Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs最新文献

Objective: The California (US) Responsible Beverage Service (RBS) Training Act mandated training for all alcohol servers by 2023 giving us a rare opportunity to see how a statewide initiative might influence server behavior.

Method: In 2022, 300 licensed on-premises establishments were sampled in nine counties rep-resenting the San Francisco Bay Area. From July 2022 to January 2023, "pseudopatron" (PP) and observer teams visited each establishment, and PPs attempted to buy alcohol while displaying obvious signs of intoxication. The outcome of each purchase attempt and characteristics of establishments, servers, PPs, and month, day, and time were recorded. In 2024, the same premises were visited as a follow up.

Results: At baseline, 19.6% of the outlets refused service to the PP. At follow up, the refusal rate increased significantly to 39.2%in a regression model controlling for establishment, server and PP characteristics (OR= 4.51, p<.01). A typology of outlets (e.g., sports bar; casual restaurant; fine dining) did not show any association with refusal rate except that fine dining (upscale) places refused more often than other types of establishments. Observer rating of how obvious the PP's apparent intoxication was strongly associated with refusals (OR = 11.64, p<.01).

Conclusions: This study suggests that there was substantial improvement in alcohol over-service refusals two years after the mandatory RBS training law went into effect.

Objective: Using peer-driven sampling of young adult social networks, this study examined whether elevated drinking risks among individual participants ("egos") were associated with behavioral economic (BE) indicators among adjacent peers in their recruitment chain ("alters"). We hypothesized that having adjacent alters with BE values indicative of greater drinking risk would elevate individual ego drinking risks and that ego BE-drinking risk associations would depend on ego-alter correspondence levels of BE indicators.

Method: Community-dwelling young adults engaged in risky drinking (N = 269; M_age = 23.14 years, 68% female) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling, a peer-to-peer referral method. Generalized linear modeling examined whether ego-alter correspondence (degree of similarity between egos and alters on a given BE index) was associated with ego drinking practices and negative alcohol-related consequences. Analyses also examined whether ego-alter correspondence moderated ego BE-drinking risk associations.

Results: Interactions partially supported the hypotheses. Higher ego elasticity was associated with lower drinking risks, and these associations were weaker when alters' demand was less elastic (ps < .06). Higher ego discretionary spending on alcohol was associated with more negative consequences, and this association was stronger when alters' spending on alcohol was higher (p < .01).

Conclusions: With respect to elasticity and discretionary alcohol spending, harmful alter BE indicators moderated ego BE-drinking risk associations. Therefore, individuals affected by social harms may need social network interventions linking them to lower-risk drinking peers. Results highlight the usefulness of socially contextualizing BE indices.

Objective: The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to a variety of negative consequences that may develop in children born to women who have consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Anxiety disorders are common in FASD. Animals exposed to alcohol exhibit anxiety-like traits. Erythropoietin (EPO) is produced by the kidneys and liver. The synthesis of EPO by immature neurons also plays a crucial role in the embryonic stage. In addition, EPO inhibits astrogliosis and cell death while increasing the number of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-positive cells, which is linked to reductions in anxiety-like behavior and neuronal damage. This study investigated the protective effects of EPO on ethanol-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus of rat pups.

Method: The intubation of the total daily dose of ethanol (5/27 g/kg/day) was started from Postnatal Day 2 (PD2) to PD10 (corresponding to the third trimester of pregnancy in humans). After intubation, 1,000 and 2,000 U/kg EPO were injected subcutaneously. The elevated plus maze was performed 39 days after the birth of the pups to determine the levels of anxiety. Immunohistochemical staining was then performed to determine GFAP and BDNF levels 40 days after birth. Nissl staining was done to measure necrotic cell death.

Results: EPO administration significantly improved the anxious behavior associated with FASD (p < .001). EPO significantly increased BDNF levels (p < .001), decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression (p < .001), and attenuated alcohol neurotoxicity-induced necrotic cell death (p < .001).

Conclusions: EPO treatment provides protection against ethanol neurotoxicity, which consequently leads to lower anxiety levels.

Objective: Media alcohol exposure is a modifiable environmental risk factor for adolescent drinking behavior. Shifts in teen media use have made social media engagement nearly ubiquitous among this population. TikTok, a short video-sharing social media platform, is the fastest-growing platform among teens. A total of 98% of the most viewed videos tagged "#alcohol" on TikTok portray alcohol positively. TikTok also offers a search function that provides algorithmically identified "Top Videos," for which alcohol-related content has yet to be characterized. Alcohol-naive and curious youth may be more susceptible to encountering content this way.

Method: A Python script using a newly created account was used to download the 100 "Top Videos" for five alcohol-related search terms: #alcohol, #beer, #wine, #vodka, #tequila. Videos were qualitatively coded for context, setting, and positive/negative sentiment of alcohol depiction. Twenty percent of videos were double coded, with a total percent agreement of 95.8% (Cohen's kappa = .81).

Results: For terms related to specific alcohol types (e.g., #beer), videos were overwhelmingly alcohol positive (96.9%), rarely depicted alcohol problems, and frequently were humorous and depicted alcohol recipes and games. For the "#alcohol" search term, nearly half of videos (41.8%) were identified as being alcohol negative and more often depicted alcohol problems and dependence.

Conclusions: In contrast with the most viewed videos on TikTok for "#alcohol," videos returned via the search function included significantly more alcohol-negative content. Content returned by all other search terms remained alcohol positive. Understanding content delivery algorithms may be beneficial for mitigating the risk of alcohol exposure on digital/social media platforms.

Objective: The internalizing (e.g., depression/anxiety) pathway to substance use is a prominent hypothesis, but its evidence has been critiqued for neglecting correlated dimensions of mental health such as externalizing (e.g., aggressive, rule-breaking) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity problems. Furthermore, most research has been conducted in predominantly White samples, limiting generalizability. We examine associations between substance use and psychopathology symptoms across intersectional race/ethnicity and gender identities.

Method: Participants (N = 1,187; 16.26% Black women, 17.61% Latina women, 15.67% White women, 16.68% Black men, 17.10% Latino men, and 16.68% White men) ages 18-26 completed online surveys. Alcohol and cannabis factors were indicated by six pattern-of-use items (e.g., frequency/quantity) and psychopathology symptoms via the Adult Self-Report. Differential item functioning was tested before making comparisons in univariate and multivariate models.

Results: Differential item functioning was detected; the degree of bias was modeled via partial metric invariance, allowing for latent inferences. At the univariate level, externalizing symptoms predicted alcohol and cannabis across all groups except Black and Latino men, whereas internalizing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms predicted cannabis use in White women and White men only. In a multivariate model, internalizing symptoms inversely predicted alcohol use for White women and White men, externalizing symptoms predicted alcohol use in all groups except Latino men, and externalizing symptoms predicted cannabis use in all groups except Black women and Latino men. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity showed no significant associations in the multivariate model.

Conclusions: The conceptualized structure of mental health has implications for research on substance use. Intersectionality-minded methods may provide a more generalizable scientific base.

Objective: We investigated offspring alcohol use outcomes as a function of unremitted and remitted parental alcohol use disorder (AUD).

Method: Self-report data of participants in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) were used. Offspring (n = 2,244, mean age 16.3 years at baseline, 26.9 years at follow-up, 50.8% female) were linked to parental data. Time-varying associations of parental AUD and remission with offspring age at first drink, years from first drink to AUD onset, and years from AUD onset to first remission were tested in Cox models adjusted for polygenic risk for problematic alcohol use (PGS_PAU). Analyses were stratified by genetically inferred continental groups of European Americans (EA; 65.9%) and African Americans (AA; 34.1%) because of sociocultural factors that can contribute to differences in alcohol use and problems.

Results: In EA, maternal remission was associated with increased risk for offspring AUD; neither maternal nor paternal remission was associated with other outcomes. In AA, maternal and paternal remission were associated with an increased likelihood of early drinking; the association with maternal drinking varied as a function of whom offspring lived with during adolescence. Paternal, but not maternal, remission was associated with a heightened risk for AUD onset. Parental status had no association with offspring remission in EA or AA.

Conclusions: Evidence that parental remission can help mitigate the risk associated with parental AUD and increase the likelihood of remission in affected offspring was limited and mixed based on continental group and sex. These nuanced outcomes highlight the complex interplay of parental AUD status and offspring's alcohol-related behaviors.

Objective: This study examines the differential predictive value of baseline characteristics of clients being treated for an alcohol problem with respect to the development of an opioid use disorder (OUD) or opioid overdose (OD) within 1 year, between 1 and 4 years, and beyond 4 years after treatment.

Method: A cohort of 87,172 patients treated for an alcohol use problem within state treatment centers was examined. We extracted the first OUD/OD diagnosis event within 1 year of, between 1 and 4 years of, and more than 4 years after the patient's first admission to the Office of Addiction Services and Supports. We calculated odds ratios for all predictors and control variables with respect to OUD/OD events and compared the predictive values of these variables for the different periods.

Results: Both sociodemographic and clinical factors predicted an OUD/OD overall and in most specific follow-up periods. Sociodemographic factors were more strongly associated with OUD/OD during follow-ups beyond 4 years, perhaps because of the increasing availability of opioids over time. Mental health and alcohol use severity factors were more strongly associated with OUD in the 1-year and 1-to 4-year periods, suggesting a rapid progression to OUD/OD.

Conclusions: Both sociodemographic and clinical factors were predictive of a diagnosis of OUD/OD within a brief period; however, they were only predictive of approximately 40% of those who would develop OUD/OD within any specific period. These findings highlight the need for a more formal assessment of opioid use at treatment entry, and for the implementation of harm reduction measures throughout treatment.

Objective: Lower education is a risk factor for alcohol-related deaths, but it is unknown if the impact of education varies by race/ethnicity. We evaluated the interaction between education and race/ethnicity on the odds of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and the significance of employment and poverty as potential mediators.

Method: The 2016-2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health was used to obtain the weighted prevalence of AUD in participants 26 years and older. Using AUD as the outcome, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed, stratified by four levels of education, ranging from less than high school to 4-year college+; odds ratios (ORs) for each race/ethnicity were compared across models for interaction. The second model included employment and poverty as covariates; changes in ORs were calculated to assess for >|10%| change implying significant mediating or confounding effects.

Results: AUD prevalence was highest among American Indian/Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) (8.06%) and similar among non-Hispanic Whites (5.37%) and Blacks (5.09%). When stratified by education, the odds of AUD among Blacks and AI/ANs increased with decreasing education (OR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.07, 1.96]) for Blacks versus Whites with less than high school, compared with 0.55 [0.46, 0.67] for Blacks versus Whites with 4-year college+; 2.55 [1.53, 4.24] for AI/ANs versus Whites with less than high school versus 1.01 [0.45, 2.28] for AI/ANs versus Whites with 4-year college+. Including employment and poverty resulted in <|10%| change in ORs.

Conclusions: Lower education significantly increased the odds of AUD among Blacks and AI/ANs. Employment and poverty did not significantly change the association, implying that there are likely other mechanisms accounting for racial/ethnic disparities in AUD.