Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029481
A. Haddad
Earlier this year, Kansas City, Mo., pharmacist Robert Courtney admitted to charges that he had adulterated, tampered with, and mislabeled the chemotherapy drugs Taxol (paclitaxel—Bristol-Myers Squibb) and Gemzar (gemcitabine—Lilly) prescribed for 34 patients with cancer. Courtney pleaded guilty to 20 federal counts in an agreement with the government that avoided a
{"title":"Trustworthiness and professional ethics.","authors":"A. Haddad","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029481","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029481","url":null,"abstract":"Earlier this year, Kansas City, Mo., pharmacist Robert Courtney admitted to charges that he had adulterated, tampered with, and mislabeled the chemotherapy drugs Taxol (paclitaxel—Bristol-Myers Squibb) and Gemzar (gemcitabine—Lilly) prescribed for 34 patients with cancer. Courtney pleaded guilty to 20 federal counts in an agreement with the government that avoided a","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"540-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86566813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029599
A. Schuna
OBJECTIVE To review the presenting symptoms, possible complications, treatment options, and reproductive considerations for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's syndrome. DATA SOURCES Articles retrieved from MEDLINE and OVID using the search terms women and female in combination with autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's syndrome. References identified from citations in these articles were also reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are more common in women than in men and are most likely to manifest during the reproductive years. The reasons for this incidence pattern remain unclear but appear to be related to sex hormones and microchimerism. These diseases have varied clinical presentations that may be local or systemic and range from mild to severe. There is no cure for these autoimmune rheumatic diseases; treatments focus on managing symptoms. Many of the agents used for treating these diseases are contraindicated in pregnancy, posing special considerations for women who develop these diseases during their childbearing years. CONCLUSION Knowledge of the presenting symptoms of, treatment options for, and reproductive considerations with these diseases is important for pharmacists who counsel women with them.
{"title":"Autoimmune rheumatic diseases in women.","authors":"A. Schuna","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029599","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To review the presenting symptoms, possible complications, treatment options, and reproductive considerations for rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's syndrome.\u0000\u0000\u0000DATA SOURCES\u0000Articles retrieved from MEDLINE and OVID using the search terms women and female in combination with autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjogren's syndrome. References identified from citations in these articles were also reviewed.\u0000\u0000\u0000DATA SYNTHESIS\u0000Autoimmune rheumatic diseases are more common in women than in men and are most likely to manifest during the reproductive years. The reasons for this incidence pattern remain unclear but appear to be related to sex hormones and microchimerism. These diseases have varied clinical presentations that may be local or systemic and range from mild to severe. There is no cure for these autoimmune rheumatic diseases; treatments focus on managing symptoms. Many of the agents used for treating these diseases are contraindicated in pregnancy, posing special considerations for women who develop these diseases during their childbearing years.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Knowledge of the presenting symptoms of, treatment options for, and reproductive considerations with these diseases is important for pharmacists who counsel women with them.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"31 1","pages":"612-23; quiz 623-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89602862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029562
T. Shireman, R. Hornung, M. Ho, C. Moomaw, R. Jang
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of Medicaid managed care (MC) enrollment on prescription use and costs. DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of claims submitted over a 6-month period. SETTING Ohio Medicaid. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS Stratified, random selection of 2,932 MC and 1,335 fee-for-service (FFS) recipients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Dependent variables were the probability of any prescription use and 6-month prescription counts and costs. Independent variables included age, plan enrollment (MC or FFS), county enrollment status (mandatory or voluntary), presence of a chronic comorbidity, and any outpatient medical visit. RESULTS After adjusting for comorbidities and outpatient medical visits, plan enrollment effects depended on age. FFS enrollees 8 to 12 and 12 to 18 years old were less likely (adjusted odds ratios 0.56 and 0.58, respectively) to receive a prescription, while enrollees over 30 years of age were 2.98 times more likely to receive a prescription. Among prescription users, level of use and costs were consistent across all ages for MC enrollees. FFS enrollees had 25% to 218% higher levels of prescription use than MC enrollees, depending on age. Prescription costs were 8% lower for FFS enrollees ages 4 to 8 but higher for all enrollees in other age groups (range, 22% to 311% higher). CONCLUSION Prescription use and costs were lower for Medicaid MC enrollees than they were for patients in traditional FFS plans. Further research is needed to examine the quality of care for both FFS and MC enrollees.
{"title":"Medicaid managed care prescription use and cost savings.","authors":"T. Shireman, R. Hornung, M. Ho, C. Moomaw, R. Jang","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029562","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029562","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To evaluate the impact of Medicaid managed care (MC) enrollment on prescription use and costs.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of claims submitted over a 6-month period.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000Ohio Medicaid.\u0000\u0000\u0000PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS\u0000Stratified, random selection of 2,932 MC and 1,335 fee-for-service (FFS) recipients.\u0000\u0000\u0000MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES\u0000Dependent variables were the probability of any prescription use and 6-month prescription counts and costs. Independent variables included age, plan enrollment (MC or FFS), county enrollment status (mandatory or voluntary), presence of a chronic comorbidity, and any outpatient medical visit.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000After adjusting for comorbidities and outpatient medical visits, plan enrollment effects depended on age. FFS enrollees 8 to 12 and 12 to 18 years old were less likely (adjusted odds ratios 0.56 and 0.58, respectively) to receive a prescription, while enrollees over 30 years of age were 2.98 times more likely to receive a prescription. Among prescription users, level of use and costs were consistent across all ages for MC enrollees. FFS enrollees had 25% to 218% higher levels of prescription use than MC enrollees, depending on age. Prescription costs were 8% lower for FFS enrollees ages 4 to 8 but higher for all enrollees in other age groups (range, 22% to 311% higher).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Prescription use and costs were lower for Medicaid MC enrollees than they were for patients in traditional FFS plans. Further research is needed to examine the quality of care for both FFS and MC enrollees.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"77 1","pages":"587-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78079062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029544
E. Lipowski, DeArcy E Campbell, D. Brushwood, Debbie L. Wilson
OBJECTIVES To determine how much time can be saved with the use of unit-of-use packaging in a community pharmacy, the distribution of work between the pharmacist and the pharmacy technician when unit-of-use packaging is used, and the number of errors that occur when either unit-of-use or bulk packaging is used in dispensing prescriptions. DESIGN A simulation comparing count-and-pour dispensing with unit-of-use package dispensing. SETTING An independent community pharmacy. PARTICIPANTS Two teams, each composed of one pharmacist and one pharmacy technician. INTERVENTION Each team prepared 50 typical prescription orders, once using unit-of-use packaging and once by transferring medication from a bulk container. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Time needed to dispense 50 prescriptions, dispensing activities performed by technicians and pharmacists, and number of dispensing errors. RESULTS The time saved with unit-of-use packaging compared with count-and-pour dispensing was 46.5 minutes per 100 prescriptions, which represents an average time savings of more than 27 seconds per prescrition. In the bulk package dispensing simulation, the pharmacists assisted in retrieving and counting medication for 26% of the prescriptions. This percentage dropped to 4% when unit-of-use packaging was used because the technicians dispensed prescriptions at a rate that occupied the pharmacist with verifying the prescription orders and dispensed products. Each team committed two counting errors when executing the bulk package trial and no errors when using unit-of-use packaging. CONCLUSION Unit-of-use packaging can reduce the time needed for and increase the efficiency of pharmacists' dispensing activities. Unit-of-use packaging may also reduce the number of counting errors.
{"title":"Time savings associated with dispensing unit-of-use packages.","authors":"E. Lipowski, DeArcy E Campbell, D. Brushwood, Debbie L. Wilson","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029544","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029544","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES\u0000To determine how much time can be saved with the use of unit-of-use packaging in a community pharmacy, the distribution of work between the pharmacist and the pharmacy technician when unit-of-use packaging is used, and the number of errors that occur when either unit-of-use or bulk packaging is used in dispensing prescriptions.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000A simulation comparing count-and-pour dispensing with unit-of-use package dispensing.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000An independent community pharmacy.\u0000\u0000\u0000PARTICIPANTS\u0000Two teams, each composed of one pharmacist and one pharmacy technician.\u0000\u0000\u0000INTERVENTION\u0000Each team prepared 50 typical prescription orders, once using unit-of-use packaging and once by transferring medication from a bulk container.\u0000\u0000\u0000MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES\u0000Time needed to dispense 50 prescriptions, dispensing activities performed by technicians and pharmacists, and number of dispensing errors.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The time saved with unit-of-use packaging compared with count-and-pour dispensing was 46.5 minutes per 100 prescriptions, which represents an average time savings of more than 27 seconds per prescrition. In the bulk package dispensing simulation, the pharmacists assisted in retrieving and counting medication for 26% of the prescriptions. This percentage dropped to 4% when unit-of-use packaging was used because the technicians dispensed prescriptions at a rate that occupied the pharmacist with verifying the prescription orders and dispensed products. Each team committed two counting errors when executing the bulk package trial and no errors when using unit-of-use packaging.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Unit-of-use packaging can reduce the time needed for and increase the efficiency of pharmacists' dispensing activities. Unit-of-use packaging may also reduce the number of counting errors.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"6 1","pages":"577-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72863544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029490
R. Buerki
{"title":"American pharmaceutical education, 1952-2002.","authors":"R. Buerki","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029490","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"10 1","pages":"542-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78363938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029634
Randy Burden, Ritesh N. Kumar, D. Phillips, M. Borrego, J. Galloway
For more than 40 years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death in the United States. However, in the general population, there has been a significant reduction in mortality associated with CVD sincethe mid-1960s. 1 Until recently, CVD was uncommon in Native Americans. Today, CVD has become the leading causeof death in Native Americans, with incidence rates and associated mortality higher than in other U.S. populations. 2,3
{"title":"Hyperlipidemia in Native Americans: evaluation of lipid management through a cardiovascular risk reduction program.","authors":"Randy Burden, Ritesh N. Kumar, D. Phillips, M. Borrego, J. Galloway","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029634","url":null,"abstract":"For more than 40 years, cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been the leading cause of death in the United States. However, in the general population, there has been a significant reduction in mortality associated with CVD sincethe mid-1960s. 1 Until recently, CVD was uncommon in Native Americans. Today, CVD has become the leading causeof death in Native Americans, with incidence rates and associated mortality higher than in other U.S. populations. 2,3","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"5 1","pages":"652-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86360028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029553
T. Brock, Andrea M. Wessell, Dennis Williams, J. Donohue
OBJECTIVE To characterize and evaluate canister floating patterns of three commercially available metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) with varying amounts of medication remaining. DESIGN Four canisters each of three asthma medications were studied. MDIs were actuated every 30 seconds to 60 seconds, and canisters were weighed and floated at 100%, 75%, 66%, 50%, 33%, 25%, 10%, and 0% of remaining labeled actuations. Position of the canisters and percentage submersion in water were recorded. SETTING Controlled laboratory. RESULTS We observed differences among the products with regard to canister floating behavior at varying levels of fullness. All canisters were completely submerged with the nozzle up at two-thirds full and greater. The canisters remained nozzle-up and were submerged to varying levels at the half-full point. When observed at less than half full, canisters inverted and floated nozzle down. Positions of the canisters varied among products at less than half full. No canister was fully tilted when all labeled actuations were used. CONCLUSION Float characteristics are product-specific and a function of canister size, design, content, and method of testing. Clinicians and asthma educators should not advise patients to use a float test to assess the amount of medication remaining in an MDI. Recommendations from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggest that the only reliable method for determining the number of doses remaining in a canister is to subtract the number of doses used from the number available.
{"title":"Accuracy of float testing for metered-dose inhaler canisters.","authors":"T. Brock, Andrea M. Wessell, Dennis Williams, J. Donohue","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029553","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029553","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE\u0000To characterize and evaluate canister floating patterns of three commercially available metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) with varying amounts of medication remaining.\u0000\u0000\u0000DESIGN\u0000Four canisters each of three asthma medications were studied. MDIs were actuated every 30 seconds to 60 seconds, and canisters were weighed and floated at 100%, 75%, 66%, 50%, 33%, 25%, 10%, and 0% of remaining labeled actuations. Position of the canisters and percentage submersion in water were recorded.\u0000\u0000\u0000SETTING\u0000Controlled laboratory.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000We observed differences among the products with regard to canister floating behavior at varying levels of fullness. All canisters were completely submerged with the nozzle up at two-thirds full and greater. The canisters remained nozzle-up and were submerged to varying levels at the half-full point. When observed at less than half full, canisters inverted and floated nozzle down. Positions of the canisters varied among products at less than half full. No canister was fully tilted when all labeled actuations were used.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000Float characteristics are product-specific and a function of canister size, design, content, and method of testing. Clinicians and asthma educators should not advise patients to use a float test to assess the amount of medication remaining in an MDI. Recommendations from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute suggest that the only reliable method for determining the number of doses remaining in a canister is to subtract the number of doses used from the number available.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"21 1","pages":"582-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88306000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029508
M. Indritz
A pharmacist presents her impressions of a society striving to maintain standards for patient care in turbulent times.
一位药剂师展示了她对社会在动荡时期努力维持病人护理标准的印象。
{"title":"Observations of pharmacy practice in the Dmitrov Raion, Russia.","authors":"M. Indritz","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029508","url":null,"abstract":"A pharmacist presents her impressions of a society striving to maintain standards for patient care in turbulent times.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"2 1","pages":"547-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87358697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029517
Virgil Van Dusen
Every night, the pharmacist confidently puts her cash and charge receipts, as well as her computer backup tapes, into the safe before setting the alarm and going home. The safe had been purchased second-hand several years ago. It was big, heavy, and obviously very old. The casters beneath it would scarcely turn any more, and the name of the bank in which it had once stood could still be read above the huge door. If a bank used it, the pharmacist reasoned, it has to be a good safe One night, burglars broke into the pharmacy, cracked the safe, and emptied it before police could respond to the alarm call— which was less than 3 minutes after entry was first detected by the security system. What happened? The pharmacist was relying on a safe that was simply no longer adequate for the job. As a result, the pharmacist experienced a roller coaster ride of emotions as she dealt with insurance company representatives, local police, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. And more was lost than costly pharmacy items and several irreplaceable personal items: The pharmacist’s sense of security in her workplace was also sorely compromised.
{"title":"Safe\" considerations: burglary- and fire-resistant devices for the pharmacy.","authors":"Virgil Van Dusen","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029517","url":null,"abstract":"Every night, the pharmacist confidently puts her cash and charge receipts, as well as her computer backup tapes, into the safe before setting the alarm and going home. The safe had been purchased second-hand several years ago. It was big, heavy, and obviously very old. The casters beneath it would scarcely turn any more, and the name of the bank in which it had once stood could still be read above the huge door. If a bank used it, the pharmacist reasoned, it has to be a good safe One night, burglars broke into the pharmacy, cracked the safe, and emptied it before police could respond to the alarm call— which was less than 3 minutes after entry was first detected by the security system. What happened? The pharmacist was relying on a safe that was simply no longer adequate for the job. As a result, the pharmacist experienced a roller coaster ride of emotions as she dealt with insurance company representatives, local police, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. And more was lost than costly pharmacy items and several irreplaceable personal items: The pharmacist’s sense of security in her workplace was also sorely compromised.","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"80 1","pages":"552-555"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75298660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-07-01DOI: 10.1331/108658002763029472
A. Kibbe, V. Prince, Heather R. Ferguson
{"title":"APhA's Proposed Name Change and House of Delegates 2002","authors":"A. Kibbe, V. Prince, Heather R. Ferguson","doi":"10.1331/108658002763029472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1331/108658002763029472","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17212,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association","volume":"21 1","pages":"535-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83817377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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