The preparation and characterization of purified cellulose from bamboo shoot shell were studied using fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preparation of cellulose fiber included extraction of cellulose from bamboo shoot shell by treatment with 5 % NaOH and 4 % H2O2, and purification of cellulose fiber using hydrothermal technique. The result showed that cellulose has been successfully extracted at a 32.56% yield by the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment, and the purified cellulose was produced using autoclaving at the temperature of 120 °C and pressure at 0.1 MPa for 2 h 5 min, with the % recovery of purified cellulose around 94.08. Bamboo shoot shell and cellulose sample were further characterized using FTIR technique. It was found that the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment eliminated lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell but did not affect cellulose. The hydrothermal technique did not affect the destruction of the cellulose structure as well. Comparison of the SEM image showed that cellulose was separated into individual microfibers after the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment while the SEM image of purified cellulose was the small thread-like fibers with smoother surface. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment can be performed for purification of cellulose.
{"title":"Production of Cellulose From Bamboo Shoot Shell Using Hydrothermal Technique","authors":"Kanjana Manamoongmongkol, Rachit Suwapanich, Lamphung Phumjan, Woatthichai Narkrugsa, Pongsert Sriprom","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.307","url":null,"abstract":"The preparation and characterization of purified cellulose from bamboo shoot shell were studied using fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preparation of cellulose fiber included extraction of cellulose from bamboo shoot shell by treatment with 5 % NaOH and 4 % H2O2, and purification of cellulose fiber using hydrothermal technique. The result showed that cellulose has been successfully extracted at a 32.56% yield by the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment, and the purified cellulose was produced using autoclaving at the temperature of 120 °C and pressure at 0.1 MPa for 2 h 5 min, with the % recovery of purified cellulose around 94.08. Bamboo shoot shell and cellulose sample were further characterized using FTIR technique. It was found that the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment eliminated lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell but did not affect cellulose. The hydrothermal technique did not affect the destruction of the cellulose structure as well. Comparison of the SEM image showed that cellulose was separated into individual microfibers after the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment while the SEM image of purified cellulose was the small thread-like fibers with smoother surface. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment can be performed for purification of cellulose.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80223838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chaiyawat NA-LAMPANG, P. Assawasaengrat, Lamphung Phumjan, Woatthichai Narkrugsa, Pongsert Sriprom
Ammonia is an essential waste from fish and shrimp which has an effect on fish and shrimp transportation for export. This study aimed to remove ammonia by Activated Carbon adsorption. The activated carbon was prepared from Tamarind pulp using different methods (NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , the hydrothermal technique and activated by H 2 SO 4 and H 2 SO 4 hydrothermal followed by NaOH). The Activated Carbon was characterized by and Iodine number and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the iodine number of activated carbon prepared by the hydrothermal technique and activated by H 2 SO 4 have the highest surface area and porosity at 537 mg/g, and the functional group on activated carbon surface is carbonyl and sulfonyl group. For ammonia adsorption, the experiments were designed by Box-Behnken design at 3 factors 3 levels including Contact time (10, 95 and 180 min), Dosage of activated carbon (0.5, 1.25 and 2.0 g) and pH of the solution (2, 6.5 and 11). The concentration of ammonia was determined by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The result showed that the main effects and the interaction effects were found significant effect on ammonia adsorption at confidence level of 95%. However, the interaction effects between contact time and activated carbon dosage was insignificant. Finally, the optimized results suggested that 48.32 ± 0.82% of ammonia concentration could be removed by activated carbon from tamarind pulp under the following conditions: pH of 11, a contact time of 95 min, and activated carbon dosage of 2 g/100 mL. The results are believed to be of importance to fish and shrimp transportation for reduced ammonia and other similar applications.
{"title":"Optimizing Ammonia Adsorption Using Activated Carbon from Tamarind Pulp","authors":"Chaiyawat NA-LAMPANG, P. Assawasaengrat, Lamphung Phumjan, Woatthichai Narkrugsa, Pongsert Sriprom","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.288","url":null,"abstract":"Ammonia is an essential waste from fish and shrimp which has an effect on fish and shrimp transportation for export. This study aimed to remove ammonia by Activated Carbon adsorption. The activated carbon was prepared from Tamarind pulp using different methods (NaOH, H 2 SO 4 , the hydrothermal technique and activated by H 2 SO 4 and H 2 SO 4 hydrothermal followed by NaOH). The Activated Carbon was characterized by and Iodine number and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results showed that the iodine number of activated carbon prepared by the hydrothermal technique and activated by H 2 SO 4 have the highest surface area and porosity at 537 mg/g, and the functional group on activated carbon surface is carbonyl and sulfonyl group. For ammonia adsorption, the experiments were designed by Box-Behnken design at 3 factors 3 levels including Contact time (10, 95 and 180 min), Dosage of activated carbon (0.5, 1.25 and 2.0 g) and pH of the solution (2, 6.5 and 11). The concentration of ammonia was determined by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The result showed that the main effects and the interaction effects were found significant effect on ammonia adsorption at confidence level of 95%. However, the interaction effects between contact time and activated carbon dosage was insignificant. Finally, the optimized results suggested that 48.32 ± 0.82% of ammonia concentration could be removed by activated carbon from tamarind pulp under the following conditions: pH of 11, a contact time of 95 min, and activated carbon dosage of 2 g/100 mL. The results are believed to be of importance to fish and shrimp transportation for reduced ammonia and other similar applications.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89007051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recently, the introduction of renewable energy, especially Photovoltaic power generation (PV), has been increasing. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that there might be lack of adjustment capability in the grid system. As a countermeasure, Demand Response (DR) is expected to contribute to the adjustment of supply and demand. The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the reduction of PV curtailment and energy efficiency when distributed energy resources respond to DR, which increases electricity demand when PV generates excess power. Specifically, when PV generates excess power, the cogeneration system is stopped and Air-Conditioning (A/C) heat sources is switched from fuel-based to power-based to increase power demand while maintaining the A/C function. Three types of commercial building were examined, which results were combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) database to estimate regional DR potential in Kyushu electric power tube area and Tohoku electric power tube area. The results imply that DR can utilize more than 40% of the estimated PV curtailment in both regions.
{"title":"A Potential Analysis on Regional Demand Response by Air-conditioning Systems Combined with Gas Engine Cogeneration","authors":"R. Abe, Daisuke Tomofuji, T. Ikegami, A. Akisawa","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.263","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, the introduction of renewable energy, especially Photovoltaic power generation (PV), has been increasing. On the other hand, it has been pointed out that there might be lack of adjustment capability in the grid system. As a countermeasure, Demand Response (DR) is expected to contribute to the adjustment of supply and demand. The objective of this study is to quantitatively evaluate the reduction of PV curtailment and energy efficiency when distributed energy resources respond to DR, which increases electricity demand when PV generates excess power. Specifically, when PV generates excess power, the cogeneration system is stopped and Air-Conditioning (A/C) heat sources is switched from fuel-based to power-based to increase power demand while maintaining the A/C function. Three types of commercial building were examined, which results were combined with Geographic Information System (GIS) database to estimate regional DR potential in Kyushu electric power tube area and Tohoku electric power tube area. The results imply that DR can utilize more than 40% of the estimated PV curtailment in both regions.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88572698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The provision of information on energy and environmental problems has conventionally been based on the premise that people process information deliberatively and logically. However, it has been pointed out that the conventional methods have limitations, and it is necessary to turn attention to automatic and intuitive information processing. This paper focuses on three information formats, namely, narrative, vivid, and episodic information that can induce automatic and intuitive information processing and aims to examine their potential for use after a cross-sectional review of communication research related to the three formats. Although knowledge about each information format has been accumulated in different fields, it is important to have a bird’s eye view across the fields because there are many common points. The paper classifies the functions of these unconventional information into four categories: motivating processing, inducing simulated experiences, making topics personal, and evoking some emotions. It appears that these functions do not act independently but are interrelated and have different impacts on the receivers from the conventional information. Based on the cross-sectional review, this paper discusses how the four functions of the unconventional information can be utilized in energy communication.
{"title":"An Integrated Review of Communication Research Focusing on Information Formats: Toward Applications to Energy and Environmental Problems","authors":"Yuuki Nakano, Hiroki Hondo","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.254","url":null,"abstract":"The provision of information on energy and environmental problems has conventionally been based on the premise that people process information deliberatively and logically. However, it has been pointed out that the conventional methods have limitations, and it is necessary to turn attention to automatic and intuitive information processing. This paper focuses on three information formats, namely, narrative, vivid, and episodic information that can induce automatic and intuitive information processing and aims to examine their potential for use after a cross-sectional review of communication research related to the three formats. Although knowledge about each information format has been accumulated in different fields, it is important to have a bird’s eye view across the fields because there are many common points. The paper classifies the functions of these unconventional information into four categories: motivating processing, inducing simulated experiences, making topics personal, and evoking some emotions. It appears that these functions do not act independently but are interrelated and have different impacts on the receivers from the conventional information. Based on the cross-sectional review, this paper discusses how the four functions of the unconventional information can be utilized in energy communication.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79300315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. D. Solikhah, F. Karuana, A. R. Wimada, K. Amri, B. R. Barus, A. Rahmadi, A. Rochim
The higher biodiesel content blended into diesel fuel gives the lower calorific value that may affect the fuel economy. To determine the effect of using 30 % biodiesel mixed in diesel fuel (B30) compared to B20, especially on fuel economy in automotive vehicles, a road test was conducted using 4 brands of passenger vehicles for 50,000 km. The daily route of this road test consisted of 10.6 % of general road, 49.9 % of climbing-downhill road, and 39.5 % of highway road, which covers a distance of 560 km per day. The method used in this study for fuel economy analysis is the full-to-full method, by comparing the fuel consumption of B30 and B20 in two vehicles in each brand (8 cars in total). Based on the test results, statistically, in testing the fuel economy with full to full method, population of data used has been normally distributed and homogeneous. In Passenger1 and Passenger4 vehicles, the average fuel economy value of B30 is 6.7 % and 3.7 % higher than the B20’s, while in vehicles Passenger2 and Passenger3, the average fuel economy value of B20 is 1.5 % and 3.9 % higher than those of B30. In addition, the results of the one way ANOVA test on data of passenger vehicles B20 and B30 shows p–value <0.05, which states the average value of fuel economy in each passenger vehicle is different based on statistical analysis. However, based on the difference of engine technology, the fuel consumption of B30 and B20 does not have a significant difference.
{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Fuel Economy of B30 and B20 Fuels in Passenger Vehicles","authors":"M. D. Solikhah, F. Karuana, A. R. Wimada, K. Amri, B. R. Barus, A. Rahmadi, A. Rochim","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.230","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.230","url":null,"abstract":"The higher biodiesel content blended into diesel fuel gives the lower calorific value that may affect the fuel economy. To determine the effect of using 30 % biodiesel mixed in diesel fuel (B30) compared to B20, especially on fuel economy in automotive vehicles, a road test was conducted using 4 brands of passenger vehicles for 50,000 km. The daily route of this road test consisted of 10.6 % of general road, 49.9 % of climbing-downhill road, and 39.5 % of highway road, which covers a distance of 560 km per day. The method used in this study for fuel economy analysis is the full-to-full method, by comparing the fuel consumption of B30 and B20 in two vehicles in each brand (8 cars in total). Based on the test results, statistically, in testing the fuel economy with full to full method, population of data used has been normally distributed and homogeneous. In Passenger1 and Passenger4 vehicles, the average fuel economy value of B30 is 6.7 % and 3.7 % higher than the B20’s, while in vehicles Passenger2 and Passenger3, the average fuel economy value of B20 is 1.5 % and 3.9 % higher than those of B30. In addition, the results of the one way ANOVA test on data of passenger vehicles B20 and B30 shows p–value <0.05, which states the average value of fuel economy in each passenger vehicle is different based on statistical analysis. However, based on the difference of engine technology, the fuel consumption of B30 and B20 does not have a significant difference.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72455367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Warangkana Khangwichian, Sudarat Pattamasewe, Atip Laungphairojana, Rattanaporn Leesing, A. J. Hunt, Yuvarat Ngernyen
A solid waste is generated in the production of biodiesel from the leaves of the Dipterocarpus alatus tree. This waste was hydrolyzed by oleaginous yeast and was employed as the precursor for preparing activated carbon by chemical activation. This work investigated the effect of types of chemical agent i.e. acid (H3PO4 and HNO3), base (KOH and NaOH) and chloride (ZnCl2 and FeCl2) on the porous properties of the resulting activated carbons. The dry leaves prior to hydrolysis were also used for comparison. The experiment was conducted as an activator to a biomass impregnation ratio of 1:2 for 1 h, followed by carbonization at 500 °C for 1 h. The raw materials and activated carbons were analysed using proximate analysis and the porous properties by using nitrogen adsorptiondesorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to proximate analysis, fixed carbon contents of 9.27 and 16.25 dry wt% were found for the hydrolyzed material and dry leaves, respectively. This indicated that both materials served as good precursors to produce carbons. The results of porous properties show that the maximum surface area of 456 m2/g was produced using ZnCl2 activation. The prepared carbons from hydrolyzed leaves had surface areas comparable with carbons prepared from dry leaves for ZnCl2, H3PO4, HNO3 and NaOH activation. However, activation of hydrolyzed leaves with FeCl2 and KOH gave activated carbons with a lower surface area than dry leaves. Moreover, Dipterocarpus alatus leaf activated carbons had a higher surface area than several other literature examples of activated carbons. Therefore, hydrolyzed Dipterocarpus alatus leaves are a good precursor for the preparation of economical activated carbon.
{"title":"Preparation of Activated Carbons from Hydrolyzed Dipterocarpus alatus Leaves: Value Added Product from Biodiesel Production Waste","authors":"Warangkana Khangwichian, Sudarat Pattamasewe, Atip Laungphairojana, Rattanaporn Leesing, A. J. Hunt, Yuvarat Ngernyen","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.219","url":null,"abstract":"A solid waste is generated in the production of biodiesel from the leaves of the Dipterocarpus alatus tree. This waste was hydrolyzed by oleaginous yeast and was employed as the precursor for preparing activated carbon by chemical activation. This work investigated the effect of types of chemical agent i.e. acid (H3PO4 and HNO3), base (KOH and NaOH) and chloride (ZnCl2 and FeCl2) on the porous properties of the resulting activated carbons. The dry leaves prior to hydrolysis were also used for comparison. The experiment was conducted as an activator to a biomass impregnation ratio of 1:2 for 1 h, followed by carbonization at 500 °C for 1 h. The raw materials and activated carbons were analysed using proximate analysis and the porous properties by using nitrogen adsorptiondesorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). According to proximate analysis, fixed carbon contents of 9.27 and 16.25 dry wt% were found for the hydrolyzed material and dry leaves, respectively. This indicated that both materials served as good precursors to produce carbons. The results of porous properties show that the maximum surface area of 456 m2/g was produced using ZnCl2 activation. The prepared carbons from hydrolyzed leaves had surface areas comparable with carbons prepared from dry leaves for ZnCl2, H3PO4, HNO3 and NaOH activation. However, activation of hydrolyzed leaves with FeCl2 and KOH gave activated carbons with a lower surface area than dry leaves. Moreover, Dipterocarpus alatus leaf activated carbons had a higher surface area than several other literature examples of activated carbons. Therefore, hydrolyzed Dipterocarpus alatus leaves are a good precursor for the preparation of economical activated carbon.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88927460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pattaraporn Suttaphakdee, Sutasinee Neramittagapong, S. Theerakulpisut, Arthit Neramittagapong, Tinnakorn Kumsaen
A simple method for synthesizing tannin foam (TF) from tannin resole (TR) was studied. Tannin was used as a substitute for phenol with a 10 wt% substitution ratio to form TR. The mixture of TR was dehydrated to get the TR with a solid content of 80% using a hot air oven. The dehydrated TR was used as an essential component for the formation of the TF. The functional groups, density, and compressive strength of the synthesized TF were tested by using an FTIR, ASTM D1622, and ASTM D1621, respectively. From the FTIR spectra, it was found that functional groups of TF were similar to phenol foam (PF). The addition of tannin increased the density and compressive strength of the TF. The density of tannin foam was 90.92 kg/m3, and the compressive strength of tannin foam was 0.25 MPa. Using tannin resole to make synthesized tannin foam proved to be a simpler method in dehydrating resole by hot air oven as compared with the conventional method. Moreover, the thermal performance of the TF was performed, and it was found that the TF showed a similar thermal performance to the PF.
{"title":"Synthesized Tannin Foam from Tannin Resole Dehydrated by Hot Air Oven","authors":"Pattaraporn Suttaphakdee, Sutasinee Neramittagapong, S. Theerakulpisut, Arthit Neramittagapong, Tinnakorn Kumsaen","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.225","url":null,"abstract":"A simple method for synthesizing tannin foam (TF) from tannin resole (TR) was studied. Tannin was used as a substitute for phenol with a 10 wt% substitution ratio to form TR. The mixture of TR was dehydrated to get the TR with a solid content of 80% using a hot air oven. The dehydrated TR was used as an essential component for the formation of the TF. The functional groups, density, and compressive strength of the synthesized TF were tested by using an FTIR, ASTM D1622, and ASTM D1621, respectively. From the FTIR spectra, it was found that functional groups of TF were similar to phenol foam (PF). The addition of tannin increased the density and compressive strength of the TF. The density of tannin foam was 90.92 kg/m3, and the compressive strength of tannin foam was 0.25 MPa. Using tannin resole to make synthesized tannin foam proved to be a simpler method in dehydrating resole by hot air oven as compared with the conventional method. Moreover, the thermal performance of the TF was performed, and it was found that the TF showed a similar thermal performance to the PF.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79147561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, the growth rate distribution of SiO2 solid film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) under a reduced pressure of 25,000 Pa has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The activation energy of the apparent surface reaction taking no particle formation into consideration was 335 kJ/mol. For all experimental conditions, the experimental results for the growth rate of CVD could be reproduced by the calculation ones before the maximum growth rate when mass transfer could be controlled by the apparent surface reaction. On the other hand, the calculation results for the growth rate of CVD disagreed to some extent with the experimental results after the maximum growth rate when mass transfer could be controlled by diffusion. By the observation of SEM images, the mass transfer in this CVD could include not only surface reaction but also particle formation. It was also suggested that the diffusion coefficient could become the apparent diffusion coefficient with the effect of particle formation. In future work, according to the estimation of the particle formation rate by using a membrane filter, the growth rate distribution could be reproduced by numerical calculation with not only surface reaction but also particle formation.
{"title":"Dependence of Oxygen Concentration and Temperature on the Growth Rate Distribution of SiO2 Solid Film by Chemical Vapor Deposition in the Hexamethyldisiloxane-oxygen System","authors":"Misaki Honda, Yuto Yamasaki, K. Tanoue","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.186","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the growth rate distribution of SiO2 solid film by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) under a reduced pressure of 25,000 Pa has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The activation energy of the apparent surface reaction taking no particle formation into consideration was 335 kJ/mol. For all experimental conditions, the experimental results for the growth rate of CVD could be reproduced by the calculation ones before the maximum growth rate when mass transfer could be controlled by the apparent surface reaction. On the other hand, the calculation results for the growth rate of CVD disagreed to some extent with the experimental results after the maximum growth rate when mass transfer could be controlled by diffusion. By the observation of SEM images, the mass transfer in this CVD could include not only surface reaction but also particle formation. It was also suggested that the diffusion coefficient could become the apparent diffusion coefficient with the effect of particle formation. In future work, according to the estimation of the particle formation rate by using a membrane filter, the growth rate distribution could be reproduced by numerical calculation with not only surface reaction but also particle formation.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83601882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ryoma Sato, Takashi Kadoma, Yusuke Fujimoto, Naoaki Ogata, K. Yabuuchi, Y. Ninomiya, M. Horio
Clinker formation was a serious problem that prevented continuous operation of more than a week in cocurrent up-flowing moving bed gasifiers operated for pellets from Japanese cedar. In this work we investigated the clinker formation characteristics in gasifiers of this particular type by analyzing the pellets fed to and the clinker samples collected from gasifiers of the Oobae-Kuroshio Power Plant. We found that the major compounds of the clinkers were lime, CaCO3, K2CO3, KAlO2, and Larnite, and identified that they were formed with the CaCO3-K2CO3 melt as an adhesive. The pellet ash had a deformation temperature (DT) of over 1300 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere, but around 770 °C in a reducing atmosphere (CO 60%-CO2 40%). In the gasification atmosphere with high CO2 partial pressure, a melt consisting of CaCO3-K2CO3 is supposed to form from 735 °C due to eutectic of the CaCO3-K2CO3 system, which should be the main cause of clinker formation. Furthermore, we observed a trace of foaming with gas bubbles in low viscosity melts on the ash samples. On the other hand, we found that the DT of ash from pellets commercially available in Germany measured in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres was above 1200 °C showing no foaming phenomenon in reducing atmospheres of 750800 °C, indicating completely different ash formation characteristics from Japanese cedar pellets case, which cannot be detected by conventional method assigned by ISO.
{"title":"Clinker Formation Behavior in a Co-current Up-flowing Moving Bed Gasifier Fueled with Japanese Cedar Pellets","authors":"Ryoma Sato, Takashi Kadoma, Yusuke Fujimoto, Naoaki Ogata, K. Yabuuchi, Y. Ninomiya, M. Horio","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.236","url":null,"abstract":"Clinker formation was a serious problem that prevented continuous operation of more than a week in cocurrent up-flowing moving bed gasifiers operated for pellets from Japanese cedar. In this work we investigated the clinker formation characteristics in gasifiers of this particular type by analyzing the pellets fed to and the clinker samples collected from gasifiers of the Oobae-Kuroshio Power Plant. We found that the major compounds of the clinkers were lime, CaCO3, K2CO3, KAlO2, and Larnite, and identified that they were formed with the CaCO3-K2CO3 melt as an adhesive. The pellet ash had a deformation temperature (DT) of over 1300 °C in an oxidizing atmosphere, but around 770 °C in a reducing atmosphere (CO 60%-CO2 40%). In the gasification atmosphere with high CO2 partial pressure, a melt consisting of CaCO3-K2CO3 is supposed to form from 735 °C due to eutectic of the CaCO3-K2CO3 system, which should be the main cause of clinker formation. Furthermore, we observed a trace of foaming with gas bubbles in low viscosity melts on the ash samples. On the other hand, we found that the DT of ash from pellets commercially available in Germany measured in both oxidizing and reducing atmospheres was above 1200 °C showing no foaming phenomenon in reducing atmospheres of 750800 °C, indicating completely different ash formation characteristics from Japanese cedar pellets case, which cannot be detected by conventional method assigned by ISO.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77657005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research studied dehydration of sorbitol in aqueous solution to isosorbide over heterogeneous catalysts (Amberlyst-15, Purolite CT269, and H-beta) and a homogeneous catalyst (sulfuric acid). The dehydration of sorbitol was carried out in a high-pressure reactor under a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a fixed initial pressure of 2 MPa. It was found that the Purolite CT269 catalyst gave the highest sorbitol conversion of 100% and an isosorbide selectivity of 42% after 6 h at 453 K. The results showed that an increase in the reaction temperature gave rise to sorbitol conversion. However, the solid compound was formed during the reaction at high temperature by polymerization of the product. The high acidity could catalyze the dehydration process; however, strong acid such as sulfuric acid gave low selectivity to isosorbide. Thus, the acidity of the catalyst plays a vital role in catalytic performance for the sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide.
{"title":"Catalytic Performance of Acid Catalysts for Sorbitol Dehydration to Isosorbide","authors":"Medta Boupan, Porntheera Wongpakham, Onpreeya Sabangban, Arthit Neramittagapong, S. Theerakulpisut, Sutasinee Neramittagapong","doi":"10.3775/jie.100.206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3775/jie.100.206","url":null,"abstract":"This research studied dehydration of sorbitol in aqueous solution to isosorbide over heterogeneous catalysts (Amberlyst-15, Purolite CT269, and H-beta) and a homogeneous catalyst (sulfuric acid). The dehydration of sorbitol was carried out in a high-pressure reactor under a nitrogen gas atmosphere at a fixed initial pressure of 2 MPa. It was found that the Purolite CT269 catalyst gave the highest sorbitol conversion of 100% and an isosorbide selectivity of 42% after 6 h at 453 K. The results showed that an increase in the reaction temperature gave rise to sorbitol conversion. However, the solid compound was formed during the reaction at high temperature by polymerization of the product. The high acidity could catalyze the dehydration process; however, strong acid such as sulfuric acid gave low selectivity to isosorbide. Thus, the acidity of the catalyst plays a vital role in catalytic performance for the sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide.","PeriodicalId":17318,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Institute of Energy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83911624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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