Hirotaka Komata, Yohei Maekawa, A. Yamada, Y. Ishikawa, T. Yanagida, H. Kuboyama, Takahiro Yoshida
{"title":"Profitability Evaluation of Combined Heat and Power Business by Pyrolysis Gasification of Wood Pellet: Case Study in Hokkaido Considering Uncertainty","authors":"Hirotaka Komata, Yohei Maekawa, A. Yamada, Y. Ishikawa, T. Yanagida, H. Kuboyama, Takahiro Yoshida","doi":"10.3775/jie.101.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.101.24","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84040929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tableof Contents (in English)","authors":"","doi":"10.3775/jie.101.tce1_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.101.tce1_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90376215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The food industry is estimated to contribute to one-third of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions; thus, it is a major driver of climate change. Within food consumption patterns, animal-based foods are the main contributors to unfavorable environmental impacts. There is increasing evidence that suggests that animal products have a substantially larger climate impact than most plant-based foods, indicating that the shift from animal-based food diets to more plant-based food diets may help reduce environmental burdens. However, when replacing meat, it should be ensured that the nutritional requirements of consumers are met. The purpose of this study was to compare ground beef and plant-based meat production assessment to analyze the environmental sustainability and nutritional aspects using LCA. Using the NRF11.3 score to calculate and discuss the health score between ground beef meat (GBM) and plant-based meat (PBM). Our estimates suggest that the GBM contributes to global warming 8.01 times more than the PBM. Further, GBM is associated with 1.56 times more fossil fuel depletion, 2.87 times more land usage, and 1.81 times more water usage than PBM.
{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Sustainability and Nutritional Value of Animal Meat Substitutes","authors":"Yinzhu Jin, R. Noguchi, T. Ahamed","doi":"10.3775/jie.101.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.101.9","url":null,"abstract":"The food industry is estimated to contribute to one-third of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions; thus, it is a major driver of climate change. Within food consumption patterns, animal-based foods are the main contributors to unfavorable environmental impacts. There is increasing evidence that suggests that animal products have a substantially larger climate impact than most plant-based foods, indicating that the shift from animal-based food diets to more plant-based food diets may help reduce environmental burdens. However, when replacing meat, it should be ensured that the nutritional requirements of consumers are met. The purpose of this study was to compare ground beef and plant-based meat production assessment to analyze the environmental sustainability and nutritional aspects using LCA. Using the NRF11.3 score to calculate and discuss the health score between ground beef meat (GBM) and plant-based meat (PBM). Our estimates suggest that the GBM contributes to global warming 8.01 times more than the PBM. Further, GBM is associated with 1.56 times more fossil fuel depletion, 2.87 times more land usage, and 1.81 times more water usage than PBM.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74233489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the importance of trying to attain a fairer proportion of wind energy for a large-scale introduction of variable renewable energy (described as “ VRE ” hereafter) of wind power compared with that from photo-voltaic (the latter “ PV ” hereafter), for aiming at the Japanese energy sources of 100% renewable energy (hereafter “ RE ” ) in 2050, based on the observed characteristics of VRE. These characteristics were obtained by comparing various characteristics of VRE at two different years for Kyushu Electric Power and Transmission Co., along with those of Germany, by aiming to minimize the back-up energy when trying to adjust the mismatch of the VRE powers against the electricity load. The analysis in this article then shows the necessary procedures for arriving at the final result in terms of improving the output power density by wind in W/m 2 and the full exploitation of off-shore wind power.
{"title":"Importance of Increasing Wind Energy for a Large-scale Introduction of Variable Renewable Energies into Japan Based on Their Characteristics","authors":"K. Muraoka, Y. Yamagata, R. Abe","doi":"10.3775/jie.101.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.101.16","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the importance of trying to attain a fairer proportion of wind energy for a large-scale introduction of variable renewable energy (described as “ VRE ” hereafter) of wind power compared with that from photo-voltaic (the latter “ PV ” hereafter), for aiming at the Japanese energy sources of 100% renewable energy (hereafter “ RE ” ) in 2050, based on the observed characteristics of VRE. These characteristics were obtained by comparing various characteristics of VRE at two different years for Kyushu Electric Power and Transmission Co., along with those of Germany, by aiming to minimize the back-up energy when trying to adjust the mismatch of the VRE powers against the electricity load. The analysis in this article then shows the necessary procedures for arriving at the final result in terms of improving the output power density by wind in W/m 2 and the full exploitation of off-shore wind power.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86956988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Food quality control is important for food companies such as restaurants and consumers. Vegetables release heat energy by breathing even after harvesting. When the storage temperature rises, respiratory heat increases, and as a result, sugar decomposition progresses, and nutrients decrease. Therefore, it is possible to keep the quality of food by storing it at a low temperature. In this study, to confirm that cold storage reduced the respiratory heat of foods, we measured respiratory heat of food at low-temperature preservation by each temperature. To measure the respiratory heat of food at low-temperature preservation, we created an experimental device that can be sealed, kept at low-temperature, and can control temperature. Then, we put the food in the device, and measured the change in CO 2 concentration immediately after the food was placed and 1 hour after the food was placed by each temperature. Finally, by using the measured data, we calculated the respiratory heat. As a result, low-temperature preservation can reduce respiratory heat, and it was found that the quality of food can be kept.
{"title":"Proposal of a Method for Maintaining the Quality of Agricultural Products under the Cold Environment","authors":"Akihiro Oki, Shun Kataniwa, K. Dowaki","doi":"10.3775/jie.101.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.101.1","url":null,"abstract":"Food quality control is important for food companies such as restaurants and consumers. Vegetables release heat energy by breathing even after harvesting. When the storage temperature rises, respiratory heat increases, and as a result, sugar decomposition progresses, and nutrients decrease. Therefore, it is possible to keep the quality of food by storing it at a low temperature. In this study, to confirm that cold storage reduced the respiratory heat of foods, we measured respiratory heat of food at low-temperature preservation by each temperature. To measure the respiratory heat of food at low-temperature preservation, we created an experimental device that can be sealed, kept at low-temperature, and can control temperature. Then, we put the food in the device, and measured the change in CO 2 concentration immediately after the food was placed and 1 hour after the food was placed by each temperature. Finally, by using the measured data, we calculated the respiratory heat. As a result, low-temperature preservation can reduce respiratory heat, and it was found that the quality of food can be kept.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77846867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Imran Rosadi, Arthit Neramittagapong, Pakpoom Athikaphan, P. Punrattanasin, Sutasinee Neramittagapong
The present work aims to study the catalytic performance of kaolinite (KN)-supported TiO 2 in the production of dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. KN was doped with 0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt% Ti composite particles via the sol-gel method. The performance of the TiO 2 /KN catalysts were then tested in a fixed-bed reactor having a temperature in the range 200-350 ° C under atmospheric pressure. The molar ratio of methanol to nitrogen, total gas flow rate, and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) were set to 1:4, 60 mL/min at standard temperature and pressure, and 2.054 h -1 , respectively. The catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed desorption of NH 3 . The final products were analyzed using gas chromatography. An increase in Ti loading yielded a higher methanol conversion rate owing to the increase in the number of acid sites on the catalyst surface. The highest methanol conversion rate of 79% was reported for TiO 2 /KN (Ti=15%) at 350 ° C. However, TiO 2 /KN (Ti=15%) exhibited low selectivity to DME owing to the decomposition of DME to CH 4 and CO 2 . Our results indicate the optimum Ti loading to be TiO 2 /KN (Ti=10%), which resulted in a catalyst that was active at 250 ° C and showed good selectivity to DME.
{"title":"Methanol Dehydration to Dimethyl Ether over Kaolinite-supported TiO2 Catalysts","authors":"Imran Rosadi, Arthit Neramittagapong, Pakpoom Athikaphan, P. Punrattanasin, Sutasinee Neramittagapong","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.313","url":null,"abstract":"The present work aims to study the catalytic performance of kaolinite (KN)-supported TiO 2 in the production of dimethyl ether (DME) from methanol. KN was doped with 0, 3, 5, 10, and 15 wt% Ti composite particles via the sol-gel method. The performance of the TiO 2 /KN catalysts were then tested in a fixed-bed reactor having a temperature in the range 200-350 ° C under atmospheric pressure. The molar ratio of methanol to nitrogen, total gas flow rate, and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) were set to 1:4, 60 mL/min at standard temperature and pressure, and 2.054 h -1 , respectively. The catalysts were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed desorption of NH 3 . The final products were analyzed using gas chromatography. An increase in Ti loading yielded a higher methanol conversion rate owing to the increase in the number of acid sites on the catalyst surface. The highest methanol conversion rate of 79% was reported for TiO 2 /KN (Ti=15%) at 350 ° C. However, TiO 2 /KN (Ti=15%) exhibited low selectivity to DME owing to the decomposition of DME to CH 4 and CO 2 . Our results indicate the optimum Ti loading to be TiO 2 /KN (Ti=10%), which resulted in a catalyst that was active at 250 ° C and showed good selectivity to DME.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81337409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Joo-Youn Kim, Kazuki Takahashi, Takato Takaetsu, Takenobu Funatsu
Vertically aligned MoS 2 (V-MoS 2 ) thin film was investigated to achieve a cost-effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. As a simple method, the V-MoS 2 film was deposited by partial sulphurisation of RF sputtered Mo film. The residual Mo layer was used as a bottom electrode instead of an expensive conductive substrate such as a glassy carbon. Different thicknesses of V-MoS 2 were deposited to investigate an HER catalyst characteristic for the V-MoS 2 /Mo structure. The crystallinity of V-MoS 2 was maintained even though the thickness of V-MoS 2 was controlled, and was confirmed by comparing the X-ray diffraction, Raman measurement, and estimated exchange current density. As the thickness of V-MoS 2 was decreased to 50 nm, the overpotential and Tafel slope were reduced to 0.38 V at 10 mA/cm 2 and 87 mV/dec, respectively. Based on the theoretical tendency of Tafel slope decline, the estimated optimal V-MoS 2 thickness was 40 nm for the V-MoS 2 /Mo structure. The fabrication process for V-MoS 2 and the estimated result from the variation of the thickness of V-MoS 2 could help to realise a cost-effective HER catalyst using MoS 2 .
{"title":"Characterization of Vertically Aligned MoS2 Thin Film on Mo Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Catalyst","authors":"Joo-Youn Kim, Kazuki Takahashi, Takato Takaetsu, Takenobu Funatsu","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.283","url":null,"abstract":"Vertically aligned MoS 2 (V-MoS 2 ) thin film was investigated to achieve a cost-effective hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. As a simple method, the V-MoS 2 film was deposited by partial sulphurisation of RF sputtered Mo film. The residual Mo layer was used as a bottom electrode instead of an expensive conductive substrate such as a glassy carbon. Different thicknesses of V-MoS 2 were deposited to investigate an HER catalyst characteristic for the V-MoS 2 /Mo structure. The crystallinity of V-MoS 2 was maintained even though the thickness of V-MoS 2 was controlled, and was confirmed by comparing the X-ray diffraction, Raman measurement, and estimated exchange current density. As the thickness of V-MoS 2 was decreased to 50 nm, the overpotential and Tafel slope were reduced to 0.38 V at 10 mA/cm 2 and 87 mV/dec, respectively. Based on the theoretical tendency of Tafel slope decline, the estimated optimal V-MoS 2 thickness was 40 nm for the V-MoS 2 /Mo structure. The fabrication process for V-MoS 2 and the estimated result from the variation of the thickness of V-MoS 2 could help to realise a cost-effective HER catalyst using MoS 2 .","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80752836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fumika Satō, Satoki Ishida, Yuuhei Kawasaki, Misaki Honda, K. Tanoue
The horizontal temperature measurement on the heated disc in the cylindrical hydrogen flow channel with impinging jet was performed to examine the effect of the non-dimensional distance between the gas inlet and the heated disc (HN*) and the nozzle Reynolds number (ReN) on the heat transfer in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Furthermore, two dimensional numerical simulation in heat and mass transfer on the heated disc was conducted to predict the growth rate distribution along the r-coordinate in the CVD reactor. The less HN* created, the lower the experimental temperature at r* = 0 mm because of the impinging jet flow. The calculation temperature along the r-coordinate agreed well with the experimental temperature except for HN* = 0.69 at r* = 0. When the non-dimensional surface reaction rate constant k* was 3.60×10-9 ≦ k*≦ 1.27×10-7 (k = 10-6 m/s), the predicted growth rate of the source material on the heated disc decreased exponentially with the r-direction because the film formation could proceed under the diffusion rate-determining condition along the radial direction. On the other hand, at the central region the influence of mass transfer due to forced convection discharged from the jet becomes stronger at 0.036 ≦ k*≦ 0.126 (k = 1 m/s) than that at 3.60×10-9 ≦ k* ≦ 1.27×10-7 (k = 10-6 m/s) and the film formation rate is greatly attenuated. The higher the distance from the nozzle to the heated disc HN got, the smaller the gradient of the growth rate in the r-direction at 0 ≦ r* ≦ 3.45 because the mass transfer could be controlled by the surface reaction if the HN* increased. The more the HN* and the less the reaction rate were constant, the smaller the coefficient of variation of the growth rate. In this study, the minimum coefficient of variation for the growth rate distribution was about 0.41. Therefore, it is suggested that the hybrid supply system of the raw material for chemical vapor deposition from not only impinging jet flow but also shower head flow could be suitable.
{"title":"Heat and Mass Transfer of Impinging Jet Flow with Shower Head Flow on a Heated Disc in a Cylindrical Flow Channel","authors":"Fumika Satō, Satoki Ishida, Yuuhei Kawasaki, Misaki Honda, K. Tanoue","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.273","url":null,"abstract":"The horizontal temperature measurement on the heated disc in the cylindrical hydrogen flow channel with impinging jet was performed to examine the effect of the non-dimensional distance between the gas inlet and the heated disc (HN*) and the nozzle Reynolds number (ReN) on the heat transfer in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Furthermore, two dimensional numerical simulation in heat and mass transfer on the heated disc was conducted to predict the growth rate distribution along the r-coordinate in the CVD reactor. The less HN* created, the lower the experimental temperature at r* = 0 mm because of the impinging jet flow. The calculation temperature along the r-coordinate agreed well with the experimental temperature except for HN* = 0.69 at r* = 0. When the non-dimensional surface reaction rate constant k* was 3.60×10-9 ≦ k*≦ 1.27×10-7 (k = 10-6 m/s), the predicted growth rate of the source material on the heated disc decreased exponentially with the r-direction because the film formation could proceed under the diffusion rate-determining condition along the radial direction. On the other hand, at the central region the influence of mass transfer due to forced convection discharged from the jet becomes stronger at 0.036 ≦ k*≦ 0.126 (k = 1 m/s) than that at 3.60×10-9 ≦ k* ≦ 1.27×10-7 (k = 10-6 m/s) and the film formation rate is greatly attenuated. The higher the distance from the nozzle to the heated disc HN got, the smaller the gradient of the growth rate in the r-direction at 0 ≦ r* ≦ 3.45 because the mass transfer could be controlled by the surface reaction if the HN* increased. The more the HN* and the less the reaction rate were constant, the smaller the coefficient of variation of the growth rate. In this study, the minimum coefficient of variation for the growth rate distribution was about 0.41. Therefore, it is suggested that the hybrid supply system of the raw material for chemical vapor deposition from not only impinging jet flow but also shower head flow could be suitable.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80044317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), as a low-cost feedstock, was catalytically esterified into biodiesel (also known as fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) using sulfonated iron oxide (HSO 3 ˉ /Fe 2 O 3 ) catalyst. In this work, the catalyst was synthesised via self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, towards a greener synthesis technique, followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid (HSO 3 Cl) to enhance the catalyst ’ s acid properties. The catalysts were characterised and the success of sulfonation process was determined. From this study, Fe 2 O 3 catalysts were proven to be pure and single-phase. The success of the sulfonation then was verified by the presence of sulfur, functional groups of S-O asymmetric vibration and S=O symmetric vibration, and increasing total acidity. Then, the sulfonated Fe 2 O 3 catalyst was used to esterify the PFAD feedstock in methanol in which the esterification parameters were also optimized to obtain maximum free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. It was found that 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4 wt.% of catalyst loading, 80 ° C of reaction temperature and 5 h of reaction time produced 95.5% of FFA conversion. Interestingly, the sulfonated Fe 2 O 3 catalyst can be considered as a superacid solid catalyst that enables boosting the esterification of the PFAD feedstock into biodiesel.
以棕榈脂肪酸馏出物(PFAD)为原料，采用磺化氧化铁(hso3 - h / fe2o3)催化酯化制备生物柴油(又称脂肪酸甲酯，FAME)。在这项工作中，催化剂通过自蔓延燃烧(SPC)方法合成，朝着更环保的合成技术，然后用氯磺酸(hso3cl)磺化，以提高催化剂的酸性能。对催化剂进行了表征，确定了磺化反应的成功与否。通过本研究，证明了fe2o3催化剂是纯单相的。硫的存在、S-O不对称振动和S=O对称振动官能团的存在以及总酸度的增加验证了磺化的成功。然后，采用磺化fe2o3催化剂在甲醇中酯化PFAD原料，优化酯化参数以获得最大的游离脂肪酸(FFA)转化率。结果表明，在甲醇与pfad摩尔比为15:1、催化剂负载为4wt .%、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为5 h的条件下，FFA转化率为95.5%。有趣的是，磺化的fe2o3催化剂可以被认为是一种超酸性固体催化剂，可以促进PFAD原料酯化成生物柴油。
{"title":"Catalytic Esterification of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate into Biodiesel Over Sulfonated Iron Oxide Catalyst","authors":"Michelle Matius, M. S. Mastuli","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.301","url":null,"abstract":"The palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), as a low-cost feedstock, was catalytically esterified into biodiesel (also known as fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) using sulfonated iron oxide (HSO 3 ˉ /Fe 2 O 3 ) catalyst. In this work, the catalyst was synthesised via self-propagating combustion (SPC) method, towards a greener synthesis technique, followed by sulfonation with chlorosulfonic acid (HSO 3 Cl) to enhance the catalyst ’ s acid properties. The catalysts were characterised and the success of sulfonation process was determined. From this study, Fe 2 O 3 catalysts were proven to be pure and single-phase. The success of the sulfonation then was verified by the presence of sulfur, functional groups of S-O asymmetric vibration and S=O symmetric vibration, and increasing total acidity. Then, the sulfonated Fe 2 O 3 catalyst was used to esterify the PFAD feedstock in methanol in which the esterification parameters were also optimized to obtain maximum free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. It was found that 15:1 of methanol-to-PFAD molar ratio, 4 wt.% of catalyst loading, 80 ° C of reaction temperature and 5 h of reaction time produced 95.5% of FFA conversion. Interestingly, the sulfonated Fe 2 O 3 catalyst can be considered as a superacid solid catalyst that enables boosting the esterification of the PFAD feedstock into biodiesel.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90634079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal hydride is an alloy that reversibly reacts with hydrogen gas. Because it has low hydrogen storage pressure, it can contribute to the abatement of compression power in the hydrogen charging process. Despite this fact, owing to the exothermic reaction in its charging process, a longer hydrogen charging time is required. As a countermeasure to this problem, a cooling process for the metal hydride bed is necessary to enhance the reaction rate of the hydrogen charging process. Considering this background, in this study, an energy consumption comparison between metal hydride and compressed hydrogen (conventional) is conducted. In addition, a mathematical model of the hydrogen charging process is developed to estimate the effect of the metal hydride cooling process on the hydrogen charging time. The mathematical model is validated by comparison with experimental results and used to simulate different cooling conditions (outside temperature: 233, 253, 273, and 298 K). It was found that metal hydride could reduce the compression power compared to compressed hydrogen (maximum reduction of 7.57 kwh/kg-H2) and reduce the hydrogen charging time by removing reaction heat from the metal hydride tank (886 s at outside temperature 233 K, 1902 s at 273 K).
{"title":"Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Energy Consumption Analysis of Metal Hydride in Its Hydrogen Charging Process","authors":"D. Hara, Chiharu Misaki, N. Katayama, K. Dowaki","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.294","url":null,"abstract":"Metal hydride is an alloy that reversibly reacts with hydrogen gas. Because it has low hydrogen storage pressure, it can contribute to the abatement of compression power in the hydrogen charging process. Despite this fact, owing to the exothermic reaction in its charging process, a longer hydrogen charging time is required. As a countermeasure to this problem, a cooling process for the metal hydride bed is necessary to enhance the reaction rate of the hydrogen charging process. Considering this background, in this study, an energy consumption comparison between metal hydride and compressed hydrogen (conventional) is conducted. In addition, a mathematical model of the hydrogen charging process is developed to estimate the effect of the metal hydride cooling process on the hydrogen charging time. The mathematical model is validated by comparison with experimental results and used to simulate different cooling conditions (outside temperature: 233, 253, 273, and 298 K). It was found that metal hydride could reduce the compression power compared to compressed hydrogen (maximum reduction of 7.57 kwh/kg-H2) and reduce the hydrogen charging time by removing reaction heat from the metal hydride tank (886 s at outside temperature 233 K, 1902 s at 273 K).","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77405460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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