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Evaluating Econometric Studies of Alcohol Advertising. 评估酒精广告的计量经济学研究。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01
Henry Saffer

Objective: This article provides a guide for the behavioral scientist to understand and judge econometric studies of alcohol advertising.

Method: The requirements for causal evidence in an econometric study include an empirical scenario in which alcohol advertising is not affected by alcohol consumption and in which both consumption and advertising are not affected by a common third variable. The articles included in this review were a sampling of older studies to illustrate the problems with these studies and newer studies, not covered by existing reviews, which try to directly address causality.

Results: The results from many prior studies are suspect by current econometric standards. However, a few newer econometric studies address causality and find a small positive effect of alcohol advertising on consumption.

Conclusions: Many prior studies and some newer studies of alcohol advertising in the econometric literature have not addressed causality, and the results from these studies should be considered as descriptive only.

目的本文为行为科学家理解和判断酒类广告计量经济学研究提供指导:计量经济学研究对因果证据的要求包括:酒类广告不受酒类消费的影响,消费和广告不受共同的第三变量的影响。本综述所收录的文章是一些较早研究的样本,旨在说明这些研究存在的问题,以及现有综述未涵盖的较新研究,这些研究试图直接解决因果关系问题:从目前的计量经济学标准来看,许多以往研究的结果都值得怀疑。然而,一些较新的计量经济学研究解决了因果关系问题,并发现酒类广告对消费有微小的积极影响:计量经济学文献中关于酒类广告的许多以前的研究和一些较新的研究都没有涉及因果关系,这些研究的结果应仅被视为描述性的。
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引用次数: 0
Psychological Processes Underlying Effects of Alcohol Marketing on Youth Drinking. 酒精营销对青少年饮酒影响的心理过程。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.81
Kristina M Jackson, Bruce D Bartholow

Objective: Evidence increasingly suggests that alcohol marketing plays a significant role in facilitating underage drinking. This article presents a review of empirical studies and relevant theoretical models proposing plausible psychological mechanisms or processes responsible for associations between alcohol-related marketing and youth drinking.

Method: We review key psychological processes pertaining to cognitive mechanisms and social cognitive models that operate at the individual or intrapersonal level (attitude formation, expectancies) and the social or interpersonal level (personal identity, social identity, social norms). We use dominant psychological and media theories to support our statements of putative causal inferences, including the Message Interpretation Processing Model, Prototype Willingness Model, and Reinforcing Spirals Model.

Results: Based on the evidence, we propose an integrated conceptual model that depicts relevant psychological processes as they work together in a complex chain of influence, and we highlight those constructs that have received the greatest support in the literature.

Conclusions: The evidence to date suggests that perceptions of others' behaviors and attitudes in relation to alcohol (social norms) may be a more potent driver of youth drinking than evaluations of drinking outcomes (expectancies). Considerably more research--especially experimental research--is needed to understand the extent to which theoretically relevant psychological processes have unique effects on adolescent and young adult drinking behavior, with the ultimate goal of identifying modifiable intervention targets to produce reductions in the initiation and maintenance of underage alcohol use.

目的:越来越多的证据表明,酒类营销在促进未成年人饮酒方面发挥着重要作用。本文对实证研究和相关理论模型进行了综述,提出了造成酒精相关营销与青少年饮酒之间关联的可信心理机制或过程:方法:我们回顾了与认知机制和社会认知模型有关的关键心理过程,这些心理过程在个人或个人内部层面(态度形成、预期)和社会或人际层面(个人身份、社会身份、社会规范)发挥作用。我们使用主流的心理学和媒体理论来支持我们的假定因果推论,包括信息解释处理模型、原型意愿模型和强化螺旋模型:根据证据,我们提出了一个综合概念模型,该模型描述了相关的心理过程,这些过程在复杂的影响链中共同起作用,我们还强调了在文献中得到最大支持的那些概念:迄今为止的证据表明,与对饮酒结果的评价(预期)相比,对他人饮酒行为和态度的看法(社会规范)可能是青少年饮酒的一个更有力的驱动因素。需要进行更多的研究,尤其是实验研究,以了解理论上相关的心理过程在多大程度上对青少年饮酒行为产生独特的影响,最终目标是确定可修改的干预目标,以减少未成年饮酒的开始和维持。
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引用次数: 0
Similarities Between Alcohol and Tobacco Advertising Exposure and Adolescent Use of Each of These Substances. 酒精和烟草广告接触与青少年使用这两种物质之间的相似性。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.97
Michael Weitzman, Lily Lee

Objective: Underage alcohol use is a major public health problem and substantial corporate money supports alcohol advertising across multiple venues. A diverse research literature demonstrates that adolescent exposure to such advertising is associated with drinking attitudes and behavior, but no scientific body has determined these associations to be causal. The objective of this study was to assess the association between alcohol advertising and teen drinking in the context of the "Analogy" criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria and consider a determination that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and alcohol use is causal.

Method: This study was a narrative review on the association between adolescent exposure to alcohol advertising and subsequent alcohol use in the context of domains utilized in the Surgeon General's 2012 Report, Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults, which concluded, "Advertising and promotional activities by tobacco companies have been shown to cause the onset and continuation of smoking among adolescents and young adults."

Results: In every aspect compared (i.e., adolescent knowledge; attitudes toward; initiation of use; continuation of use; mediums of advertisement; the use of mascots, celebrities, and themes; and frequency and density of advertisements and retailers), the findings for both tobacco and alcohol and their association with exposure to advertising are analogous.

Conclusions: Application of the Analogy criterion of the Bradford Hill criteria comparing alcohol and tobacco supports a judgment that the association between exposure to alcohol advertising and increased adolescent knowledge, attitudes toward, initiation, and continuation of alcohol use are causal in nature.

目的:未成年人饮酒是一个重大的公共健康问题,而大量的企业资金支持了多个场所的酒类广告。各种研究文献表明,青少年接触此类广告与饮酒态度和行为有关,但没有任何科学机构认定这些关联是因果关系。本研究的目的是根据布拉德福德-希尔标准中的 "类比 "标准,评估酒类广告与青少年饮酒之间的关联,并考虑确定接触酒类广告与饮酒之间的关联是因果关系:本研究根据卫生总监2012年报告《防止青少年吸烟》中所使用的领域,对青少年接触酒类广告与随后饮酒之间的关联进行了叙述性回顾,该报告的结论是:"烟草公司的广告和促销活动已被证明会导致青少年开始吸烟和继续吸烟:在比较的各个方面(即青少年的知识;对吸烟的态度;开始吸烟;继续吸烟;广告媒介;吉祥物、名人和主题的使用;以及广告和零售商的频率和密度),烟草和酒的调查结果及其与接触广告的关系都是相似的:结论:应用布拉德福德-希尔标准中的类比标准对酒精和烟草进行比较,可以判断接触酒精广告与青少年对酒精的了解、态度、开始和继续饮酒之间的联系具有因果关系。
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引用次数: 0
Exposure to Digital Alcohol Marketing and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review. 接触数字酒精营销和酒精使用:一项系统综述。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01
Jonathan K Noel, Cara J Sammartino, Samantha R Rosenthal

Objective: Alcohol marketing has proliferated on digital media, such as websites, social media, and apps. A systematic review was conducted to examine studies of associations between exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption.

Method: Eight electronic databases were searched for "alcohol" and "marketing" through 14 February 2017. Studies were included if exposure to digital alcohol marketing and alcohol consumption, or related attitudes and intentions, were assessed. Studies were excluded if they only measured exposure to alcohol depictions posted online by family and friends. Study quality was also assessed.

Results: In all, 25 studies were included, including 2 randomized controlled trials, 15 cross-sectional studies, and 8 prospective cohort studies. There was a consistent finding across studies that participation and engagement with digital alcohol marketing--such as clicking on an alcohol ad, visiting an alcohol-branded website, liking or sharing an ad on social media, or downloading alcohol-branded content--was positively associated with alcohol use. The effects of simple exposure to digital alcohol advertising were inconclusive. Proper blinding of subjects, measuring exposures before the outcomes, and measuring the exposures multiple times would improve study quality.

Conclusions: Although more research is needed, existing studies suggest that engagement with digital alcohol marketing is positively associated with increased alcohol consumption and increased binge or hazardous drinking behavior. Governments should consider implementing digital alcohol marketing regulations under the precautionary principle as the alcohol industry's self-regulated marketing codes are likely ineffective at protecting populations vulnerable to alcohol-related harm.

目的:酒精营销在数字媒体上激增,如网站、社交媒体和应用程序。对接触数字酒精营销与酒精消费之间关系的研究进行了系统回顾。方法:截至2017年2月14日,在8个电子数据库中检索“酒精”和“营销”。如果评估接触数字酒精营销和酒精消费,或相关的态度和意图,则包括研究。如果研究只测量了家人和朋友在网上发布的酒精描述的暴露程度,则将其排除在外。研究质量也进行了评估。结果:共纳入25项研究,其中随机对照试验2项,横断面研究15项,前瞻性队列研究8项。所有研究都一致发现,参与和参与数字酒精营销——比如点击酒精广告、访问酒精品牌网站、在社交媒体上点赞或分享广告,或下载酒精品牌内容——与酒精使用呈正相关。单纯接触数字酒精广告的影响尚无定论。适当的受试者盲法,在结果前测量暴露,以及多次测量暴露可以提高研究质量。结论:虽然需要更多的研究,但现有的研究表明,参与数字酒精营销与酒精消费量增加、酗酒或危险饮酒行为增加呈正相关。各国政府应考虑根据预防原则实施数字酒精营销条例,因为酒精行业的自我监管营销守则可能无法保护易受酒精相关伤害的人群。
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引用次数: 0
Alcohol Marketing and Youth Drinking: Is There a Causal Relationship, and Why Does It Matter? 酒精营销与青少年饮酒:两者之间是否存在因果关系?
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.5
James D Sargent, Samantha Cukier, Thomas F Babor
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引用次数: 0
Youth Cognitive Responses to Alcohol Promotional Messaging: A Systematic Review. 青少年对酒精宣传信息的认知反应:系统回顾。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.26
Elizabeth R Henehan, Ansley E Joannes, Liam Greaney, Susan Knoll, Qing Wai Wong, Craig S Ross

Objective: This review examines the research of the effects of alcohol advertising on the cognitive mechanisms that precede underage alcohol use.

Method: Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we reviewed 22 studies (1988-2016) selected from 22,040 articles. The final sample assessed cognitive responses of youth younger than the legal purchase age who were exposed to alcohol advertisements from television or magazines.

Results: The studies were predominantly cross-sectional (59.1%), used convenience sampling (63.6%), had 74 to 3,521 participants, and were from six countries. The most common methods and applied theories for assessing advertising effects on cognitions were linear methods based on priming and modeling theories, and structural equation modeling based on information-processing models. Overall, advertising content appealed to youth, particularly advertisements that emphasized lifestyles of drinkers rather than the product quality. Youth exposed to alcohol advertisements were more likely to associate positive and arousing effects with alcohol, and in some studies effects were modified by sex, alcohol use, and age. Residual confounding and selection bias were a concern in the majority of studies.

Conclusions: Exposure to alcohol advertising may affect underage perceptions of risks and rewards of alcohol use. Nevertheless, the ability to draw causal conclusions is limited because of study designs. Future studies should use nonlinear methods to assess the association between advertising and cognitions and avoid measuring alcohol advertising as a uniform and dose-response exposure among diverse populations. Future research would be strengthened by applying consistent theoretical frameworks, improving control for confounding bias, and using validated cognitive outcome measures.

目的:本综述探讨了酒精广告对未成年人饮酒前的认知机制的影响:本综述探讨了酒精广告对未成年人饮酒前认知机制的影响:采用 PRISMA(系统综述和元分析的首选报告项目)指南,我们回顾了从 22,040 篇文章中筛选出的 22 项研究(1988-2016 年)。最终样本评估了接触过电视或杂志酒精广告的法定购买年龄以下青少年的认知反应:这些研究主要是横断面研究(59.1%),采用便利抽样(63.6%),有 74 至 3521 名参与者,来自 6 个国家。在评估广告对认知的影响时,最常用的方法和应用的理论是基于引物和建模理论的线性方法,以及基于信息处理模型的结构方程模型。总体而言,广告内容对青少年很有吸引力,尤其是那些强调饮酒者生活方式而非产品质量的广告。接触过酒类广告的青少年更有可能将正面和刺激性效果与酒联系起来,在某些研究中,这种效果会因性别、饮酒情况和年龄而改变。在大多数研究中,残留混淆和选择偏差是一个值得关注的问题:结论:接触酒类广告可能会影响未成年人对饮酒风险和回报的认知。然而,由于研究设计的原因,得出因果关系结论的能力有限。未来的研究应使用非线性方法来评估广告与认知之间的关联,避免将酒精广告作为不同人群中统一的剂量反应暴露来衡量。通过应用一致的理论框架、改进对混杂偏差的控制以及使用有效的认知结果测量方法,未来的研究将会得到加强。
{"title":"Youth Cognitive Responses to Alcohol Promotional Messaging: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Elizabeth R Henehan, Ansley E Joannes, Liam Greaney, Susan Knoll, Qing Wai Wong, Craig S Ross","doi":"10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.26","DOIUrl":"10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review examines the research of the effects of alcohol advertising on the cognitive mechanisms that precede underage alcohol use.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, we reviewed 22 studies (1988-2016) selected from 22,040 articles. The final sample assessed cognitive responses of youth younger than the legal purchase age who were exposed to alcohol advertisements from television or magazines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The studies were predominantly cross-sectional (59.1%), used convenience sampling (63.6%), had 74 to 3,521 participants, and were from six countries. The most common methods and applied theories for assessing advertising effects on cognitions were linear methods based on priming and modeling theories, and structural equation modeling based on information-processing models. Overall, advertising content appealed to youth, particularly advertisements that emphasized lifestyles of drinkers rather than the product quality. Youth exposed to alcohol advertisements were more likely to associate positive and arousing effects with alcohol, and in some studies effects were modified by sex, alcohol use, and age. Residual confounding and selection bias were a concern in the majority of studies.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Exposure to alcohol advertising may affect underage perceptions of risks and rewards of alcohol use. Nevertheless, the ability to draw causal conclusions is limited because of study designs. Future studies should use nonlinear methods to assess the association between advertising and cognitions and avoid measuring alcohol advertising as a uniform and dose-response exposure among diverse populations. Future research would be strengthened by applying consistent theoretical frameworks, improving control for confounding bias, and using validated cognitive outcome measures.</p>","PeriodicalId":17103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement","volume":"Sup 19 ","pages":"26-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7063996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37662382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Neurobiological Model of Alcohol Marketing Effects on Underage Drinking. 酒精营销对未成年人饮酒影响的神经生物学模型。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01
Andrea L Courtney, B J Casey, Kristina M Rapuano

Objective: Although an association between exposure to alcohol advertising and underage drinking is well documented, the underlying neurobiological contributions to this association remain largely unexplored. From an epidemiological perspective, identifying the neurobiological plausibility of this exposure-outcome association is a crucial step toward establishing marketing as a contributor to youth drinking and informing public policy interventions to decrease this influence.

Method: We conducted a critical review of the literature on neurobiological risk factors and adolescent brain development, social influences on drinking, and neural contributions to reward sensitization and risk taking. By drawing from these separate areas of research, we propose a unified, neurobiological model of alcohol marketing effects on underage drinking.

Results: We discuss and extend the literature to suggest that responses in prefrontal-reward circuitry help establish alcohol advertisements as reward-predictive cues that may reinforce consumption upon exposure. We focus on adolescence as a sensitive window of development during which youth are particularly susceptible to social and reward cues, which are defining characteristics of many alcohol advertisements. As a result, alcohol marketing may promote positive associations early in life that motivate social drinking, and corresponding neurobiological changes may contribute to later patterns of alcohol abuse.

Conclusions: The neurobiological model proposed here, which considers neurodevelopmental risk factors, social influences, and reward sensitization to alcohol cues, suggests that exposure to alcohol marketing could plausibly influence underage drinking by sensitizing prefrontal-reward circuitry.

目的:尽管接触酒精广告与未成年人饮酒之间的联系已被充分证明,但这种联系的潜在神经生物学贡献在很大程度上仍未被探索。从流行病学的角度来看,确定这种暴露-结果关联的神经生物学合理性是建立营销作为青少年饮酒的一个因素并告知公共政策干预以减少这种影响的关键一步。方法:我们对神经生物学风险因素和青少年大脑发育、饮酒的社会影响以及神经对奖励敏化和冒险行为的贡献等方面的文献进行了批判性回顾。通过借鉴这些独立的研究领域,我们提出了一个统一的酒精营销对未成年人饮酒影响的神经生物学模型。结果:我们讨论并扩展了文献,表明前额叶奖励回路的反应有助于将酒精广告作为奖励预测线索,从而可能在接触后加强消费。我们把青少年作为一个敏感的发展窗口,在此期间,青少年特别容易受到社会和奖励线索的影响,这是许多酒精广告的特征。因此,酒精营销可能会促进早期社交饮酒的积极联系,相应的神经生物学变化可能会导致后来的酒精滥用模式。结论:本文提出的神经生物学模型考虑了神经发育风险因素、社会影响和对酒精线索的奖励敏化,表明接触酒精营销可能通过使前额叶-奖励回路敏化而影响未成年人饮酒。
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引用次数: 0
The Relationship Between Exposure to Alcohol Marketing and Underage Drinking Is Causal. 接触酒精营销与未成年人饮酒之间的关系是因果关系。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01
James D Sargent, Thomas F Babor

Objective: This article summarizes the findings of narrative and systematic literature reviews focused on the relationship between exposure to alcohol marketing and youth drinking, viewed in context of criteria for causality. We also consider the implications of this proposition for alcohol policy and public health.

Method: Our descriptive synthesis of findings is from 11 narrative and systematic reviews using the nine Bradford Hill causality criteria: (a) strength of association, (b) consistency, (c) specificity of association, (d) temporality, (e) biological gradient, (f) biological plausibility, (g) coherence, (h) experimental evidence, and (i) analogy.

Results: Evidence of causality for all nine of the Bradford Hill criteria was found across the review articles commissioned for this supplement and in other previously published reviews. In some reviews, multiple Bradford Hill criteria were met. The reviews document that a substantial amount of empirical research has been conducted in a variety of countries using different but complementary research designs.

Conclusions: The research literature available today is consistent with the judgment that the association between alcohol marketing and drinking among young persons is causal.

目的:本文总结了叙事性和系统性文献综述的研究结果,重点关注酒精营销暴露与青少年饮酒之间的关系,并结合因果关系的标准进行了分析。我们还考虑了这一观点对酒精政策和公共卫生的影响:我们采用布拉德福德-希尔的九项因果关系标准,对 11 篇叙述性和系统性综述的研究结果进行了描述性综合:(a) 关联强度;(b) 一致性;(c) 关联特异性;(d) 时间性;(e) 生物梯度;(f) 生物合理性;(g) 一致性;(h) 实验证据;(i) 类比:结果:在本增刊委托撰写的综述文章和之前发表的其他综述文章中,发现了布拉德福德-希尔标准中所有九项标准的因果关系证据。在一些综述中,符合多个布拉德福德-希尔标准。这些综述记录了在不同国家采用不同但互补的研究设计开展的大量实证研究:目前的研究文献与酒类营销与青少年饮酒之间存在因果关系的判断是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
The Alcohol Marketing Landscape: Alcohol Industry Size, Structure, Strategies, and Public Health Responses. 酒精营销格局:酒精行业的规模、结构、战略和公共卫生对策。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.13
David Jernigan, Craig S Ross

Objective: The purpose of this study is to inform public health efforts to reduce alcohol-related harm by describing the alcohol marketing landscape. We review the size, structure, and strategies of both the U.S. national and global alcohol industries and their principal marketing activities and expenditures and provide a summary of public health responses.

Method: Primary data were obtained from advertising and alcohol industry market research firms and were supplemented by searches of peer-reviewed literature, business press, and online databases on global business and trade.

Results: Worldwide, alcohol sales totaled more than $1.5 trillion in 2017. Control of alcoholic beverage production and marketing is concentrated globally in the hands of a small number of firms. The oligopoly structure of the producing industry helps to generate high profits per dollar invested relative to other industries, which in turn fund marketing expenditures that function as barriers to entry by other firms. Advertising expenditures are high and advertising is widespread. Stakeholder marketing and corporate social responsibility campaigns assist in maintaining a policy environment conducive to extensive alcohol marketing activity. The most common regulatory response has been alcohol industry self-regulation; statutory public health responses have made little progress in recent years and have lagged behind industry innovation in digital and social marketing.

Conclusions: Alcohol marketing is widespread globally and a structural element of the alcoholic beverage industry. Given the level of alcohol-related harm worldwide, global and regional recommendations and best practices should be used to guide policy makers in effective regulation of alcohol marketing.

研究目的本研究的目的是通过描述酒精营销的现状,为减少酒精相关危害的公共卫生工作提供信息。我们回顾了美国国内和全球酒类行业的规模、结构和战略,以及它们的主要营销活动和支出,并总结了公共卫生方面的应对措施:方法:从广告和酒类行业市场调研公司获取原始数据,并通过检索同行评议文献、商业报刊和全球商业贸易在线数据库进行补充:2017 年,全球酒类销售总额超过 1.5 万亿美元。全球酒精饮料生产和营销的控制权集中在少数企业手中。与其他行业相比,生产行业的寡头垄断结构有助于创造每美元投资的高利润,这反过来又为营销支出提供了资金,起到了阻碍其他公司进入的作用。广告支出高,广告范围广。利益相关者营销和企业社会责任运动有助于维持一个有利于酒类营销活动广泛开展的政策环境。最常见的监管对策是酒类行业自律;法定的公共卫生对策近年来进展甚微,落后于行业在数字和社会营销方面的创新:酒精营销在全球范围内广泛存在,是酒精饮料行业的一个结构性要素。鉴于全球与酒精相关的危害程度,应利用全球和地区建议及最佳实践来指导政策制定者对酒精营销进行有效监管。
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引用次数: 0
Alcohol Marketing and Adolescent and Young Adult Alcohol Use Behaviors: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies. 酒精营销与青少年饮酒行为:横断面研究的系统回顾。
Q1 Medicine Pub Date : 2020-03-01 DOI: 10.15288/jsads.2020.s19.42
Laura J Finan, Sharon Lipperman-Kreda, Joel W Grube, Anna Balassone, Emily Kaner

Objective: This article provides a systematic review of cross-sectional research examining associations between exposure to alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults.

Method: Literature searches of eight electronic databases were carried out in February 2017. Searches were not limited by date, language, country, or peer-review status. After abstract and full-text screening for eligibility and study quality, 38 studies that examined the relationship between alcohol marketing and alcohol use behaviors were selected for inclusion.

Results: Across alcohol use outcomes, various types of marketing exposure, and different media sources, our findings suggest that cross-sectional evidence indicating a positive relationship between alcohol marketing exposure and alcohol use behaviors among adolescents and young adults was greater than negative or null evidence. In other words, cross-sectional evidence supported that alcohol marketing exposure was associated with young peoples' alcohol use behaviors. In general, relationships for alcohol promotion (e.g., alcohol-sponsored events) and owning alcohol-related merchandise exposures were more consistently positive than for other advertising exposures. These positive associations were observed across the past four decades, in countries across continents, and with small and large samples.

Conclusions: Despite issues of measurement and construct clarity within this body of literature, this review suggests that exposure to alcohol industry marketing may be important for understanding and reducing young peoples' alcohol use behavior. Future policies aimed at regulating alcohol marketing to a greater extent may have important short- and long-term public health implications for reducing underage or problematic alcohol use among youth.

目的:本文对横断面研究进行了系统综述:本文对横断面研究进行了系统综述,这些研究探讨了青少年接触酒精营销与酒精使用行为之间的关系:2017年2月,对8个电子数据库进行了文献检索。检索不受日期、语言、国家或同行评审状态的限制。经过摘要和全文的资格和研究质量筛选,选出了 38 项研究酒精营销与酒精使用行为之间关系的研究:在酒精使用结果、各种类型的营销接触和不同的媒体来源方面,我们的研究结果表明,表明青少年酒精营销接触与酒精使用行为之间存在积极关系的横断面证据多于消极或无效证据。换句话说,横断面证据支持酒精营销接触与青少年饮酒行为相关。一般来说,与其他广告接触相比,酒类促销(如酒类赞助活动)和自有酒类相关商品接触的正相关关系更为一致。在过去的四十年中,在各大洲的国家中,在小样本和大样本中都观察到了这些正相关关系:尽管这些文献在测量和结构清晰度方面存在问题,但本综述表明,接触酒类行业营销对于了解和减少年轻人的饮酒行为可能很重要。未来旨在更大程度上规范酒类营销的政策可能会对减少青少年未成年或问题性饮酒产生重要的短期和长期公共卫生影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. Supplement
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