Areeya Chumpiboon, Kananan Thongsubsai, Thanatporn Pongsiri, Atip Laungphairojana, A. J. Hunt, Yuvarat Ngernyen
Solid fly ash waste from the sugar industry was treated by HCl and then carbonized under N 2 at 900 ° C for 1 h. The resulting carbon was used as an adsorbent for the removal of colored dyes from wastewater generated in the silk dyeing process. The untreated fly ash and commercial activated carbon were also used as adsorbents for comparison. Porous properties of all adsorbents were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K. The kinetics and equilibrium data were obtained from batch experiments with varying adsorption times (1–12 h) and initial concentrations (50–1,000 mg/L) of conventional commercial dye in wastewater, Dark Red 34. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied for all three samples. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particles diffusion models. The adsorption equilibrium data was analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Results showed that the surface area of the treated fly ash increased from 26 to 239 m 2 /g after acid and carbonization treatments. Equilibrium adsorption was reached in 4 h for all samples. The experimental data indicated that the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second order model. While isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacities for the dye removal were 1258, 1156 and 666 mg/g for treated fly ash, activated carbon and untreated fly ash, respectively. Therefore, treated fly ash from the sugar industry shows its high potential as an adsorbent for the color removal of wastewater from silk dyeing process.
{"title":"Color Removal of Wastewater from Silk Dyeing Process by Using Treated Fly Ash from Sugar Industry","authors":"Areeya Chumpiboon, Kananan Thongsubsai, Thanatporn Pongsiri, Atip Laungphairojana, A. J. Hunt, Yuvarat Ngernyen","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.212","url":null,"abstract":"Solid fly ash waste from the sugar industry was treated by HCl and then carbonized under N 2 at 900 ° C for 1 h. The resulting carbon was used as an adsorbent for the removal of colored dyes from wastewater generated in the silk dyeing process. The untreated fly ash and commercial activated carbon were also used as adsorbents for comparison. Porous properties of all adsorbents were characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77 K. The kinetics and equilibrium data were obtained from batch experiments with varying adsorption times (1–12 h) and initial concentrations (50–1,000 mg/L) of conventional commercial dye in wastewater, Dark Red 34. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics were studied for all three samples. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intra-particles diffusion models. The adsorption equilibrium data was analyzed by using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Results showed that the surface area of the treated fly ash increased from 26 to 239 m 2 /g after acid and carbonization treatments. Equilibrium adsorption was reached in 4 h for all samples. The experimental data indicated that the adsorption kinetics were well described by the pseudo-second order model. While isotherms fitted well with the Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption capacities for the dye removal were 1258, 1156 and 666 mg/g for treated fly ash, activated carbon and untreated fly ash, respectively. Therefore, treated fly ash from the sugar industry shows its high potential as an adsorbent for the color removal of wastewater from silk dyeing process.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82174802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential applications has been expanding owing to the characteristics of energy saving and environmental friendliness. Technical Committee 105 Working Group 14 (TC105 WG14) in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposed assessment procedures for environmental impacts of stationary fuel cell systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. In this study, the impact of the 700 W scale of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell combined heat and power generation system (PEFC-CGS) was tested based on the proposal document of the IEC TC105 WG14. In the estimation, the aurum (Au) in the circuit board, which is a precious metal, as well as platinum (Pt) contained in the cell stack, and differences in the hydrogen fuel production paths were considered. According to our results, the factors that contributed to the environmental impact were revealed. Therefore, to improve these factors for product differentiation from environmental aspects, differences in cell performance due to the cell manufacturing method were investigated. Then, it was confirmed that the multilayer electrode reduced the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) at manufacturing by 6 or 12%, and differentiation between products could be achieved by manufacturing the catalyst layers.
{"title":"Environmental Impacts Analysis of Stationary Fuel Cell Combined Heat and Power Generation Systems","authors":"Shota Tochigi, K. Dowaki","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.200","url":null,"abstract":"The use of stationary fuel cell power systems for residential applications has been expanding owing to the characteristics of energy saving and environmental friendliness. Technical Committee 105 Working Group 14 (TC105 WG14) in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposed assessment procedures for environmental impacts of stationary fuel cell systems using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. In this study, the impact of the 700 W scale of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell combined heat and power generation system (PEFC-CGS) was tested based on the proposal document of the IEC TC105 WG14. In the estimation, the aurum (Au) in the circuit board, which is a precious metal, as well as platinum (Pt) contained in the cell stack, and differences in the hydrogen fuel production paths were considered. According to our results, the factors that contributed to the environmental impact were revealed. Therefore, to improve these factors for product differentiation from environmental aspects, differences in cell performance due to the cell manufacturing method were investigated. Then, it was confirmed that the multilayer electrode reduced the abiotic depletion potential (ADP) at manufacturing by 6 or 12%, and differentiation between products could be achieved by manufacturing the catalyst layers.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83846981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryoma Sato, Takashi Kadoma, Yusuke Fujimoto, Naoaki Ogata, K. Yabuuchi, Y. Ninomiya, M. Horio
In order to suppress clinker formation in the co-current up-flowing biomass pellet gasifier, first we investigated the reaction processes of mineral matters in Japanese cedar from a fundamental view point. We found that the eutectic point of the CaCO3-K2CO3 system was the dominant factor in clinker formation in the gasifier where the CaCO3 phase is stable due to a high CO2 partial pressure. Then we tested an aluminum oxide additive, which is harmless and inexpensive, for pellet preparation and found that it was effective in inhibiting the melt formation in the CaCO3-K2CO3 system. In the CaCO3-K2CO3-Al2O3 system where Al2O3 coexists, we confirmed that the CaCO3-K2CO3 melt migrates compounds with structures similar to those of complex compounds such as Fairchildite and KAlO2. The formation of these compounds suppressed the formation of melt together with foaming around 800 °C, and the deformation temperature (DT) was confirmed to be above 1300 °C. By using Japanese cedar pellets with an aluminum hydroxide additive in the Oobae Kuroshio Power Plant and the Uchiko Biomass Power Plant, the average continuous operating hours of 689 hours and 658 hours, respectively, were achieved satisfying the originally planned power generation scheme.
{"title":"Effect of Aluminum Oxide Additives for Suppressing Clinker Formation in a Co-current Up-flowing Moving Bed Gasifier Fueled by Japanese Cedar Pellets","authors":"Ryoma Sato, Takashi Kadoma, Yusuke Fujimoto, Naoaki Ogata, K. Yabuuchi, Y. Ninomiya, M. Horio","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.245","url":null,"abstract":"In order to suppress clinker formation in the co-current up-flowing biomass pellet gasifier, first we investigated the reaction processes of mineral matters in Japanese cedar from a fundamental view point. We found that the eutectic point of the CaCO3-K2CO3 system was the dominant factor in clinker formation in the gasifier where the CaCO3 phase is stable due to a high CO2 partial pressure. Then we tested an aluminum oxide additive, which is harmless and inexpensive, for pellet preparation and found that it was effective in inhibiting the melt formation in the CaCO3-K2CO3 system. In the CaCO3-K2CO3-Al2O3 system where Al2O3 coexists, we confirmed that the CaCO3-K2CO3 melt migrates compounds with structures similar to those of complex compounds such as Fairchildite and KAlO2. The formation of these compounds suppressed the formation of melt together with foaming around 800 °C, and the deformation temperature (DT) was confirmed to be above 1300 °C. By using Japanese cedar pellets with an aluminum hydroxide additive in the Oobae Kuroshio Power Plant and the Uchiko Biomass Power Plant, the average continuous operating hours of 689 hours and 658 hours, respectively, were achieved satisfying the originally planned power generation scheme.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74167381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Nakayama, Mitsuo Kameyama, Hisashi Kamiuchi, K. Dowaki
Hydrogen (H 2 ) is one of the most promising secondary energy resources expected to contribute to the prevention of global warming. Bio-H 2 , which is derived from biomass feedstock, is more environmentally friendly than hydrogen synthesized from fossil fuels. In our indirect thermochemical processes with solid-gas reactions, the effective heat transfer, which is accomplished by circulation of alumina balls acting as heat carriers (HCs), is a critical issue, and it is necessary to achieve circulation of the heat transfer medium that maximizes production efficiency. In this study, the heat transfer performance of a small-scale indirect biomass gasification process to be promoted in the near future was investigated, focusing on heating of HCs using high-temperature gas to achieve optimum heat utilization in the preheating reactor. To continuously pyrolyze cedar feedstock in the subsequent pyrolysis reactor, HCs must be heated to the desired temperature in the preheater within a residence time. Even if high-temperature gas with sufficient calorific value flows into the preheater, if the heat transfer is not completed within the residence time, the HCs will not be heated to the target temperature and the sensible heat is discharged as tail gas. Therefore, we evaluated the operating conditions that promote the heat transfer during the residence time, focusing on the hot flue gas conditions.
{"title":"Optimization of Heat Transfer through Heat Carriers in Bio-H2 Production Using CFD Simulation","authors":"H. Nakayama, Mitsuo Kameyama, Hisashi Kamiuchi, K. Dowaki","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.194","url":null,"abstract":"Hydrogen (H 2 ) is one of the most promising secondary energy resources expected to contribute to the prevention of global warming. Bio-H 2 , which is derived from biomass feedstock, is more environmentally friendly than hydrogen synthesized from fossil fuels. In our indirect thermochemical processes with solid-gas reactions, the effective heat transfer, which is accomplished by circulation of alumina balls acting as heat carriers (HCs), is a critical issue, and it is necessary to achieve circulation of the heat transfer medium that maximizes production efficiency. In this study, the heat transfer performance of a small-scale indirect biomass gasification process to be promoted in the near future was investigated, focusing on heating of HCs using high-temperature gas to achieve optimum heat utilization in the preheating reactor. To continuously pyrolyze cedar feedstock in the subsequent pyrolysis reactor, HCs must be heated to the desired temperature in the preheater within a residence time. Even if high-temperature gas with sufficient calorific value flows into the preheater, if the heat transfer is not completed within the residence time, the HCs will not be heated to the target temperature and the sensible heat is discharged as tail gas. Therefore, we evaluated the operating conditions that promote the heat transfer during the residence time, focusing on the hot flue gas conditions.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80854680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Application of 13C-NMR Coal Structure Analysis for the Formation of Volatile from High-volatile Coals under High-temperature Pressurized Gasifier Conditions","authors":"Katsuhiko Yokohama, H. Watanabe","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.177","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91043240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Degradation Behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with Trace Hydrocarbons","authors":"Hui Zhang, Ryo Yoshiie, I. Naruse, Yasuaki Ueki","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.169","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73169564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Akinori Miyazawa, Takayuki Sekiguchi, J. C. G. Palencia, Mikiya Araki, S. Shiga, S. Kambara
{"title":"Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Ammonia/Hydrogen and Ammonia/Methane","authors":"Akinori Miyazawa, Takayuki Sekiguchi, J. C. G. Palencia, Mikiya Araki, S. Shiga, S. Kambara","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.162","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86453127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sukonlaphat Thanphrom, Atip Laungphairojana, Jesper T. N. Knijnenburg, Apichart Artnaseaw, Yuvarat Ngernyen
Coconut jelly, the solid waste from ready-to-drink industry, was used to produce solid fuel pellets. Pelletization was done by a single 10-ton hydraulic press unit without any binders. The characteristics of the pelletized fuel including pellet dimensions, bulk density, pellet density, proximate analysis, higher heating value, energy density, combustion rate, heat release rate, compressive strength and durability were investigated. The pellets had an average diameter and length of 10 mm. Pelletization significantly increased the bulk density from 30 kg/m 3 of the original coconut jelly and 70 kg/m 3 of ground dried coconut jelly to 659 kg/m 3 of the pellets. Proximate analysis values of pellets (moisture 8.05 wt%, ash 2.06 wt%, volatile matter 77.04 wt% and fixed carbon 12.85 wt%) indicated good combustion parameters. The higher heating value of the pellets was 15.995 MJ/kg, which increased by 19.05% from its original form. The pellet density was 1,100 kg/m 3 and the resulting energy density was 17.59 GJ/m 3 . The fuel pellets also increased the combustion rate and heat release rate from 0.05 to 0.17 g/min and 672 to 2,719 J/ min, respectively, when compared with the original form. The pellets had a high durability (98 wt%) and high compressive strength in horizontal direction (4.84 MPa). Overall, the properties of coconut jelly pellets meet the requirements of Thai and European standards of the pellet properties for non-woody materials. Thus, coconut jelly waste could be considered as a potential raw material to manufacture pellets as an alternative energy source.
{"title":"Characterization of Coconut Jelly Pellets Made from Solid Waste of Ready-to-drink Industry","authors":"Sukonlaphat Thanphrom, Atip Laungphairojana, Jesper T. N. Knijnenburg, Apichart Artnaseaw, Yuvarat Ngernyen","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.122","url":null,"abstract":"Coconut jelly, the solid waste from ready-to-drink industry, was used to produce solid fuel pellets. Pelletization was done by a single 10-ton hydraulic press unit without any binders. The characteristics of the pelletized fuel including pellet dimensions, bulk density, pellet density, proximate analysis, higher heating value, energy density, combustion rate, heat release rate, compressive strength and durability were investigated. The pellets had an average diameter and length of 10 mm. Pelletization significantly increased the bulk density from 30 kg/m 3 of the original coconut jelly and 70 kg/m 3 of ground dried coconut jelly to 659 kg/m 3 of the pellets. Proximate analysis values of pellets (moisture 8.05 wt%, ash 2.06 wt%, volatile matter 77.04 wt% and fixed carbon 12.85 wt%) indicated good combustion parameters. The higher heating value of the pellets was 15.995 MJ/kg, which increased by 19.05% from its original form. The pellet density was 1,100 kg/m 3 and the resulting energy density was 17.59 GJ/m 3 . The fuel pellets also increased the combustion rate and heat release rate from 0.05 to 0.17 g/min and 672 to 2,719 J/ min, respectively, when compared with the original form. The pellets had a high durability (98 wt%) and high compressive strength in horizontal direction (4.84 MPa). Overall, the properties of coconut jelly pellets meet the requirements of Thai and European standards of the pellet properties for non-woody materials. Thus, coconut jelly waste could be considered as a potential raw material to manufacture pellets as an alternative energy source.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81660606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nattaporn Chaba, Sutasinee Neramittagapong, Arthit Neramittagapong, N. Eua-anant, S. Theerakulpisut
In this communication, the zinc anode electrode was prepared by electroplating. MnO2 cathodes and Ni(OH)2 cathode electrodes were prepared by the pressing process. KOH 6 M with 40%ZnO were used as the electrolyte solution of a battery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the complexation of cathode electrodes. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed some peaks which ascertain chemical interlinking of ZnMnO2 and Zn-Ni(OH)2 on cathode electrodes. After performance testing, morphology characterization of zinc anode electrode was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrodes were tested for performance by a battery analyzer for 100 cycles with a depth of discharge (DOD) at 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. It was found that zinc electrodes had branching of a dendrite, which quickly grew at a high depth of discharge. The depth of discharge influenced dendrite growth and the battery performance during cell discharging at high DOD. The Zn anode was damaged due to the excessive dissolution of Zn+ in the electrolyte, causing the decay of the Zn anode. On the other hand, during cell charging, Zn+ was not uniformly deposited on the anode, resulting in dendrite branching. Zinc electrode in Zn-MnO2 cell had more dendrite than zinc electrode in Zn-Ni(OH)2 cell at 10%DOD. The results also showed higher efficiency of 99.08% and better stability for Zn-Ni(OH)2 than Zn-MnO2 cells in similar conditions. This was due to the fact that during cell discharge. Mn+ in the electrolyte continuously reacts with Zn+ to form other complex compounds. On the contrary, Ni(OH)2 cathode exhibited better recyclability than MnO2 cathode. Therefore, Ni(OH)2 cathode offers excellent potential for use as a cathode electrode because it can be used at high DOD. Another advantage of Ni(OH)2 cathode is that it can be prepared from a simple process by making use of readily available non-toxic materials.
{"title":"Effect of Depth of Discharge on the Performance of Zn-Mn and Zn-Ni Battery","authors":"Nattaporn Chaba, Sutasinee Neramittagapong, Arthit Neramittagapong, N. Eua-anant, S. Theerakulpisut","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.144","url":null,"abstract":"In this communication, the zinc anode electrode was prepared by electroplating. MnO2 cathodes and Ni(OH)2 cathode electrodes were prepared by the pressing process. KOH 6 M with 40%ZnO were used as the electrolyte solution of a battery. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to study the complexation of cathode electrodes. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed some peaks which ascertain chemical interlinking of ZnMnO2 and Zn-Ni(OH)2 on cathode electrodes. After performance testing, morphology characterization of zinc anode electrode was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrodes were tested for performance by a battery analyzer for 100 cycles with a depth of discharge (DOD) at 10%, 20%, 40%, and 80%. It was found that zinc electrodes had branching of a dendrite, which quickly grew at a high depth of discharge. The depth of discharge influenced dendrite growth and the battery performance during cell discharging at high DOD. The Zn anode was damaged due to the excessive dissolution of Zn+ in the electrolyte, causing the decay of the Zn anode. On the other hand, during cell charging, Zn+ was not uniformly deposited on the anode, resulting in dendrite branching. Zinc electrode in Zn-MnO2 cell had more dendrite than zinc electrode in Zn-Ni(OH)2 cell at 10%DOD. The results also showed higher efficiency of 99.08% and better stability for Zn-Ni(OH)2 than Zn-MnO2 cells in similar conditions. This was due to the fact that during cell discharge. Mn+ in the electrolyte continuously reacts with Zn+ to form other complex compounds. On the contrary, Ni(OH)2 cathode exhibited better recyclability than MnO2 cathode. Therefore, Ni(OH)2 cathode offers excellent potential for use as a cathode electrode because it can be used at high DOD. Another advantage of Ni(OH)2 cathode is that it can be prepared from a simple process by making use of readily available non-toxic materials.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75494835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications ranging from nutrition to light-emitting devices, and doping of ZnO with calcium (Ca) may improve its performance. However, there is only a limited understanding of the crystalline properties of nanostructured CaO-ZnO systems. Here, nanostructured Ca-doped ZnO was produced by flame spray pyrolysis and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No Ca-Zn oxide phase with specific stoichiometry was formed, but an increase in the ZnO unit cell parameters was observed with increased Ca content. Using Vegard ’ s law, approximately 2.8 at% Ca was incorporated substitutionally for Zn in nano-ZnO, in agreement with solubility limits reported for bulk ZnO. These results indicate that there is no specific particle size effect for the formation of CaO-ZnO solid solutions. This Ca incorporation inside the ZnO wurtzite structure resulted in a transformation from slightly elongated to more spherical crystals, as indicated by the ZnO aspect ratio and TEM images.
{"title":"Investigation of Nanostructured CaO-ZnO Solid Solutions by X-ray Diffraction","authors":"Jesper T. N. Knijnenburg","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.92","url":null,"abstract":"Nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile material with a wide range of applications ranging from nutrition to light-emitting devices, and doping of ZnO with calcium (Ca) may improve its performance. However, there is only a limited understanding of the crystalline properties of nanostructured CaO-ZnO systems. Here, nanostructured Ca-doped ZnO was produced by flame spray pyrolysis and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). No Ca-Zn oxide phase with specific stoichiometry was formed, but an increase in the ZnO unit cell parameters was observed with increased Ca content. Using Vegard ’ s law, approximately 2.8 at% Ca was incorporated substitutionally for Zn in nano-ZnO, in agreement with solubility limits reported for bulk ZnO. These results indicate that there is no specific particle size effect for the formation of CaO-ZnO solid solutions. This Ca incorporation inside the ZnO wurtzite structure resulted in a transformation from slightly elongated to more spherical crystals, as indicated by the ZnO aspect ratio and TEM images.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89141890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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