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Capacitance of UR-Core and C-Core Common Mode Inductors ur型和c型共模电感的电容
Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2902067
S. Sudhoff, Harshita Singh, V. S. Duppalli, R. Swanson
An important aspect of all power processing equipment is common-mode current generation. Common-mode current leads to electromagnetic noise and potential equipment malfunction. Common-mode inductors are often used to reduce common-mode current. However, their effectiveness is limited by their capacitance. In this paper, common-mode capacitance models of two related classes of common mode inductors are set forth. These models include an improved method of calculating the layer-to-layer capacitance. Means of reducing capacitance by use of multiple inductors is discussed. The methodology for calculating capacitance is experimentally validated using several common mode inductors. Finally, the use of the model in a multi-objective optimization-based common mode inductor design algorithm is demonstrated.
所有电源处理设备的一个重要方面是共模电流产生。共模电流会导致电磁噪声和潜在的设备故障。共模电感常用于减小共模电流。然而,它们的有效性受到其电容的限制。本文给出了两类相关共模电感的共模电容模型。这些模型包括一种改进的计算层间电容的方法。讨论了利用多电感器减小电容的方法。用几个共模电感对计算电容的方法进行了实验验证。最后,演示了该模型在基于多目标优化的共模电感设计算法中的应用。
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引用次数: 5
Modeling Minimally-Processed Shielded Metal Arc Weld Transformers for Rural Minigrid Applications 农村微型电网应用的最小加工屏蔽金属弧焊变压器建模
Pub Date : 2019-03-27 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2907670
J. Cale, C. Lute, J. Simon, A. DelCore
This paper describes a detailed nonlinear electromagnetic model for predicting current in transformers commonly used to supply electrical power in rural arc welding applications. Current-limiting in these welders during quenched arcs is achieved using a gap-less core design, resulting in high-magnetizing impedance but also a significant degree of magnetic saturation. To accurately predict transformer currents during arc welding, the proposed model includes nonlinear magnetization effects. Parameter identification of the magnetic properties of the transformer core is performed using a population-based search algorithm using open-circuit transformer measurements. The model is validated using measurements on an experimental transformer during live arc weld testing.
本文详细介绍了一种用于农村弧焊供电变压器电流预测的非线性电磁模型。这些焊机在淬火电弧期间的限流是使用无间隙磁芯设计实现的,从而产生高磁化阻抗,但也有很大程度的磁饱和。为了准确地预测弧焊过程中的变压器电流,该模型考虑了非线性磁化效应。变压器铁心磁特性的参数识别是使用基于种群的搜索算法进行的,该算法使用开路变压器测量。通过实验变压器的电弧焊试验,验证了该模型的有效性。
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引用次数: 1
A New Mixed Integer Linear Programming Formulation for Protection Relay Coordination Using Disjunctive Inequalities 基于析取不等式的保护继电器协调的混合整数线性规划新公式
Pub Date : 2019-03-25 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2907320
S. T. P. Srinivas, K. Shanti Swarup
Numerical optimization-based solution to directional overcurrent relay (DOCR) coordination problem has been a widely addressed research problem in the recent past. Many linear (LP), nonlinear (NLP), mixed integer nonlinear (MINLP), mixed integer linear (MILP), and quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP)-based formulations have been presented in the past literature. This paper proposes a new MILP-based formulation using disjunctive inequalities. The nonlinear DOCR protection coordination model is formulated as MILP by linearizing the bilinear terms existing in the original formulation. One of the variables in each bilinear term is discretized over its interval into a fixed number of steps. After assigning binary variables to each discrete interval, the resulting bilinear terms with binary variables are written in terms of disjunctive inequalities. The results have shown that the proposed MILP formulation fetch better optimal solutions compared with past MILP and MINLP formulations. The MILP problem is programmed in GAMS package with CPLEX solver and tested on standard 3 bus, 9 bus, 15 bus, and 30 bus systems and results are found to be satisfactory.
基于数值优化的定向过流继电器(DOCR)协调问题是近年来广泛研究的一个问题。在过去的文献中已经提出了许多基于线性(LP),非线性(NLP),混合整数非线性(MINLP),混合整数线性(MILP)和二次约束二次规划(QCQP)的公式。本文利用析取不等式提出了一种新的基于milp的公式。将原公式中存在的双线性项线性化,将非线性DOCR保护协调模型表示为MILP。每个双线性项中的一个变量在其区间内离散为固定的步长。将二元变量赋给每个离散区间后,得到的二元变量双线性项用析取不等式的形式表示。结果表明,与以往的MILP和MINLP配方相比,所提出的MILP配方获得了更好的最优解。用CPLEX求解器在GAMS封装中编写了MILP问题,并在标准3总线、9总线、15总线和30总线系统上进行了测试,结果令人满意。
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引用次数: 20
Below Grade Coated Direct Imbedded Steel Pole Corrosion Failures With Solutions 以下等级涂层直接嵌入钢杆腐蚀失效的解决方案
Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2018.2884974
W. Byrd
A history and descriptions of below grade coated direct imbedded steel pole corrosion failures is presented. Examples of actual coated steel pole corrosion failures are shown. The methods of the corrosion attacks are disclosed. A cost effective cathodic protection scheme for mitigating the below grade steel pole corrosion is presented.
介绍了低等级涂覆直埋钢杆腐蚀失效的历史和描述。给出了实际涂层钢极腐蚀失效的实例。公开了腐蚀攻击的方法。提出了一种经济有效的降低低品位钢极腐蚀的阴极保护方案。
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引用次数: 3
Mitigation of DER-Caused Over-Voltage in MV Distribution Systems Using Voltage Regulators 用稳压器缓解中压配电系统中der引起的过电压
Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2018.2878661
P. Bagheri, Yu Liu, Wilsun Xu, D. Teshome
This paper presents an investigation on the performance of voltage regulators (VRs) in mitigating overvoltage problems caused by distributed energy resources (DERs) in medium-voltage (MV) distribution systems. The control method of VRs is found to be a crucial factor. Studies reveal that even advanced control modes of commercial VRs cannot be relied upon as effective solutions to manage every scenario. The main problems associated with local control methods are identified. A supplementary voltage control scheme is proposed to enhance the capability of VRs as a solution option. The proposed scheme addresses the problems due to local control methods with a minimal investment. The studies are accompanied by several simulations on IEEE 123 nodes system as well as an actual feeder facing such overvoltage problems. Merits of the proposed supplementary control scheme are also demonstrated through simulation results.
本文研究了稳压器(VRs)在缓解中压(MV)配电系统中分布式能源(DERs)引起的过电压问题中的性能。VRs的控制方法是一个至关重要的因素。研究表明,即使是商业vr的先进控制模式也不能作为管理每个场景的有效解决方案。确定了与局部控制方法相关的主要问题。提出了一种补充电压控制方案,以提高虚拟现实系统的性能。该方案以最小的投资解决了局部控制方法带来的问题。并在IEEE 123节点系统和实际馈线上进行了仿真。仿真结果也证明了所提补充控制方案的优越性。
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引用次数: 7
Parallel High-Fidelity Electromagnetic Transient Simulation of Large-Scale Multi-Terminal DC Grids 大型多端直流电网并行高保真电磁瞬变仿真
Pub Date : 2019-03-01 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2018.2881483
Ning Lin, V. Dinavahi
Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of power electronics conducted on the CPU slows down as the system scales up. Thus, the massively parallelism of the graphics processing unit (GPU) is utilized to expedite the simulation of the multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grid, where detailed models of the semiconductor switches are adopted to provide comprehensive device-level information. As the large number of nodes leads to an inefficient solution of the DC grid, three levels of circuit partitioning are applied, i.e., the transmission line-based natural separation of converter stations, splitting of the apparatus inside the station, and the coupled voltage-current sources for fine-grained partitioning. Components of similar attributes are written as one CUDA C function and computed in massive parallelism by means of single-instruction multi-threading. The GPU’s potential as a new EMT simulation platform for the analysis of large-scale MTDC grids is demonstrated by a remarkable speedup of up to 270 times for the Greater CIGRÉ DC grid with time-steps of 50 ns and $1~mu text{s}$ for device-level and system-level simulation over the CPU implementation. Finally, the accuracy of GPU simulation is validated by the commercial tools SaberRD and PSCAD/EMTDC.
在CPU上进行的电力电子电磁瞬变(EMT)仿真随着系统规模的扩大而减慢。因此,利用图形处理单元(GPU)的大规模并行性来加速多终端直流(MTDC)网格的仿真,其中采用半导体开关的详细模型来提供全面的设备级信息。由于节点多导致直流电网求解效率低,因此采用了三种层次的电路划分,即基于传输线的换流站自然分离、站内设备的分割和电压电流耦合源的细粒度划分。相似属性的组件被编写成一个CUDA C函数,并通过单指令多线程进行大规模并行计算。GPU作为大型MTDC网格分析的新型EMT仿真平台的潜力得到了证明,对于更大的CIGRÉ直流网格,时间步长为50 ns和$1~mu text{s}$进行设备级和系统级仿真,CPU实现的加速高达270倍。最后,通过商用工具SaberRD和PSCAD/EMTDC验证了GPU仿真的准确性。
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引用次数: 4
PMU Multilevel End-to-End Testing to Assess Synchrophasor Measurements During Faults PMU多电平端到端测试,以评估故障期间的同步测量
Pub Date : 2019-02-19 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2900064
Tamara Becejac, P. Dehghanian
This paper introduces a framework for comprehensive testing and evaluation of the phasor measurement units (PMUs) and synchrophasor systems under normal power system operating conditions, as well as during disturbances such as faults. The evaluation is suggested to be accomplished using three different testing approaches, namely, type testing, application testing, and end-to-end testing, for each of which, systematic characterization of the hardware and software modules is presented in detail. Through the proposed approach of PMU testing in a controlled environment and detailed analysis of different estimation techniques used in PMU algorithms, one can gain insights on which estimation technique is most accurate for a certain end-use application. This hypothesis has been validated through series of realistic test scenarios on a 23-bus system running on an Opal Real Time simulator using the hardware-in-the-loop interface. In addition, the impact of synchrophasor estimation errors and their propagation from the PMU toward the end-use applications has been quantified for a fault location algorithm that uses only PMU measurements.
本文介绍了在电力系统正常运行以及故障等干扰情况下对相量测量单元(pmu)和同步相量系统进行综合测试和评估的框架。建议使用三种不同的测试方法来完成评估,即类型测试、应用测试和端到端测试,并详细介绍了每种测试方法的硬件和软件模块的系统特征。通过提出的在受控环境中进行PMU测试的方法,以及对PMU算法中使用的不同估计技术的详细分析,人们可以深入了解哪种估计技术对于某个最终用途应用是最准确的。这一假设已经通过在Opal Real Time模拟器上运行的23总线系统上使用硬件在环接口的一系列实际测试场景得到验证。此外,对于仅使用PMU测量值的故障定位算法,同步量估计误差的影响及其从PMU到最终应用程序的传播已经被量化。
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引用次数: 13
Hurricane Maria Effects on Puerto Rico Electric Power Infrastructure 飓风玛丽亚对波多黎各电力基础设施的影响
Pub Date : 2019-02-19 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2900293
A. Kwasinski, F. Andrade, M. Castro-Sitiriche, E. O’Neill-Carrillo
This paper discusses the effects of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico’s electric grid. Arguably, the most significant effect of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico was the electric power outage that initially affected the entire island and lasted more than ten months. Although the damage to the conventional electric power generation infrastructure was relatively minor, both the transmission and distribution portions of the grid suffered much worse damage than that observed during other hurricanes that affected the U.S. in the past decade. This extensive damage added to logistical limitations and the island orography were important factors that contributed to an extremely slow restoration process leading to a very low resilience for the island’s power grid. This paper describes all these aspects in detail and supports the explanation of the hurricane effects with photographic evidence collected during a damage assessment conducted in the early December 2017 when about half of the electricity customers were still without service. This paper concludes by exploring some lessons from these observations including potential options to increase resilience, such as the use of microgrids.
本文讨论了飓风玛丽亚对波多黎各电网的影响。可以说,飓风玛丽亚对波多黎各最严重的影响是停电,最初影响了整个岛屿,持续了十个多月。虽然对传统发电基础设施的破坏相对较小,但与过去十年中影响美国的其他飓风相比,电网的输电和配电部分遭受的破坏要严重得多。这种广泛的破坏增加了后勤限制和岛屿地形是造成恢复过程极其缓慢的重要因素,导致岛上电网的恢复能力非常低。本文详细描述了所有这些方面,并通过在2017年12月初进行的损害评估中收集的照片证据来支持对飓风影响的解释,当时约有一半的电力客户仍然没有服务。本文最后从这些观察中探索了一些经验教训,包括提高弹性的潜在选择,如使用微电网。
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引用次数: 79
Transmission Design and Analysis for Large-Scale Offshore Wind Energy Development 大型海上风电开发的传动设计与分析
Pub Date : 2019-02-12 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2898688
Elpiniki Apostolaki-Iosifidou, R. McCormack, W. Kempton, P. Mccoy, Deniz Ozkan
The offshore wind resource is very large in many coastal regions, over 80,000 MW capacity in the region studied here. However, the resource cannot be utilized unless distant offshore wind generation can be effectively collected and brought to shore. Based on extensive oceanographic, environmental, and shipping data, a realistic wind energy deployment layout is designed with 160 wind power plants each 500 MW. The power collection and transmission infrastructure required to bring this power to shore and connect it to the electricity grid is designed and analyzed. Three types of connection to shore are compared; high voltage AC to the nearest onshore point of interconnection (POI), high voltage DC with voltage-source converter (HVDC-VSC) to the nearest onshore POI, and connecting to an offshore HVDC backbone running parallel to shore that interconnects multiple wind power plants and multiple POIs ashore. The electrical transmission losses are estimated step by step from the wind turbines to the POI. The results show that such a large system can be built with existing technology in near-load resources, and that losses in the HVDC-VSC systems are approximately 1%–2% lower than that in the AC system for a distance about 120 km from shore.
许多沿海地区的海上风电资源非常大,本研究地区的海上风电容量超过8万兆瓦。然而,除非能够有效地收集遥远的海上风力发电并将其带到岸上,否则无法利用该资源。基于广泛的海洋学、环境和航运数据,设计了一个现实的风能部署布局,其中有160个风力发电厂,每个500兆瓦。设计和分析了将这些电力带到岸上并连接到电网所需的电力收集和传输基础设施。对三种接岸方式进行了比较;高压交流电连接到最近的陆上互连点(POI),高压直流电压源转换器(HVDC- vsc)连接到最近的陆上互连点(POI),并连接到与海岸平行的海上HVDC主干,该主干将多个风力发电厂和陆上多个POI互连起来。从风力涡轮机到POI的电力传输损耗逐步估算。结果表明,在近负荷资源范围内,利用现有技术可以建成这样的大型系统,在距离海岸约120 km的范围内,HVDC-VSC系统的损耗比交流系统低约1%-2%。
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引用次数: 34
Compositional Power Flow for Networked Microgrids 网络化微电网的组成潮流
Pub Date : 2019-02-06 DOI: 10.1109/JPETS.2019.2897780
Yan Li, Peng Zhang, C. Kang
In this paper, a compositional power flow (ComPF) is devised for networked microgrids to take into account power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids while preserving data privacy of each microgrid. The main contributions of the ComPF include: 1) devising an advanced-droop-control-based power flow to incorporate distributed energy resources and load droops within microgrids and 2) establishing an adaptive-secondary-control-based compositional power flow scheme to account for power sharing and voltage regulation between microgrids. As an inherently distributed method, the ComPF supports plug-and-play of microgrids and preserves customer privacy.
本文针对网络化微电网设计了一种组合潮流(ComPF),既考虑了微电网之间的电力共享和电压调节,又保证了每个微电网的数据隐私。ComPF的主要贡献包括:1)设计了一种先进的基于下垂控制的潮流,以纳入微电网内的分布式能源和负载下垂;2)建立了一种基于自适应二次控制的组合潮流方案,以考虑微电网之间的电力共享和电压调节。作为一种固有的分布式方法,ComPF支持微电网即插即用,并保护用户隐私。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
IEEE Power and Energy Technology Systems Journal
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