Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843141
D. Campo
Signal polarity is a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) signal attribute that can be analyzed to determine the nature of the relative permittivity contrast causing signal reflections and, in some cases, to infer the nature of the investigated materials, provided that sufficient background information is available. Its visual analysis may also be useful to determine whether the signal pattern is related to multiple reflections. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the transmission and reflection coefficients for perpendicular and parallel polarizations of the electric field is presented along with applications in a simple context supported by numerical modelling and a real radargram.
{"title":"Multiple reflection signal polarity in GPR surveys","authors":"D. Campo","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843141","url":null,"abstract":"Signal polarity is a Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) signal attribute that can be analyzed to determine the nature of the relative permittivity contrast causing signal reflections and, in some cases, to infer the nature of the investigated materials, provided that sufficient background information is available. Its visual analysis may also be useful to determine whether the signal pattern is related to multiple reflections. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the transmission and reflection coefficients for perpendicular and parallel polarizations of the electric field is presented along with applications in a simple context supported by numerical modelling and a real radargram.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"442 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133530287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843161
J. Schmäck, F. Hansen, J. van der Kruk, H. Vereecken, A. Klotzsche
Climate change in the 21st century has led to concerns about the future of food security for populations around the globe. As a result of this, precision agriculture becomes increasingly necessary to increase agricultural production in a sustainable manner as well as food safety. In this project, the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) to support precision agriculture is investigated. Therefore, two geophysical surveys were conducted on a sandy field site, which is used to investigate subsoil management techniques. In the period between the two measurement campaigns, three variations of furrowing were applied to two different crop rotations. EMI analyses showed differences between the crop rotations, but no significant changes between the different management techniques. For an in-depth analysis an automatic semblance analysis was used to create velocity models of the subsurface from simultaneous multi-offset-multi-channel (SiMOC)-GPR data, which in turn were used to estimate the dielectric permittivity. Structural changes were observed in the GPR data, which could be correlated to the application of management techniques, and these changes were depending on the applied management technique.
{"title":"Characterizing agricultural management techniques with timelapse GPR and EMI measurements","authors":"J. Schmäck, F. Hansen, J. van der Kruk, H. Vereecken, A. Klotzsche","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843161","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change in the 21st century has led to concerns about the future of food security for populations around the globe. As a result of this, precision agriculture becomes increasingly necessary to increase agricultural production in a sustainable manner as well as food safety. In this project, the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and electromagnetic induction (EMI) to support precision agriculture is investigated. Therefore, two geophysical surveys were conducted on a sandy field site, which is used to investigate subsoil management techniques. In the period between the two measurement campaigns, three variations of furrowing were applied to two different crop rotations. EMI analyses showed differences between the crop rotations, but no significant changes between the different management techniques. For an in-depth analysis an automatic semblance analysis was used to create velocity models of the subsurface from simultaneous multi-offset-multi-channel (SiMOC)-GPR data, which in turn were used to estimate the dielectric permittivity. Structural changes were observed in the GPR data, which could be correlated to the application of management techniques, and these changes were depending on the applied management technique.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123606505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843171
Ahtisham Fazeel, J. Rottmayer, Rajat Mehta, N. Bajçinca
In the last decade, autonomous driving has come into the focus of research, and the range of research topics has expanded enormously since then. Autonomous vehicles are usually equipped with different sensors for various purposes, e.g. cameras, radars, lidars and ultrasonic sensors for tasks like environment perception and other drive assistance features. Ground penetrating radars (GPR) have gained recent attention and are being widely used by researchers for the localization of autonomous vehicles. The unique patterns and fingerprints collected by GPR also enable us to perform analysis of sub-surface data and detect underground damages for predictive maintenance of roads. While collecting the data using GPR, it is not feasible to scan each and every track/lane on the road which leads to the problem of limited availability of training data for machine learning algorithms like classification and sub-surface damage detection. Augmenting training images for such tasks has proven to be a reasonable approach to increase training data. In contrast to well-examined methods like linear interpolation and augmentation, generative models expand the output space beyond the given feature space. This work addresses two different problems, the GPR sensor faces while recording the data, i.e. lack of unlimited tracks of the road due to the limited coverage area from GPR sensor and missing data within the recorded GPR tracks due to the high speed of the car.
{"title":"GPR-GANs: Generation of Synthetic Ground Penetrating Radargrams Using Generative Adversarial Networks","authors":"Ahtisham Fazeel, J. Rottmayer, Rajat Mehta, N. Bajçinca","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843171","url":null,"abstract":"In the last decade, autonomous driving has come into the focus of research, and the range of research topics has expanded enormously since then. Autonomous vehicles are usually equipped with different sensors for various purposes, e.g. cameras, radars, lidars and ultrasonic sensors for tasks like environment perception and other drive assistance features. Ground penetrating radars (GPR) have gained recent attention and are being widely used by researchers for the localization of autonomous vehicles. The unique patterns and fingerprints collected by GPR also enable us to perform analysis of sub-surface data and detect underground damages for predictive maintenance of roads. While collecting the data using GPR, it is not feasible to scan each and every track/lane on the road which leads to the problem of limited availability of training data for machine learning algorithms like classification and sub-surface damage detection. Augmenting training images for such tasks has proven to be a reasonable approach to increase training data. In contrast to well-examined methods like linear interpolation and augmentation, generative models expand the output space beyond the given feature space. This work addresses two different problems, the GPR sensor faces while recording the data, i.e. lack of unlimited tracks of the road due to the limited coverage area from GPR sensor and missing data within the recorded GPR tracks due to the high speed of the car.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129352377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843181
S. Ivashov, L. Capineri, T. Bechtel, V. Razevig
In this paper the possibility of radio frequency range using to survey the Great (Khufu’s) Pyramid in Egypt is considered. This task is especially urgent in light of the reports that have appeared on the alleged detection of previously unknown voids in the pyramid body by using muon sensors. Given that this method is indirect, in the absence of the possibility of drilling or making passes, independent confirmation is required based on other non-destructive testing methods. The results of mathematical modelling will help determine the further direction of research and expand the areas of applicability of radio holography when examining objects of the cultural heritage of mankind.
{"title":"Evaluation of the possibility of using the radio frequency range for the survey of the Great Pyramid","authors":"S. Ivashov, L. Capineri, T. Bechtel, V. Razevig","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843181","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper the possibility of radio frequency range using to survey the Great (Khufu’s) Pyramid in Egypt is considered. This task is especially urgent in light of the reports that have appeared on the alleged detection of previously unknown voids in the pyramid body by using muon sensors. Given that this method is indirect, in the absence of the possibility of drilling or making passes, independent confirmation is required based on other non-destructive testing methods. The results of mathematical modelling will help determine the further direction of research and expand the areas of applicability of radio holography when examining objects of the cultural heritage of mankind.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116588116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843153
G. Leucci, L. De Giorgi, R. Persico
In this paper, GPR data gathered by the non-destructive investigation campaign, performed by means of ground penetrating radar surveys carried out on the vault and the inner pillar of the Crypt of San Sebastiano are shown. The study is part of a wide preliminary diagnostic campaign aimed at the restoration of the monument, which included a thermographic relief on the painted walls and on the vault, a monitoring of climatic parameters such as temperature and relative humidity of the air and of the wall surfaces. In addition, in order to identify the materials constituting the wall paintings and their alteration products, a complex microdestructive diagnostic plane were also performed on micro samples. The gathered GPR data allowed us to identify the anomalies of the calcarenitic mass in order to highlight structural problems that could affect the stability of the monument. To this regard, a different behavior, in terms of homogeneity, alteration and microfracturing of rocky mass has been highlighted for the voult and the pillar of the crypt.
{"title":"GPR survey at the Crypt of St. Sebastian (Lecce – Southern Italy)","authors":"G. Leucci, L. De Giorgi, R. Persico","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843153","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, GPR data gathered by the non-destructive investigation campaign, performed by means of ground penetrating radar surveys carried out on the vault and the inner pillar of the Crypt of San Sebastiano are shown. The study is part of a wide preliminary diagnostic campaign aimed at the restoration of the monument, which included a thermographic relief on the painted walls and on the vault, a monitoring of climatic parameters such as temperature and relative humidity of the air and of the wall surfaces. In addition, in order to identify the materials constituting the wall paintings and their alteration products, a complex microdestructive diagnostic plane were also performed on micro samples. The gathered GPR data allowed us to identify the anomalies of the calcarenitic mass in order to highlight structural problems that could affect the stability of the monument. To this regard, a different behavior, in terms of homogeneity, alteration and microfracturing of rocky mass has been highlighted for the voult and the pillar of the crypt.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130793982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843177
V. Pérez-Gracia, S. Santos-Assunçao, Viviana Sossa, M. Solla
This paper presents several examples based in the detection of water content and corrosion in cultural heritage buildings. Water is one of the main causes of damage in ancient structures: cracks, loss of coating, detachment of ornamental elements, stains and other visible damage could be produced as consequence of changes in the water content. Therefore, in most cases, the early detection of humidity can be crucial in the maintenance of the buildings. On the other hand, although many of those structures are built with bricks or stones, the use of metal reinforcement, staples or metallic pipes embedded in the masonry structures can produce additional damage due to corrosion. GPR is a useful tool to determine zones that can be affected by that damage.
{"title":"Assessment of humidity damage in cultural heritage","authors":"V. Pérez-Gracia, S. Santos-Assunçao, Viviana Sossa, M. Solla","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843177","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents several examples based in the detection of water content and corrosion in cultural heritage buildings. Water is one of the main causes of damage in ancient structures: cracks, loss of coating, detachment of ornamental elements, stains and other visible damage could be produced as consequence of changes in the water content. Therefore, in most cases, the early detection of humidity can be crucial in the maintenance of the buildings. On the other hand, although many of those structures are built with bricks or stones, the use of metal reinforcement, staples or metallic pipes embedded in the masonry structures can produce additional damage due to corrosion. GPR is a useful tool to determine zones that can be affected by that damage.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125092996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843178
Eleni Tokmaktsi, N. Diamanti, G. Vargemezis, A. Giannopoulos, A. Annan
The powerful signal of the direct wave (DW) has an impact on ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals by saturating the early time recorded signals and also, by possibly masking detection and complicating interpretation of reflections from shallow buried targets.In this paper, we investigate the spatial distribution of the DW signals recorded by a GPR receiving (Rx) antenna. We aim to study whether there is an advantageous positional configuration of the transmitting (Tx) and the Rx antenna pair, where the direct wave is recorded with the least possible amplitude, showcasing the reflections of targets lying at shallow depths.For this purpose, we performed static field tests as well as synthetic measurements in a reflection common offset (CO) mode around a Tx antenna. The Rx antenna recorded the GPR signals in three concentric circles of various radii (i.e., varying the Tx/Rx separation), using a specific angular step and varying the Tx/Rx polarization each time. In the field, Wide Angle Reflection Refraction (WARR) data were also collected to determine the GPR wave velocity in the upper medium. The synthetic data were produced using a three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FTDT) modeling tool. Observed and synthetic data were analyzed and compared to study the behavior of the DW around the Tx antenna when the factors of the Tx/Rx distance, their angular position and their relative polarization/orientation are changing.
{"title":"A study of the GPR’s direct wave","authors":"Eleni Tokmaktsi, N. Diamanti, G. Vargemezis, A. Giannopoulos, A. Annan","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843178","url":null,"abstract":"The powerful signal of the direct wave (DW) has an impact on ground penetrating radar (GPR) signals by saturating the early time recorded signals and also, by possibly masking detection and complicating interpretation of reflections from shallow buried targets.In this paper, we investigate the spatial distribution of the DW signals recorded by a GPR receiving (Rx) antenna. We aim to study whether there is an advantageous positional configuration of the transmitting (Tx) and the Rx antenna pair, where the direct wave is recorded with the least possible amplitude, showcasing the reflections of targets lying at shallow depths.For this purpose, we performed static field tests as well as synthetic measurements in a reflection common offset (CO) mode around a Tx antenna. The Rx antenna recorded the GPR signals in three concentric circles of various radii (i.e., varying the Tx/Rx separation), using a specific angular step and varying the Tx/Rx polarization each time. In the field, Wide Angle Reflection Refraction (WARR) data were also collected to determine the GPR wave velocity in the upper medium. The synthetic data were produced using a three-dimensional (3D) finite-difference time-domain (FTDT) modeling tool. Observed and synthetic data were analyzed and compared to study the behavior of the DW around the Tx antenna when the factors of the Tx/Rx distance, their angular position and their relative polarization/orientation are changing.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"28 9-10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131705209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-23DOI: 10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843172
Utsav Akhaury, I. Giannakis, C. Warren, A. Giannopoulos
General full-wave electromagnetic solvers, such as those utilizing the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are computationally demanding for simulating practical GPR problems. We explore the performance of a near-real-time, forward modeling approach for GPR that is based on a machine learning (ML) architecture. To ease the process, we have developed a framework that is capable of generating these ML-based forward solvers automatically. The framework uses an innovative training method that combines a predictive dimensionality reduction technique and a large data set of modeled GPR responses from our FDTD simulation software, gprMax. The forward solver is parameterized for a specific GPR application, but the framework can be extended in a straightforward manner to different electromagnetic problems.
{"title":"Machine Learning Based Forward Solver: An Automatic Framework in gprMax","authors":"Utsav Akhaury, I. Giannakis, C. Warren, A. Giannopoulos","doi":"10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/iwagpr50767.2021.9843172","url":null,"abstract":"General full-wave electromagnetic solvers, such as those utilizing the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, are computationally demanding for simulating practical GPR problems. We explore the performance of a near-real-time, forward modeling approach for GPR that is based on a machine learning (ML) architecture. To ease the process, we have developed a framework that is capable of generating these ML-based forward solvers automatically. The framework uses an innovative training method that combines a predictive dimensionality reduction technique and a large data set of modeled GPR responses from our FDTD simulation software, gprMax. The forward solver is parameterized for a specific GPR application, but the framework can be extended in a straightforward manner to different electromagnetic problems.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130044893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-04DOI: 10.1109/IWAGPR50767.2021.9843152
Sylwia Majchrowska, I. Giannakis, C. Warren, A. Giannopoulos
There is a need to accurately simulate materials with complex electromagnetic properties when modelling Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), as many objects encountered with GPR contain water, e.g. soils, curing concrete, and water-filled pipes. One of widely-used open-source software that simulates electromagnetic wave propagation is gprMax. It uses Yee’s algorithm to solve Maxwell’s equations with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. A significant drawback of the FDTD method is the limited ability to model materials with dispersive properties, currently narrowed to specific set of relaxation mechanisms, namely multi-Debye, Drude and Lorentz media. Consequently, modelling any arbitrary complex material should be done by approximating it as a combination of these functions. This paper describes work carried out as part of the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) programme 2021 to develop a new module within gprMax that can be used to simulate complex dispersive materials using multi-Debye expansions in an automatic manner. The module is capable of modelling Havriliak-Negami, Cole-Cole, Cole-Davidson, Jonscher, Complex-Refractive Index Models, and indeed any arbitrary dispersive material with real and imaginary permittivity specified by the user.
{"title":"Modelling Arbitrary Complex Dielectric Properties – an automated implementation for gprMax","authors":"Sylwia Majchrowska, I. Giannakis, C. Warren, A. Giannopoulos","doi":"10.1109/IWAGPR50767.2021.9843152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/IWAGPR50767.2021.9843152","url":null,"abstract":"There is a need to accurately simulate materials with complex electromagnetic properties when modelling Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), as many objects encountered with GPR contain water, e.g. soils, curing concrete, and water-filled pipes. One of widely-used open-source software that simulates electromagnetic wave propagation is gprMax. It uses Yee’s algorithm to solve Maxwell’s equations with the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. A significant drawback of the FDTD method is the limited ability to model materials with dispersive properties, currently narrowed to specific set of relaxation mechanisms, namely multi-Debye, Drude and Lorentz media. Consequently, modelling any arbitrary complex material should be done by approximating it as a combination of these functions. This paper describes work carried out as part of the Google Summer of Code (GSoC) programme 2021 to develop a new module within gprMax that can be used to simulate complex dispersive materials using multi-Debye expansions in an automatic manner. The module is capable of modelling Havriliak-Negami, Cole-Cole, Cole-Davidson, Jonscher, Complex-Refractive Index Models, and indeed any arbitrary dispersive material with real and imaginary permittivity specified by the user.","PeriodicalId":170169,"journal":{"name":"2021 11th International Workshop on Advanced Ground Penetrating Radar (IWAGPR)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126234327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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