sequence onshore South Evia, central Greece: evidence for activation of a left-lateral strike-slip fault and regional triggering of seismicity 更正:希腊中部南埃维亚海岸 2022-2023 年地震序列:左侧走向滑动断层激活和区域触发地震的证据
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10215-6
Anna Serpetsidaki, Athanassios Ganas
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引用次数: 0
Hypocenter uncertainty analysis of induced and tectonic earthquakes in the Netherlands 荷兰诱发地震和构造地震的震中不确定性分析
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10205-8
Jesper Spetzler, Elmer Ruigrok, Dagmar Bouwman

Induced earthquakes tend to be shallow, while tectonic events often occur in deeper parts of the Earth. A well-estimated hypocenter with uncertainties may help to evaluate whether an event is of an induced or tectonic origin. In this study, we focus on the development of a hypocenter method that helps to better define the source location of an earthquake and reduce the spatial error of the measurement. The hypocenter and the uncertainty is obtained by using the P- and S-wave phase time difference for a station and the P-wave traveltime differences between pairs of stations simultaneously in the hypocenter analysis. The uncertainty inherent to an imperfect reference velocity model, modelling, instrumental inaccuracy and phase time picking is propagated into the spacial hypocenter solution. A refined hypocenter methodology is successfully tested in a synthetic experiment with shallow ((sim ) 5 km), intermediate ((sim ) 10 km) and deep source points ((sim ) 15 km). The synthetic experiment indeed shows that it is possible to separate earthquakes by their depth solution, hence offering an indication that the event is either induced or tectonic. Case studies are presented of estimations of hypocenters and error ellipses for (1) induced seismicity at sites for gas storage in salt domes, geothermal production and gas extraction as well as (2) tectonic events.

诱发地震往往发生在浅层,而构造地震往往发生在地球的深层。一个具有不确定性的良好估算的次中心可能有助于评估一个事件是诱发地震还是构造地震。在这项研究中,我们重点开发了一种有助于更好地确定地震源位置并减少测量空间误差的低中心方法。通过同时使用一个台站的 P 波和 S 波相位时差以及成对台站之间的 P 波行进时间差来进行次中心分析,从而获得次中心及其不确定性。不完善的参考速度模型、建模、仪器误差和相位时间选取所固有的不确定性会传播到空间低心解算中。改进后的低心法在一次合成试验中成功地进行了测试,试验中包括浅源点(5千米)、中源点(10千米)和深源点(15千米)。合成实验确实表明,有可能通过深度解来区分地震,从而提供地震事件是诱发地震还是构造地震的指示。本文介绍了对以下两种地震的震源深度和误差椭圆的估算案例:(1) 盐穹储气、地热生产和天然气开采现场的诱发地震;(2) 构造事件。
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引用次数: 0
Clipped seismic record recovery analysis based on the cubic spline interpolation algorithm 基于三次样条插值算法的剪切地震记录恢复分析
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-09 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10207-6
Wen Peng, Dongwang Tao, Qiang Ma, Quancai Xie, Jiang Wang

The clipping of near-field seismic waveforms caused by instrument limitations results in the waste of lots of waveforms and hinders the effective advancement of seismic research projects like source parameter inversion, near-fault ground motion characteristics, and earthquake early warning (EEW). In this paper, we propose to use the cubic spline interpolation method to restore the clipping waveform to solve the near-field data loss. We evaluate the recoverability of seismic waveforms with different clipped levels through artificial clipping experiments and compare the recovery waveforms with the projection onto convex sets (POCS) method. The results show that the restoration deviation of the cubic spline interpolation method is less than 1% at the clipped point, for the records whose clipped amplitude does not exceed 50% of the peak. In addition, the restored phase feature of the cubic spline interpolation is closer to the real waveform than the POCS method. To verify the performance of this method in the realistic earthquake, we apply it to the Barkam Mw 5.9 earthquake. The results show that the peak ratio of the restored clipping records to the measured non-clipping records is close to 1, and the relative error of the response spectrum is less than 0.1. Finally, we apply this method to successfully restore about 60% of near-field clipped records from the 2022 Lushan Mw 5.8 earthquake, which provided more data support for the study of the near-field ground motion.

由于仪器限制造成的近场地震波形削波导致了大量波形的浪费,阻碍了震源参数反演、近断层地动特征和地震预警(EEW)等地震研究项目的有效推进。本文提出使用三次样条插值法恢复削波波形,以解决近场数据丢失问题。我们通过人工削波实验评估了不同削波水平的地震波形的可恢复性,并将恢复波形与投影到凸集(POCS)方法进行了比较。结果表明,对于削波幅度不超过峰值 50%的记录,三次样条插值法在削波点的恢复偏差小于 1%。此外,与 POCS 方法相比,三次样条插值法恢复的相位特征更接近真实波形。为了验证该方法在实际地震中的性能,我们将其应用于 Barkam Mw 5.9 地震。结果表明,恢复的削波记录与测量的非削波记录的峰值比接近 1,响应谱的相对误差小于 0.1。最后,我们应用该方法成功地恢复了 2022 年芦山 5.8 级地震中约 60%的近场削波记录,为近场地动研究提供了更多的数据支持。
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引用次数: 0
Glacial and seismic events investigation from a single-station record at Severnaya Zemlya archipelago (Arctic region) 根据塞韦尔纳亚泽姆利亚群岛(北极地区)的单站记录调查冰川和地震事件
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10208-5
G. N. Antonovskaya, N. K. Kapustian, Ya V. Konechnaya, E. R. Morozova

The new permanent seismic station SVZ started working in Arctic (Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, Bolshevik Island), we discuss the first results of the local seismicity study. We have processed 46 local seismic events for 2017–2022. Data processing using a single seismic sensor is difficult, but using waveforms and spectral-temporal analysis of P, S, and surface waves, it is possible to separate shallow earthquakes from glacial events. We distinguish two types of icequakes—glacier-related events and pulses. An increase in seismic background noise is related to processes of glacial nature in summertime. Data processing allows to obtain the main peculiarities of local seismicity, i.e., mutual connection of glacial processes and crustal seismicity. We show the presence of icequakes induced by local crustal events; their epicenters confined to the ice domes edges. Spatio-temporal sequence and the rate of events migration show that the glacial events are a result of the defusing deformations process in the glaciers caused by the impact of shallow tectonic earthquakes. Thousands of pulsed and high-frequency micro-oscillations associate with the sea ice sheet or lake ice. The temporal variation of events’ number and energy per day correlates with air temperature temporal variations. Moreover, there is a sharp increase in the number of pulses with sharp temperature changes. The greatest activity of this pulsed events is in winter and especially in March, connected with ice surface destruction. In case a network deployment is not feasible, even a single seismic station allows to get a useful information about the glacial and seismic processes.

新的永久性地震台 SVZ 开始在北极(塞维利亚-泽姆利亚群岛,布尔什维克岛)工作,我们讨论了当地地震研究的初步结果。我们已经处理了 2017-2022 年的 46 次当地地震事件。使用单个地震传感器进行数据处理非常困难,但利用波形和 P 波、S 波及面波的频谱-时间分析,可以将浅层地震与冰川事件区分开来。我们区分了两种类型的冰川地震--冰川相关事件和脉冲。地震背景噪声的增加与夏季冰川过程有关。通过数据处理可以获得当地地震的主要特征,即冰川过程与地壳地震的相互联系。我们显示了由当地地壳事件诱发的冰震的存在;其震中局限于冰穹边缘。事件迁移的时空序列和速度表明,冰川事件是浅构造地震影响下冰川变形过程的结果。成千上万的脉冲式高频微振荡与海冰层或湖冰有关。每天发生的事件数量和能量的时间变化与气温的时间变化相关。此外,随着气温的急剧变化,脉冲的数量也会急剧增加。这种脉冲事件最活跃的时期是冬季,尤其是三月,与冰面破坏有关。在无法进行网络部署的情况下,即使是一个地震台站也可以获得有关冰川和地震过程的有用信息。
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引用次数: 0
Site class based seismic magnitude prediction equations for earthquake early warning 基于场地类别的地震震级预测公式,用于地震预警
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10213-8
A. Mugesh, Aniket Desai, Ravi S. Jakka,  Kamal

Although earthquake early warning (EEW) systems have advanced significantly, accurately determining earthquake parameters from the initial 3 s of P-wave motion remains challenging. Factors such as the complexity of the earthquake source and variability of ground motion due to site conditions contribute to this difficulty. This article aims to investigate how local site conditions impact the correlation between EEW parameters and earthquake magnitude, to better understand the influence of site conditions on the accuracy of EEW systems. Specifically, the study examines the effect of variation site conditions on commonly used EEW parameters, such as average characteristic period (τc) and peak displacement amplitude (Pd), for different site classes. A dataset of 432 strong-motion records with magnitude ranging from 5 to 7.3 was analyzed and site characterization information from the Kiban Kyoshin Network (KiK-net) in Japan was used. A linear relationship between EEW parameters (τc, Pd) and magnitude for the combined dataset (all data), as well as separate datasets based on site classes C (very dense soil and soft rock) and D (stiff soil site), was developed, and then the statistical parameters, correlation coefficient value (R), and standard deviation error (SD) in the linear regression analysis were compared. The study finds that τc and Pd have a significant correlation with magnitude when separate correlations are developed for site classes C and D. Absolute residual error and percentage error analyses were carried out. It was found that magnitude prediction errors were reduced particularly for class D sites. Overall, the study suggests need for use of site class based magnitude prediction equations in earthquake early warning, especially for softer soil sites.

尽管地震预警(EEW)系统已经取得了长足的进步,但从最初 3 秒的 P 波运动中准确确定地震参数仍然具有挑战性。地震源的复杂性和现场条件导致的地面运动变化等因素都是造成这一困难的原因。本文旨在研究当地场地条件如何影响 EEW 参数与震级之间的相关性,从而更好地理解场地条件对 EEW 系统准确性的影响。具体而言,本研究探讨了不同场地类别的变化场地条件对常用 EEW 参数(如平均特征周期 (τc) 和峰值位移振幅 (Pd))的影响。分析了 432 个震级为 5 至 7.3 级的强震记录数据集,并使用了来自日本 Kiban Kyoshin 网络(KiK-net)的场地特征信息。针对合并数据集(所有数据)以及基于场地类别 C(非常致密的土壤和软岩)和 D(硬土场地)的单独数据集,建立了 EEW 参数(τc、Pd)与震级之间的线性关系,然后比较了线性回归分析中的统计参数、相关系数值 (R) 和标准偏差误差 (SD)。研究发现,当对 C 类和 D 类场地分别建立相关关系时,τc 和 Pd 与震级具有显著的相关性。结果发现,尤其是 D 类站点的震级预测误差有所减小。总之,研究表明,在地震预警中需要使用基于场地等级的震级预测方程,特别是对于土质较软的场地。
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引用次数: 0
Study of seismic site effects and soil-structure resonance of Bhaktapur District, Nepal using microtremors 利用微震源研究尼泊尔巴克塔普尔地区的地震场地效应和土壤-结构共振
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10210-x
Chandra Kiran Kawan, Amit Prajapati, Dinesh Sakhakarmi

Bhaktapur city, one of the historical cities of Nepal, is among the old settlements within Kathmandu Valley that were frequently devastated during major earthquakes. Historical evidence clearly states the high seismic vulnerability of Bhaktapur. So, this study characterizes the free field of the Bhaktapur district in terms of periods. For this, the horizontal to vertical (H/V) technique was used to determine the predominant period of the study area, measuring microtremor data at 200 m × 200 m spacing in the core city area, whereas 400 m × 400 m spacing of measurement was done at the outskirts of the city with rare settlement. The spatial distribution map of the predominant period is prepared with the period obtained from 609 measuring points. The map shows that the predominant period ranges from 0.1 to 4 s and then categorized into four different zones—A (0.10–0.6 s), B (0.6–1.0 s), C (1.0–1.7 s), and D (1.7–4.0 s). The central parts of the study areas are spotted with longer periods (1.7–4.0 s), where the density of the dweller is high. The structural period of 28 reinforced concrete buildings was also determined to understand the level of danger of the buildings due to soil-structure resonance. The predominant period of the buildings ranges from 0.12 to 0.42 s. The possibility of soil structure resonance condition is higher for six buildings, medium for two buildings, and low for the rest of the buildings. The results can be applied to urban planning, seismic hazard mitigation, conservation, and restoration of heritage monuments.

巴克塔普尔市是尼泊尔的历史名城之一,也是加德满都谷地的古老居民点之一,在大地震中经常遭到破坏。历史证据清楚地表明,巴克塔普尔在地震中非常脆弱。因此,本研究从周期角度描述了巴克塔普尔地区自由场的特征。为此,采用了水平-垂直(H/V)技术来确定研究区域的主要周期,在核心城区以 200 米×200 米的间距测量微震颤数据,而在定居点稀少的城郊则以 400 米×400 米的间距进行测量。利用从 609 个测量点获得的周期绘制了主要周期的空间分布图。从图中可以看出,主要周期从 0.1 秒到 4 秒不等,然后分为四个不同的区域--A 区(0.10-0.6 秒)、B 区(0.6-1.0 秒)、C 区(1.0-1.7 秒)和 D 区(1.7-4.0 秒)。研究区域的中心地带的周期较长(1.7-4.0 秒),那里的居民密度较高。我们还测定了 28 栋钢筋混凝土建筑物的结构周期,以了解土壤-结构共振对建筑物造成的危险程度。建筑物的主要周期从 0.12 秒到 0.42 秒不等。6 栋建筑物发生土壤结构共振的可能性较高,2 栋建筑物为中等,其余建筑物为低。研究结果可应用于城市规划、减轻地震灾害、保护和修复文物古迹。
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引用次数: 0
The 2022–2023 seismic sequence onshore South Evia, central Greece: evidence for activation of a left-lateral strike-slip fault and regional triggering of seismicity 希腊中部南埃维亚海岸 2022-2023 年地震序列:左侧走向滑动断层激活和区域地震触发的证据
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10211-w
Anna Serpetsidaki, Athanassios Ganas

On 29 November 2022, an earthquake of ML 5.0 (Mw 4.8) occurred onshore South Evia Island (central Greece) preceded by a ML 4.7 (Mw 4.6) event. The pattern of relocated aftershocks indicates the activation of a single, near-vertical fault segment, oriented NW-SE at shallow crustal depths (6–11 km). We suggest that both events ruptured a blind, left-lateral strike-slip fault, about 5 km southeast of village Almyropotamos. We observed that a clear foreshock activity (N=55 events) existed before the two moderate events. The impact of the static stress loading on neighboring fault planes diminishes after a distance of 7 km from the November 2022 epicenters, where the static stress falls below +0.1 bar. We further explore triggering relationships between the 29 November events and the late December 2022 moderate events (ML 4.9) that occurred about 60 km toward NW in the Psachna and Vlahia regions of central Evia. We present evidence of possible delayed dynamic triggering of the late December 2022 central Evia sequence, based on marked changes in seismicity rates and on measured peak ground velocities (PGVs) and peak dynamic strains, both exhibiting local maxima in their map distributions. The causes of the delayed triggering may be related to the well-known geothermal field in central/north Evia and the NW-SE strike of the seismic fault.

2022 年 11 月 29 日,南埃维亚岛(希腊中部)沿岸发生了一次 ML 5.0(Mw 4.8)地震,在此之前还发生了一次 ML 4.7(Mw 4.6)地震。重置余震的模式表明,在地壳浅层(6-11 千米),一个近垂直的断层段被激活,该断层段呈西北-东南走向。我们认为,这两次地震都导致阿尔米罗波塔莫斯村东南约 5 公里处的一条左侧走向滑动盲断层断裂。我们观察到,在两次中等强度的地震发生之前,存在明显的前震活动(N=55 次)。在距离 2022 年 11 月震中 7 千米之后,静应力加载对邻近断层面的影响减弱,静应力降至 +0.1 巴以下。我们进一步探讨了 11 月 29 日事件与 2022 年 12 月下旬中度事件(ML 4.9)之间的触发关系,中度事件发生在埃维亚中部 Psachna 和 Vlahia 地区向西北方向约 60 公里处。我们根据地震发生率的显著变化以及测量到的峰值地速(PGVs)和峰值动态应变,提出了 2022 年 12 月下旬埃维亚中部地震序列可能的延迟动态触发的证据,两者在其地图分布中都表现出局部最大值。延迟触发的原因可能与埃维亚中部/北部著名的地热场以及地震断层的西北-东南走向有关。
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引用次数: 0
Are the Italian microzonation level 2 abacuses applicable in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) plain? Comparison between the national abacuses and the numerically simulated amplification factors and between the derived elastic response spectra 意大利微区划二级指数是否适用于弗留利-威尼斯-朱利亚(意大利)平原?国家指数与数值模拟放大系数之间的比较以及得出的弹性响应谱之间的比较
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10212-9
Veronica Pazzi, Chantal Beltrame, Perla Taverna, Gabriele Peressi, Giovanni Costa

Seismic shaking of an area is strongly affected by the local geology. The so-called local site effects must be considered for the estimation of seismic effects on structures and urban planning. Thus, the seismic microzonation is the process aimed at identifying and mapping the subsoil local response in a given area, usually at urban/municipality scale and in terms of ground shaking parameters and susceptibility to ground instabilities. In Italy, for areas that can be schematised as a 1D subsoil model (e.g. alluvial plain), a simplified approach is proposed to quantify the seismic amplification (amplification factor, AF). This approach consists of tables of correspondences, called seismic abacuses, available for the whole national area as well as for some regional territories, and derived for simplified subsoil models. In this work, the results of the comparison between the AF values retrieved from national abacuses applied in the Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) plain municipalities and those from 1D numerical simulations are presented. In general, the abacuses underestimate the local seismic site effects a part for sites with a shallow bedrock. No correlations/trends were identified between the AF derived from abacuses and those from numerical simulations. Moreover, considering the elastic acceleration response spectra, it emerges that in the 49.5% of the FVG analysed sites the abacuses approach, even though it underestimates the real seismic response, is a more suitable approximation compared to the soil class simplified approach proposed by the Italian regulation. Finally, what emerges is that the limit of 30 m, as indicated in the Italian regulation, to consider a deep or shallow bedrock seams underestimated, and the AFs are not correlated with the seismic bedrock depth when it is higher than 100 m.

一个地区的地震震动受当地地质的影响很大。在估算地震对结构和城市规划的影响时,必须考虑所谓的局部场地效应。因此,地震微区划分的目的是确定和绘制特定地区的底土局部响应,通常是在城市/市镇范围内,并根据地震动参数和对地面不稳定性的敏感性进行划分。在意大利,对于可绘制一维底土模型的地区(如冲积平原),建议采用简化方法来量化地震放大(放大系数,AF)。这种方法由对应表组成,称为地震算盘,可用于整个国家地区和一些区域领土,并根据简化的底土模型得出。在这项工作中,介绍了从应用于弗留利-威尼斯-朱利亚(意大利)平原城市的国家算例中获取的 AF 值与一维数值模拟的 AF 值之间的比较结果。总体而言,对于基岩较浅的地点,算式低估了部分当地地震场地效应。从算符得出的 AF 与数值模拟得出的 AF 之间没有发现相关性/趋势。此外,考虑到弹性加速度反应谱,在 49.5% 的 FVG 分析场地中,虽然算数方法低估了实际地震反应,但与意大利法规提出的土壤等级简化方法相比,算数方法是更合适的近似方法。最后,意大利法规中规定的 30 米为基岩深层或浅层的界限被低估了,当基岩深度大于 100 米时,自动换算系数与地震基岩深度不相关。
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引用次数: 0
Machine learning-based ground motion models for predicting PSAs of borehole motions in Japan 基于机器学习的地动模型用于预测日本钻孔运动的 PSA
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-27 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10203-w
Sinhang Kang, Eunbi Mun, Dung Tran Thi Phuong, Byungmin Kim

Numerous ground-motion models (GMMs) that predict the intensities of surface ground motions have been previously developed based on regression analysis (RA). This study develops GMMs to estimate 5% damped pseudo-spectral accelerations (PSAs) for 30 periods (0.01–7.0 s) for within-rock ground motions, based on machine learning (ML) methods (i.e., two ensemble methods (random forest (RF) and gradient boosting (GB)) and an artificial neural network (ANN)). GMMs are developed separately for four earthquake types (main and aftershocks of active crustal region events and those of subduction zone interface events), considering the differences in the characteristics of each earthquake type. We utilize 20,041 ground motions recorded at 575 borehole stations in Japan during 602 earthquakes with moment magnitudes greater than 5.0 and rupture distances shorter than 300 km. The prediction performances of GMMs based on RF, GB, ANN, and RA are evaluated by the standard deviations of the total, between-event, and within-event residuals. The GMMs based on the three ML methods (RF, GB, and ANN) perform better than the RA-based models. The RF-based GMMs resulted in the most accurate prediction of the PSAs of within-rock ground motions with a small bias and variance, which can enhance the seismic designs and seismic hazard assessments for underground structures.

以前曾基于回归分析(RA)开发了许多预测地表地动强度的地动模型(GMM)。本研究基于机器学习 (ML) 方法(即两种集合方法(随机森林 (RF) 和梯度提升 (GB))以及人工神经网络 (ANN))开发了 GMM,用于估算 30 个周期(0.01-7.0 s)内岩内地动的 5%阻尼伪谱加速度 (PSA)。考虑到四种地震类型(活动地壳区域事件的主震和余震以及俯冲带界面事件的主震和余震)的特点不同,我们分别开发了四种地震类型的 GMM。我们利用了日本 575 个钻孔站在 602 次矩震级大于 5.0 且破裂距离小于 300 公里的地震中记录的 20,041 次地面运动。通过总残差、事件间残差和事件内残差的标准偏差,评估了基于 RF、GB、ANN 和 RA 的 GMM 的预测性能。基于三种 ML 方法(RF、GB 和 ANN)的 GMM 比基于 RA 的模型表现更好。基于射频的 GMMs 对岩内地面运动的 PSA 预测最为准确,偏差和方差较小,可提高地下结构的抗震设计和地震危险性评估。
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引用次数: 0
The self-organized criticality and periodicity of temporal sequences of earthquakes 地震时序的自组织临界性和周期性
IF 1.6 4区 地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1007/s10950-024-10209-4
Yoshiaki Ida

A new cellular automaton model is developed to examine the nature of temporal sequences of earthquakes. The model takes the space dependence of fault strength into account and assumes that an earthquake produces a continuous area with the stress dropped to zero. In the model, viscous slip is also introduced on the fault and earthquakes are realizable only when the stress accumulates faster than the viscous relaxation. The analysis reveals that the sequences of earthquakes generally satisfy the power law relation between the intensity and frequency of earthquakes so that earthquakes may be in the state of self-organized criticality. On the other hand, periodicity appears in some sequences that consist of the groups of high seismic activity repeated between calm intervals with an almost constant period. Therefore, self-organized criticality and periodicity coexist in these sequences and the claim that earthquakes are unpredictable because of self-organized criticality may be inadequate.

为研究地震时间序列的性质,开发了一种新的细胞自动机模型。该模型考虑了断层强度的空间依赖性,并假定地震会产生一个应力降为零的连续区域。在该模型中,断层上还引入了粘性滑移,只有当应力累积速度快于粘性松弛速度时,地震才会发生。分析表明,地震序列一般满足地震强度和频率之间的幂律关系,因此地震可能处于自组织临界状态。另一方面,在一些序列中出现了周期性,这些序列由在周期几乎恒定的平静间隔之间重复出现的高地震活动群组成。因此,在这些序列中,自组织临界性和周期性是共存的,而认为地震不可预测是因为自组织临界性的说法可能是不充分的。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Seismology
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