Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs最新文献

Objective: Previous work has investigated parents' reports of motives for communicating with their young adults about alcohol. While parents' self-reported motives may predict intentions to communicate, young adults' perceptions of their parents' motives may be important for understanding young adults' responses to parent alcohol communication. The present study was conducted to explore college students' perceptions of their parents' motives for alcohol communication and to investigate whether perceptions of these motives predict changes in alcohol consumption and related consequences during the transition to college.

Method: First-year college students (N = 306) participated in a longitudinal survey study. Baseline measures at pre-matriculation (T1) included assessments of student perceptions of their parents' motives for alcohol communication and covariates (e.g., perceived peer descriptive drinking norms, parental modeling and alcohol communication, and drinking and consequences). At a 1-month follow-up (T2), students reported on their alcohol use and consequences.

Results: Controlling for other predictors of college student drinking, results indicate that for each one-unit increase in perceived parental reactive communication motives, the incidence rate of typical weekly drinking increased by 9%, and heavy episodic drinking (HED) increased by 21%. Conversely, the incidence rate of HED decreased by 27% for each one-unit increase in perceived maternal family history communication motives.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that college students' perceptions of their parents' motives for alcohol communication can significantly influence their drinking behavior during the transition to college.

Background: To examine sex differences in overdose (OD) mortality based upon substances involved.

Methods: A retrospective database analysis of West Virginia OD decedents (12,666 unintentional OD deaths, 2005-early 2023). Exposures were substances judged to contribute to death. The main outcome measure was determination of male to female death ratios with varying co-intoxicant involvement, particularly related to alcohol and fentanyl. Secondary outcomes included associations of fentanyl concentrations with alcohol concentrations and male sex, including fentanyl (F) and inactive metabolite norfentanyl (N) concentration variability between sexes.

Results: Alcohol co-intoxication in OD deaths was associated with higher male:female death ratios, from 2.0 (alcohol absent) to 3.3 (alcohol present). There was a greater increase over time in alcohol involvement in recent deaths involving females compared to males (relative increases of 52% vs. 6%, respectively). Male:female ratios with alcohol and fentanyl co-involvement ranged from 5.9:1 (only two drugs involved) to 2.4:1 (= 5 substances), with females significantly more likely to have multiple substances contributing to death. Overall, males had statistically significantly larger fentanyl (F) to norfentanyl (N) median concentration ratios compared to females (8.8 vs. 6.9, respectively). Multivariable analyses found alcohol presence was associated with a statistically significant 22% reduction in predicted fentanyl concentrations.

Conclusions: Male:female ratios in unintentional OD deaths were higher with greater alcohol involvement and lower with fewer co-intoxicants. Fentanyl and norfentanyl concentration differences by sex were observed. It is important to determine possible contributors to sex differences in OD death rates to better target prevention and treatment initiatives.

Decades of research have been dedicated to the study and prevention of sexual aggression (SA) perpetration. Despite robust evidence linking acute intoxication and SA perpetration, few studies have examined this association in naturalistic contexts like drinking settings. Field studies are needed to inform etiological models and interventions that generalize to the naturalist environment.

Objective: The goal of this paper is to provide guidance to researchers on the logistical and ethical considerations involved in conducting an alcohol field study by detailing the methodology employed in a field study on alcohol and sexual misperception.

Method: This article presents a field study protocol for measuring sexual misperception, a precursor to SA, in patrons exiting bars. One hundred forty-three participants completed study procedures. In-depth information on procedures for site selection, recruitment, screening, measure selection, consent, and capacity assessment is provided.

Conclusions: Field studies can evaluate proximal causes of alcohol-involved sexual aggression and intermediary processes like sexual misperception in naturalistic settings. Greater implementation of field studies is required for a comprehensive understanding of alcohol-involved SA perpetration and for generalizable interventions.

Objective: Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) is the use of any compensatory behavior (e.g., skipping meals) within the context of a drinking episode. FAD has two underlying motives: to enhance the effects of alcohol (FAD-AE) and/or compensate for calories consumed from alcohol (FAD-CC). Prior work finds that FAD is positively associated with alcohol-related outcomes; however, it is unclear whether FAD confers increased risk above alcohol use alone, and whether there are differences in alcohol outcomes by FAD motive. Thus, the present study evaluated alcohol use patterns (i.e., past-month quantity/frequency, binge use, consequences, and drinking motives) by FAD status and FAD motives.

Method: Data were from the Stimulant Norms and Prevalence 2 (SNAP2) study, which included 5,809 undergraduates from six US universities. Participants were grouped into four categories: Alcohol-Only, FAD-AE, FAD-CC, and FAD-both (i.e., both FAD-AE and FAD-CC motives). Ordinary least squares regression was used for drinking motives and quasi-Poisson regressions were used for other outcomes.

Results: Alcohol use quantity, frequency, binge use, and consequences were all greatest in the FAD-both group and lowest in the alcohol-only group, with the FAD-AE and FAD-CC groups intermediate and not significantly different from each other. To illustrate, the FAD-both group had 47%, 33%, and 25% greater alcohol-related consequences than the Alcohol-Only, FAD-CC, and FAD-AE groups, respectively. This stepwise pattern held for drinking motives, with fewer significant differences.

Conclusions: Engagement in FAD is linked to increased likelihood of poor alcohol outcomes versus alcohol use alone, and FAD for both motives represents the highest risk group.

Objective: Alcohol expectancies are beliefs people have about the likelihood of experiencing various positive or negative consequences related to alcohol use. Expectancies have most commonly been treated as traitlike characteristics of individuals, but some researchers have assessed expectancies as state-level characteristics that vary within persons across days. Previous work developed a 13-item daily alcohol expectancies measure. This study evaluated an expanded version of that measure that includes 10 additional expectancy items.

Method: Participants were 2- and 4-year college students (N = 201; 63.7% female; 55.2% White non-Hispanic; 75.1% 4-year students) randomized to the control group of a longitudinal study designed to test the efficacy of a just-in-time adaptive intervention delivered via mobile app to reduce high-risk alcohol use. Multilevel exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure at the daily and person levels. Multilevel models were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the resulting subscales.

Results: Two factors, broadly representing positive and negative alcohol expectancies, were retained at the daily and person levels. Composite reliability (omega) estimates ranged from .85 to .96 and suggested that the reliability of the resulting subscales was good to strong. Associations between the daily expectancy subscales and baseline scores on an established expectancies measure provided preliminary evidence of convergent validity.

Conclusions: Findings indicate that this expanded 23-item daily alcohol expectancies measure is psychometrically sound. This measure is appropriate for use in daily or just-in-time expectancy challenge interventions. It is suitable for use among 2- and 4-year college students who drink alcohol regularly and occasionally in heavy quantities and who experience alcohol-related negative consequences.

Objective: Young sexual minority women (SMW; e.g., lesbian, bisexual women) are at increased risk for heavy drinking, although SMW in relationships may be at less risk than those who are single. The current study examined how SMW partners influence drinking in the moment, if their own intentions predict drinking beyond partner influence and if this association is moderated by partner influence, and if their own drinking motives moderate partner influence.

Method: Young adult same-sex female couples (N = 162 couples) were recruited to participate in a 14-day daily diary study where they reported each morning their drinking intentions, motives, and behavior as well as whether their partner was present during drinking occasions.

Results: Findings from multilevel structural equation models revealed that own intentions and select partner influences (i.e., intentions, drinking) were uniquely linked to a greater quantity of drinking at the within-subject level. Significant interactions between own intentions and partner intentions, and between partner intentions and select drinking motives (social and enhancement), on same-day alcohol use were found at the within-subject level.

Conclusions: Findings suggest that partner influences have a strong effect on drinking at the daily level and can be strengthened or weakened when drinking for specific reasons. These findings expand on prior daily diary research on the effects of drinking motives by examining how these processes unfold in same-sex female couples and their intersection with partner intentions.

Objective: A minority of all individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) seek treatment. Contextual factors associated with treatment seeking are poorly understood. It is known that the level of alcohol consumed varies between seasons of the year. However, it is not known to what extent treatment seeking for AUD also varies between seasons. This study aims to investigate seasonal variations in treatment seeking for AUD.

Method: The study design was a time-series analysis. The study population consisted of adults age 18 years and older in Denmark seeking AUD treatment. The outcomes were the following two measures of changes in treatment seeking: (a) treatment entry and (b) filled prescription of AUD pharmacotherapy. Data came from the National Alcohol Treatment Register on treatment entries for specialist addiction care and National Prescription Registry for filled prescriptions on AUD pharmacotherapies from 2013 to 2018. Analysis was a segmented negative binomial regression.

Results: Treatment seeking for AUD showed clear seasonal variations, with the lowest numbers in December and from March to April. In January, treatment seeking was highest, with a decline around July and a subsequent slight rise from August to October.

Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of contextual factors when developing and evaluating interventions to increase treatment seeking for AUD.

Objective: University students who experience more discrimination typically report more negative consequences from alcohol use. The study aimed to assess whether drinking to cope and protective behavioral strategies for alcohol use would help explain the relationship between everyday discrimination and alcohol-related consequences among university student drinkers.

Method: Data were collected in Fall 2020, and the sample included 707 undergraduate and graduate students from a large public institution in the Northeast who reported consuming alcohol in the past month. Participants identified predominantly as women (71.7%; 24.6% men) and White (65.1%; 7.9% Black/African American; 7.2% Asian/Asian American; 7.1% Hispanic/Latinx). A cross-sectional serial mediation analysis using structural equation modeling was conducted using Mplus.

Results: When we controlled for alcohol use, results supported a serial partial mediation model. More experiences of discrimination predicted a significant increase in alcohol-related consequences, above and beyond the increase attributed to drinking to cope. More frequent use of protective behavioral strategies significantly increased the odds of reporting no alcohol-related consequences.

Conclusions: Drinking to cope and protective behavioral strategies for alcohol use may help explain why university students who report frequent discrimination are more likely to experience alcohol-related consequences, independent of how much alcohol they consume. Findings can inform clinical and prevention practice, advocacy, and training.

Objective: The shelter-in-place mandates enacted early in the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in changes in alcohol use and consequent outcomes. We assessed changes in six categories of season-specific alcohol-attributable mortality from before to during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

Method: We used logistic regression models to assess alcohol-attributable mortality in the United States from 2017 through 2020 (n = 11,632,725 decedents ages 18 and older). Outcomes included chronic fully alcohol-attributable deaths, poisonings, motor vehicle accidents, suicides, homicides, and falls. Exposure variables included year, season, the interaction between the year 2020 and season, rurality, the interaction between the year 2020 and rurality, decedent age, sex, race, ethnicity, marital status, and education.

Results: Compared with 2019, season-specific mortality age-adjusted rates of chronic fully alcohol-attributable deaths, homicides, poisonings, and falls increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide rates decreased in most 2020 seasons relative to the same seasons in 2019. Motor vehicle deaths decreased in spring 2020 versus 2019. Relative to dying by any other cause, the odds of death by chronic fully alcohol-attributable causes and poisonings were higher across seasons in 2020 versus 2019. The odds of death by suicide were higher among residents of rural counties in spring 2020 versus 2019.

Conclusions: There were distinct temporal changes in six types of alcohol-attributable deaths during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic.