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Effective strategies to maximise dextrin formation in brewing 最大限度提高酿酒过程中糊精形成的有效策略
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v130i3.56
Pieter Michiels, Dries Croonen, C. De Schepper, W. Debyser, N. Langenaeken, C. Courtin
Why was the work done: Dextrin is the non-fermentable product of starch hydrolysis and plays a role in enhancing the perceived palate fullness of beer. Therefore, increasing dextrin formation is a promising strategy to improve palate fullness, particularly in non-alcoholic and low-alcohol beers.How was the work done: This study investigated the impact of adjusting the mashing profile of a 100% barley malt mash on the dextrin content and molecular weight distribution in the wort. Mash thickness, heating rate, and mashing-in temperature with and without the addition of a thermostable α-amylase were adjusted during mashing to evaluate the impact on dextrin content and molecular weight distribution. To benchmark this work, the dextrin content and molecular weight distribution was determined in five pilsener beers and their non-alcoholic counterparts.What are the main findings: With the exception of one non-alcoholic beer which contained 72 g/L, the concentration of dextrin ranged from 15 to 30 g/L in the five commercial pilsner-type beers and their non-alcoholic equivalents. The molecular weight distribution of dextrin among the beers was similar, with 85-98% of the dextrin population characterised by a degree of polymerisation below 35. Various strategies were applied during mashing to evaluate the impact on the content and the molecular weight distribution of dextrin. A strategy that promoted dextrin formation was mashing with a lower water-to-grist ratio. This resulted in delayed starch gelatinisation influenced by increased solid extract content in wort. Furthermore, at a low water-to-grist ratio, faster mash heating (up to 2°C/min) or isothermal mashing at temperatures below 72°C had no impact on dextrin formation. Isothermal mashing at 78°C supplemented with thermostable α-amylase increased the dextrin level in wort up to 60 g/L, while the molecular weight distribution of dextrin was similar to that found in commercial beers.Why is the work important: This study demonstrates that increased dextrin formation is achievable in beer but requires significant changes to the mashing process. These insights will enable brewers to enhance the palate fullness of beers, especially those which are non-alcoholic or low in alcohol.
为什么要做这项工作:糊精是淀粉水解的非发酵产物,在提高啤酒口感饱满度方面发挥作用。因此,增加糊精的形成是改善口感饱满度的一种有前途的策略,尤其是在无酒精和低酒精啤酒中:本研究调查了调整 100% 大麦芽醪的糖化曲线对麦芽汁中糊精含量和分子量分布的影响。在糖化过程中调整了糖化厚度、加热速率和糖化温度(添加或不添加恒温α-淀粉酶),以评估对糊精含量和分子量分布的影响。为了确定这项工作的基准,我们测定了五种比尔森啤酒及其非酒精类啤酒中的糊精含量和分子量分布:主要发现:除一种无醇啤酒的糊精含量为 72 克/升外,五种商用比尔森啤酒及其无醇啤酒中的糊精含量介于 15 至 30 克/升之间。啤酒中糊精的分子量分布相似,85-98% 的糊精聚合度低于 35。在糖化过程中采用了多种策略,以评估对糊精含量和分子量分布的影响。一种能促进糊精形成的策略是使用较低的水-碾磨比进行糖化。这导致淀粉糊化延迟,麦汁中固体提取物含量增加。此外,在低水胶比的情况下,加快糖化速度(最高 2°C/分钟)或在低于 72°C 的温度下等温糖化对糊精的形成没有影响。78°C 等温糖化辅以恒温α-淀粉酶可将麦汁中的糊精含量提高到 60 克/升,而糊精的分子量分布与商业啤酒中的分子量分布相似。这些见解将有助于酿酒师提高啤酒的口感饱满度,尤其是无酒精或低酒精啤酒。
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引用次数: 0
The lowering of gushing potential from hydrophobin by the use of proteolytic enzymes 使用蛋白水解酶降低亲水蛋白的喷涌势能
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-22 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v130i3.53
M. Kanauchi, Charles Bamforth
Why was the work done: Gushing caused by hydrophobin originating from field fungal contamination of grain remains a significant problem in certain regions. We sought to explore whether the use of added proteinase enzymes could overcome the problem and allow the use of problematic grain.How was the work done: Four commercial proteinases were studied for their ability to digest hydrophobin and remove its foaming potential. One of those enzymes was then explored for its utility as an addition to mashing with a view to lowering the gushing potential of the ensuing beer.What are the main findings: The four enzyme preparations (Smizyme LP-G, Thermoase PC, Bromelain and Papain) were all capable of digesting hydrophobin. Of these, papain was chosen to assess whether the use of such an enzyme in mashing could ameliorate the gushing potential in finished beers. It was demonstrated that this can be achieved and without apparent detriment to the foaming potential of those beers.Why is the work important: It is now possible for brewers to consider an alternative approach to rectifying gushing risks if they are confronted with problematic grain. It must be stressed that this technique will not address the other main risk from infections of this type, namely the production of mycotoxins. Even in a context where gushing is not a problem, this work has indicated that there should be little concern with addition of papain at the mashing stage from a perspective of decreasing the foaming performance of beer.
为什么要开展这项工作:在某些地区,谷物受到田间真菌污染后产生的亲水蛋白导致的涌水仍然是一个严重问题。我们试图探索使用添加的蛋白酶是否能克服这一问题,并允许使用有问题的谷物:我们研究了四种商业蛋白酶消化疏水性蛋白和消除其发泡潜力的能力。然后研究了其中一种酶作为糖化添加剂的效用,以期降低随后啤酒的喷涌潜力:四种酶制剂(Smizyme LP-G、Thermoase PC、菠萝蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶)都能消化疏水性蛋白。在这些酶制剂中,选择木瓜蛋白酶是为了评估在糖化过程中使用这种酶制剂是否能改善成品啤酒的喷涌潜力。这项工作的重要性:如果酿酒师遇到有问题的谷物,现在可以考虑采用另一种方法来纠正涌泉风险。必须强调的是,这种技术无法解决此类感染的另一个主要风险,即霉菌毒素的产生。即使在没有涌出问题的情况下,这项工作也表明,从降低啤酒发泡性能的角度来看,在糖化阶段添加木瓜蛋白酶的问题不大。
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引用次数: 0
Tracking dry gin volatile organic compounds over distillation: a time course study 跟踪干杜松子酒蒸馏过程中的挥发性有机化合物:时程研究
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-05-02 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v130i2.49
Hebe Parr, Rachel Sutherland, Ian Fisk
Why was the work done: The influence of distillation time on the volatile composition of gin has not been examined in detail at a commercial distillery.How was the work done: Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) was used to tentatively identify 74 aroma compounds, with their concentration tracked in distillate samples over the course of three gin distillations.What are the main findings: Four unique fractions were identified using Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering: ‘heads’, ‘early hearts’, ‘late hearts, and ‘tails’. The hearts fraction (n=24 samples) was examined further, fitting statistically appropriate models to 54 aroma volatiles. Three sub-groups of volatiles were identified, (i) highly volatile monoterpenes with rapidly decreasing concentration over the early hearts fraction, (ii) volatiles whose concentration increased gradually over the hearts fraction and (iii) less volatile sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, and monoterpenoids which increased rapidly in concentration in the later distillate. Complex cubic models fit 34 volatiles with very high significance (p>0.0001) over the hearts fraction (72%). Informal aroma sensory bench testing identified distinct aroma categories with, for example, ‘Spicy’ being commonly detected in the later distillate.Why is the work important: This investigation characterises the kinetics of flavour extraction over the course of a commercial gin distillation process. These findings highlight the potential for the expression of specific flavour characteristics by modifying the cut points of the distillation process
为什么要做这项工作?蒸馏时间对杜松子酒挥发性成分的影响尚未在商业蒸馏厂进行过详细研究:主要发现是什么?利用聚合层次聚类(Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering)方法确定了四种独特的组分:"头部"、"早期心脏"、"晚期心脏 "和 "尾部"。对心脏部分(样本数=24)进行了进一步研究,为 54 种芳香挥发物拟合了适当的统计模型。确定了三类挥发物:(i) 高挥发性单萜,其浓度在早期心馏分中迅速下降;(ii) 挥发性物质的浓度在心馏分中逐渐增加;(iii) 挥发性较低的倍半萜、倍半萜和单萜,其浓度在后期蒸馏物中迅速增加。复杂的立方体模型拟合了 34 种挥发性物质,在心馏分(72%)中的显著性非常高(p>0.0001)。非正式的香气感官测试确定了不同的香气类别,例如在后期蒸馏物中通常能检测到 "辛辣 "香气。这些发现凸显了通过改变蒸馏过程的切点来表达特定风味特征的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Modelling of beer sensory staleness based on flavour instability parameters 基于风味不稳定性参数的啤酒感官陈酿模型
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v130i1.45
M. Ditrych, W. Filipowska, Agata Soszka, J. Buyse, Saskia Hofmann, Sidsel Jensen, B. Jaskula‐Goiris, G. De Rouck, G. Aerts, M. Andersen, L. De Cooman
Why was the work done: The deterioration of the flavour of fresh beer is challenging for the brewing industry. Despite extensive research on flavour instability, the focus has centred on a limited set of parameters, rather than taking a broader approach. How was the work done: in this study, the intent was to produce a flavour stable beer. Using a low kilning temperature, malt of low staling potential was used in combination with best brewing practice to produce three batches of unpasteurised top fermented pale beers at a pilot scale. Forty-three markers were analysed in the fresh and aged beers (30°C for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days). Staleness was evaluated by a trained sensory panel and multivariate data analysis was used to explore how the markers contribute to staleness. What are the main findings: Repeatability was achieved between replicate brews and, subsequently, staling. Polyphenols, haze, total reactive antioxidant potential (TRAP), iso-α-acids, colour, furfural, 2-methylpropanal and 2-methylbutanal showed a strong correlation with staleness. Staleness doubled after 60 days of storage at 30°C, despite volatile aldehydes remaining below their sensory thresholds, implying a synergistic effect of carbonyls contributing to staleness. A Partial Least Square (PLS) model was established, modelling the sensory staleness from 2-methylpropanal, furfural, TRAP and the trans-/cis-iso-α-acids ratio. Why is the work important: The staling phenomena could be reproduced in beers from parallel brewing trials with only minor variations. The four parameters in PLS modelling indicate that beer staling involves a combination of oxidative and non-oxidative pathways.
为什么要开展这项工作:鲜啤酒风味的劣化是酿造业面临的一项挑战。尽管对风味不稳定性进行了广泛的研究,但重点都集中在一组有限的参数上,而不是采取更广泛的方法。工作是如何完成的:在这项研究中,目的是生产出风味稳定的啤酒。使用低焙烧温度、低变质麦芽和最佳酿造工艺,在试验规模上生产了三批未经巴氏杀菌的上层发酵淡色啤酒。对新鲜啤酒和陈酿啤酒(30°C,15、30、60 和 90 天)中的 43 个标记进行了分析。由训练有素的感官小组对啤酒的陈酿程度进行评估,并使用多元数据分析来探讨这些标记物是如何导致啤酒陈酿的。主要发现在重复酿造和随后的陈酿之间实现了可重复性。多酚、浑浊度、总活性抗氧化潜能值(TRAP)、异α-酸、色泽、糠醛、2-甲基丙醛和 2-甲基丁醛与陈酿有很强的相关性。尽管挥发性醛类物质仍低于其感官阈值,但在 30°C 下贮藏 60 天后,陈腐度增加了一倍,这意味着羰基化合物对陈腐有协同作用。建立了一个偏最小二乘法(PLS)模型,从 2-甲基丙醛、糠醛、TRAP 和反式-/顺式-异-α-酸比率中模拟感官陈腐度。这项工作的重要意义:在平行酿造试验的啤酒中,仅有细微差别即可再现啤酒的口感变质现象。PLS 模型中的四个参数表明,啤酒结块涉及氧化和非氧化途径的结合。
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引用次数: 0
Untargeted metabolomic profiling of 100% malt beers versus those containing barley adjunct 100% 麦芽啤酒与含大麦添加剂啤酒的非目标代谢组学分析
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v130i1.46
Joanna Yorke, Tristan Dew, David J. Cook
Why was the work done: The incorporation of unmalted barley at high proportion in the grist can introduce unfavourable bitter and astringent characteristics to beer, resulting in an upper limit on the proportion used. The flavour active compounds from raw barley which contribute these characteristics to the beer remain to be identified.How was the work done: This study used non-targeted metabolomics to determine non-volatile metabolites which could contribute to flavour differences when brewing with barley. Three beers were analysed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (qTOF) with an electro-spray ionisation source (ESI).  One beer was produced using 100% malt and two beers with a grist of 15% barley and 85% malt (beers A and B).  The barley was used untreated (beer A) or treated using a proprietary process (beer B).  The metabolomic profiles of the three beers were compared and statistically different molecular features were annotated via analysis of MS2 spectra.What are the main findings: Several of the main differential molecular features were nitrogenous peptides and purine derivatives. This was attributed to the lack of the malting process and associated proteolytic enzyme activity reducing the extent of protein and peptide breakdown in the unmalted barley. Several of the identified peptides had amino acid residues which are known to cause bitter and kokumi (rich) taste in beer, which could explain the bitterness when brewing with unmalted barley.Why is the work important: A non-targeted approach offers new insights into non-volatile molecular features in beer that have not been previously identified with targeted analyses. Accordingly, this work identifies metabolites and groups of compounds which have not been previously considered when investigating the unfavourable bitterness and astringency associated with the use of unmalted barley
为什么要做这项工作:在磨浆中加入高比例的未发芽大麦会给啤酒带来不利的苦味和涩味,因此使用的比例有上限。从未加工的大麦中提取的、能为啤酒带来这些特征的风味活性化合物仍有待确定:这项研究使用非靶向代谢组学来确定在使用大麦酿造啤酒时可能导致风味差异的非挥发性代谢物。使用超高效液相色谱 (UHPLC) 和带电喷雾离子源 (ESI) 的四极杆飞行时间质谱仪 (qTOF) 对三种啤酒进行了分析。 一种啤酒是用 100% 的麦芽酿制的,另两种啤酒(啤酒 A 和啤酒 B)是用 15% 的大麦和 85% 的麦芽酿制的。 大麦未经处理(啤酒 A)或使用专有工艺处理(啤酒 B)。 对这三种啤酒的代谢组学特征进行了比较,并通过分析 MS2 光谱注释了统计学上不同的分子特征:主要发现:几个主要的差异分子特征是含氮肽和嘌呤衍生物。这是因为未发芽的大麦缺乏发芽过程和相关的蛋白水解酶活性,从而降低了蛋白质和肽的分解程度。在鉴定出的肽中,有几种氨基酸残基是众所周知的会导致啤酒苦味和口感浓郁的氨基酸残基,这也是使用未发芽大麦酿造啤酒时会产生苦味的原因。因此,这项工作确定了以前在研究与使用未发芽大麦有关的不利苦味和涩味时没有考虑到的代谢物和化合物群。
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引用次数: 0
Cachaça production: from sugar cane to spirit 卡恰恰(Cachaça)的生产:从甘蔗到烈酒
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v129i4.40
Vanessa Pedro Da Silva, Jéssica Barbosa De Souza, Angela Lima Meneses De Queiroz, Normando Ribeiro-Filho, T. Bezerra
Why was the work done: Cachaça, the oldest distilled beverage in the Americas, has great historical and cultural significance. A review of cachaça production is important to preserve tradition, standardise industry processes, promote innovation and quality. This review offers a comprehensive overview of current knowledge and advancements in cachaça production, covering regulation, process control, product quality and future developments.What are the main findings: Thev production of Cachaça works within well defined regulations, with its production encompassing both field and industrial practice. The review focuses on sugar cane cultivation, fermentation, distillation, and ageing in wooden barrels. It underscores the significance of regional factors such as climate, soil, and sugar cane variety in shaping the sensory profile of cachaça. While a range of sugar cane cultivars have been developed and grown in different environments, further research on the adaptation of sugar cane crop is necessary. The fermentation of cachaça is spontaneous utilising the microbiota in the sugar cane juice. However, the use of wild sugar cane yeasts, complemented with commercial strains is increasingly used by producers. With regard to distillation, production of the spirit in copper still pots and ageing in tropical wood barrels remain prevalent in the industry.Why is the work important: This review contributes to ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of cachaça. Whilst the importance of traditional production methods is recognised, this review embraces advancements in technology coupled with insights to future perspectives.
为什么要开展这项工作:卡恰恰(Cachaça)是美洲最古老的蒸馏饮料,具有重要的历史和文化意义。审查卡恰恰生产对于保护传统、规范行业流程、促进创新和提高质量非常重要。本综述全面概述了当前卡恰恰生产方面的知识和进展,涉及监管、工艺控制、产品质量和未来发展:主要发现:Cachaça 的生产有明确的规定,其生产既包括田间实践,也包括工业实践。审查的重点是甘蔗种植、发酵、蒸馏和木桶陈酿。它强调了气候、土壤和甘蔗品种等地区因素对塑造卡恰恰感官特征的重要性。虽然已经开发出一系列甘蔗栽培品种并在不同环境中种植,但仍有必要进一步研究甘蔗作物的适应性。卡恰恰的发酵是利用甘蔗汁中的微生物群自发进行的。不过,生产商越来越多地使用野生甘蔗酵母,并辅以商业菌株。在蒸馏方面,用铜蒸馏锅生产烈酒和在热带木桶中陈酿仍然是行业的普遍做法。虽然传统生产方法的重要性已得到认可,但本综述还包括技术的进步以及对未来前景的展望。
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引用次数: 0
Formation of staling aldehydes in different grain bed layers in an industrial scale maltings 在工业规模的麦芽厂中不同谷物床层中形成的陈化醛
IF 2.6 3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v129i4.34
W. Filipowska, Irina Bolat, G. De Rouck, J. Bauwens, David Cook, L. De Cooman
Understanding the contribution of raw materials to the quality of the final product is crucial for the food industry. In the brewing process, malt delivers various compounds that compromise the flavour stability of beer, including staling aldehydes and their precursors. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the evolution of staling aldehydes and their cysteinylated counterparts throughout industrial scale pale malt production. The second objective was to study the extent to which process related gradients (e.g., temperature, moisture) may contribute to the differential formation of free and bound state aldehydes. Samples were collected from two industrial scale, pale lager malt production processes as a function of process time (germination, kilning, and cooling) and the position of the kernals in the grain bed (bottom, middle and top layers) during kilning. The levels of free and cysteinylated aldehydes were determined. The results show that the initial stage of germination is accompanied by enzymatic fatty acid oxidation as reflected by the formation of hexanal and trans-2-nonenal. Drying at elevated temperature (at a critical moisture content of 6-9%) results in the intensified formation of cysteinylated Strecker aldehydes and furfural. Moreover, a rapid increase in the formation of (cysteinylated) Strecker aldehydes furfural and trans-2-nonenal continued through kilning. A clear effect of temperature and moisture gradients was observed on the formation of aldehydes and it is concluded that exposure to heat load plays a critical role in the development of cysteinylated aldehydes during malt production.This publication is dedicated to the memory of Professor Luc De Cooman.
了解原材料对最终产品质量的影响对食品工业至关重要。在啤酒酿造过程中,麦芽会释放出各种影响啤酒风味稳定性的化合物,其中就包括醛缩醛及其前体。本研究的主要目的是调查在整个工业规模的淡色麦芽生产过程中变味醛类及其半胱氨酰化对应物的演变情况。第二个目的是研究与工艺相关的梯度(如温度、湿度)在多大程度上会促成游离态和结合态醛的不同形成。从两个工业规模的淡色拉格麦芽生产工艺中收集了样本,作为工艺时间(发芽、焙烧和冷却)和焙烧过程中谷粒在谷物床中位置(底层、中层和顶层)的函数。测定了游离醛和胱氨酰化醛的含量。结果表明,发芽初期伴随着酶促脂肪酸氧化,这反映在己醛和反式-2-壬烯醛的形成上。在高温下干燥(临界含水量为 6-9%)会导致胱氨酰化 Strecker 醛和糠醛的形成加剧。此外,(半胱氨酸化)Strecker 醛类糠醛和反式-2-壬烯醛的形成在焙烧过程中继续快速增加。温度和湿度梯度对醛类的形成有明显的影响,因此得出结论:在麦芽生产过程中,热负荷对胱氨酰化醛类的形成起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections 反射
3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-10 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v129i3.33
David Quain
In this, the third issue of the Journal in 2023, Reflections considers the return of ‘correspondence’ with a discussion between Charles Bamforth and Ricardo Fritzsche regarding Charlie’s Provocation review from earlier this year. In the last century (!), ‘correspondence’ or ‘Letter to the Editor’ was a regular feature in JIB. Rather more contemporary is the use of Google Analytics to analyse website traffic. Whilst a rich source of data, the wheat needs sorting from the chaff. The numbers are interesting and will become more so over time. In terms of visitors to https://jib.ibd.org.uk/index.php/jib, they are from 90 countries with three quarters coming from 10 countries. Continuing the ‘numbers’ theme, there are four KPIs which capture steps from submission to publication. These provide useful insights into the process and identify opportunities for improvement. These KPIs are updated with each issue of the Journal. Finally, a reminder to budding authors that the current ‘instructions to authors’ must be consulted and carefully applied to the submitted manuscript. This saves time (for everyone) and avoids the ‘desk rejection’ of manuscripts that ignore the instructions.
在《华尔街日报》2023年的第三期中,《反思》回顾了今年早些时候查尔斯·班福斯和里卡多·弗里切关于《查理的挑衅》评论的“通信”的回归。在上个世纪(!),“通信”或“给编辑的信”是JIB的常规功能。更现代的是使用谷歌分析来分析网站流量。虽然这是一个丰富的数据来源,但小麦需要从糠中挑选出来。这些数字很有趣,而且随着时间的推移会越来越有趣。https://jib.ibd.org.uk/index.php/jib的访客来自90个国家,其中四分之三来自10个国家。继续“数字”主题,从提交到发布有四个关键绩效指标。这些为过程提供了有用的见解,并确定了改进的机会。这些关键绩效指标随每期《华尔街日报》一同更新。最后,提醒崭露头角的作者,必须查阅当前的“作者说明”,并仔细应用于提交的手稿。这节省了时间(对每个人来说),并避免了忽视说明的手稿的“办公桌拒绝”。
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引用次数: 0
Behaviour of volatile compounds during batch multi-stage distillation of whisky: experimental and simulation data 威士忌间歇多级蒸馏过程中挥发性化合物的行为:实验和模拟数据
3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-06 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v129i3.28
Martine Esteban-Decloux, Tano N'Guessan, Hervé Grangeon
This study characterised the behaviour of congeners during the multi-stage discontinuous distillation of whisky using a Stupfler-type still. It also investigated the influence of recycling the head and tail fractions on the composition of the unaged spirit and, for the compounds with known equilibrium data, to validate the capability of software tools to simulate their behaviour during distillation. To this end, profile curves of ethanol (% ABV) and 45 aroma compounds (mg/L) during distillation are reported with 27 compounds, compared to simulated data using ProSim® BatchColumn software. Further, the mass distribution of each compound between the fractions of discarded head, recycled head, heart, tail and residue are estimated. Assuming that this distribution was maintained during each distillation, it was shown that for the wash, a pseudo-steady state was achieved in less than five distillations, and the true recovery rate of each compound in the heart was assessed. This study clearly demonstrates that during distillation, the congeners behave according to the ethanol content of the boiling liquid in the column. It provides real information on the separation of volatile compounds with a batch still with a distillation column above the heater. Additionally, the data highlights the importance to the unaged spirit of recycling the head and tail fractions. These results provide useful information for distillers to choose the appropriate way of collecting the heart fraction.
本研究描述了在使用stupfler型蒸馏器对威士忌进行多阶段不连续蒸馏时同源物的行为。它还研究了回收头馏分和尾馏分对未陈化烈酒组成的影响,以及对于已知平衡数据的化合物,验证软件工具在蒸馏过程中模拟其行为的能力。为此,报告了27种化合物在蒸馏过程中的乙醇(% ABV)和45种香气化合物(mg/L)的剖面曲线,并与ProSim®BatchColumn软件的模拟数据进行了比较。进一步估计了各化合物在废头、再生头、心、尾和渣组分之间的质量分布。假设这种分布在每次蒸馏过程中保持不变,结果表明,对于洗涤,在不到五次蒸馏中实现了伪稳态,并评估了每种化合物在心脏中的真实回收率。本研究清楚地表明,在蒸馏过程中,同系物的行为取决于塔内沸腾液体的乙醇含量。它提供了关于挥发性化合物的分离的真实信息,在加热器上方有一个蒸馏塔。此外,数据还强调了头尾馏分回收的重要性。这些结果为蒸馏者选择合适的提取方法提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Filtration enzymes applied during mashing affect beer composition and viscosity 在捣碎过程中使用的过滤酶影响啤酒的成分和粘度
3区 农林科学 Q2 Agricultural and Biological Sciences Pub Date : 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.58430/jib.v129i3.27
Pieter Michiels, Winok Debyser, Christophe Courtin, Niels Langenaeken
Why was the work done: Filtration enzymes that target the degradation of arabinoxylan and β-glucan are widely used in the brewing industry to improve wort and beer filtration. Although these enzymes have proven their effectiveness in improved lautering efficiency and beer filterability, the effect of varying dosage and type of enzyme preparations on beer composition and quality has not been described. How was the work done: The impact of dosage of different filtration enzyme preparations (Laminex®750, Laminex®C2K, and Laminex®MaxFlow4G) was investigated on the free ferulic acid content in the wort, chemical composition and viscosity of beer, together with an emphasis on the content and structure of arabinoxylan and β-glucan. What are the main findings: The structural features of arabinoxylan and β-glucan in beer were strongly influenced by the dosage and type of filtration enzyme. In general, the high-molecular weight (HMW) arabinoxylan and HMW β-glucan content, and total β-glucan content in beers decreased with increasing enzyme dosage, while the total arabinoxylan levels increased. The HMW arabinoxylan content was strongly related to beer viscosity. The use of filtration enzymes led to a decreased HMW arabinoxylan content and decreased beer viscosity, which could affect the palate fullness of beers. Overdosing filtration enzymes resulted in more ferulic acid, the precursor (in the presence of phenolic yeast) to the clove-like 4-vinyl guaiacol. Why is the work important: This work provides brewers with insight on how filtration enzymes affect beer composition and viscosity. It can help make an informed choice of the type of filtration enzyme and the dosage applied during mashing.
完成原因:针对阿拉伯木聚糖和β-葡聚糖降解的过滤酶被广泛用于酿酒工业,以改善麦芽汁和啤酒的过滤。虽然这些酶已经证明了它们在提高啤酒过滤效率和过滤性能方面的有效性,但不同剂量和类型的酶制剂对啤酒成分和质量的影响尚未得到描述。研究了不同过滤酶制剂(Laminex®750、Laminex®C2K和Laminex®MaxFlow4G)用量对麦汁中游离阿维酸含量、啤酒化学成分和粘度的影响,重点研究了阿拉伯木聚糖和β-葡聚糖的含量和结构。主要发现:啤酒中阿拉伯木聚糖和β-葡聚糖的结构特征受过滤酶用量和类型的影响较大。总的来说,随着酶用量的增加,啤酒中高分子量(HMW)阿拉伯木聚糖、HMW β-葡聚糖含量和总β-葡聚糖含量降低,而总阿拉伯木聚糖含量增加。HMW阿拉伯木聚糖含量与啤酒粘度密切相关。过滤酶的使用降低了啤酒中阿拉伯木聚糖的含量,降低了啤酒的粘度,影响了啤酒的口感丰满度。过量的过滤酶会产生更多的阿魏酸,阿魏酸是丁香状4-乙烯基愈创木酚的前体(在酚酵母存在的情况下)。为什么这项工作很重要:这项工作为酿酒商提供了关于过滤酶如何影响啤酒成分和粘度的见解。它可以帮助作出明智的选择过滤酶的类型和用量,在捣碎期间应用。
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 How was the work done: The impact of dosage of different filtration enzyme preparations (Laminex®750, Laminex®C2K, and Laminex®MaxFlow4G) was investigated on the free ferulic acid content in the wort, chemical composition and viscosity of beer, together with an emphasis on the content and structure of arabinoxylan and β-glucan.
 What are the main findings: The structural features of arabinoxylan and β-glucan in beer were strongly influenced by the dosage and type of filtration enzyme. In general, the high-molecular weight (HMW) arabinoxylan and HMW β-glucan content, and total β-glucan content in beers decreased with increasing enzyme dosage, while the total arabinoxylan levels increased. The HMW arabinoxylan content was strongly related to beer viscosity. The use of filtration enzymes led to a decreased HMW arabinoxylan content and decreased beer viscosity, which could affect the palate fullness of beers. Overdosing filtration enzymes resulted in more ferulic acid, the precursor (in the presence of phenolic yeast) to the clove-like 4-vinyl guaiacol.
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Journal of The Institute of Brewing
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