English Abstract. This study lists the amphibian and reptile species of Kibale National Park, Uganda, and discusses the natural history and biogeography of this unique herpetofauna. This herpetofaunal inventory was compiled based upon literature records and collections made during 17 mo fieldwork between 1995 and 1997, and includes 28 anuran, 15 lizard, and 32 snake species. Faunal comparisons with seven other tropical African forests show a high degree similarity between the Kibale herpetofauna and those of central and West Africa.
{"title":"Natural history and biogeography of the amphibians and reptiles of Kibale National Park, Uganda","authors":"J. Vonesh","doi":"10.17161/CH.VI1.11958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/CH.VI1.11958","url":null,"abstract":"English Abstract. This study lists the amphibian and reptile species of Kibale National Park, Uganda, and discusses the natural history and biogeography of this unique herpetofauna. This herpetofaunal inventory was compiled based upon literature records and collections made during 17 mo fieldwork between 1995 and 1997, and includes 28 anuran, 15 lizard, and 32 snake species. Faunal comparisons with seven other tropical African forests show a high degree similarity between the Kibale herpetofauna and those of central and West Africa.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128960753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We review the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use in lizards. Different habitats have different biotic and abiotic properties and thus are likely to have different consequences for the lizards that occur in them. Individual performance and life histories are influenced by habitat use, particularly when habitats differ in thermal characteristics that may influence physiological processes or constrain activity. We know relatively little about how the effects of habitat use on individual performance translate into population dynamics. We do know that the ability of lizards to use particular habitats can influence the persistence of populations in the face of habitat changes. Community-level processes (e.g., competition) and community structure (e.g., diversity) can be influenced by habitat use in lizards, often by habitat use facilitating co-existence of two or more potentially competing species. We know relatively little about how other community processes, such as predation and parasitism, are influenced by habitat use. Why do animals occur where they do? Beyond the basic requirement that an individual must be able to survive, different locations or habitats may provide different conditions for an individual's existence. Thus, another question arises: What are the consequences of the choice of habitat or microhabitat on the biology and ecology of the organism being considered? From an ecological point of view, habitat selection can influence physiological processes (Huey, 1991), population dynamics (Holt, 1987; Pulliam and Danielson, 1991), and community level processes (Morris, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1991). Lizards are an excellent group of organisms with which to examine the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use. First, there is a relatively long history of studying habitat and microhabitat use in lizards, at least qualitatively (reviewed by Heatwole, 1977). Second, lizard ecology and physiology is well studied, at least for some species (see papers in Milstead, 1967; Gans and Pough, 1982a,b; Huey et al., 1983; Gans and Huey, 1988; Vitt and Pianka, 1994). Finally, recent studies have begun to examine the relationship between lizards and their environments in greater detail (see below) and provide a means to assess the role of habitat and microhabitat use in a lizard’s ecology. There is also a practical reason for looking at the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use in lizards, and that is the on-going alterations of the environment by humans. We need to understand the role of habitat and microhabitat use in lizard ecology to be able to assess the potential impacts of such environmental changes and to suggest possible conservation measures. Before we begin our review of habitat use in lizards, it is necessary for us to define what we mean by "habitat". Habitat can mean a number of things and its meaning can depend heavily on the scale one is considering (see Morris, 1987a,b, 1992 for discussions
本文综述了蜥蜴生境和微生境利用的生态后果。不同的栖息地有不同的生物和非生物特性，因此可能对蜥蜴产生不同的后果。个体表现和生活史受到生境利用的影响，特别是当生境的热特性不同时，这可能影响生理过程或限制活动。我们对栖息地使用对个体表现的影响如何转化为种群动态知之甚少。我们确实知道，蜥蜴利用特定栖息地的能力可以在栖息地变化的情况下影响种群的持久性。蜥蜴的生境利用可影响群落级过程(如竞争)和群落结构(如多样性)，通常是生境利用促进两种或两种以上潜在竞争物种共存。对于栖息地的利用如何影响捕食和寄生等其他群落过程，我们所知相对较少。为什么动物会出现在它们出没的地方?除了个体必须能够生存这一基本要求之外，不同的地点或栖息地可能为个体的生存提供不同的条件。因此，另一个问题出现了:栖息地或微栖息地的选择对所考虑的生物体的生物学和生态学有什么影响?从生态学的角度来看，生境选择可以影响生理过程(Huey, 1991)、种群动态(Holt, 1987;Pulliam和Danielson, 1991)，以及社区层面的过程(Morris, 1988;Rosenzweig, 1991)。蜥蜴是一组很好的生物，用来研究栖息地和微栖息地使用的生态后果。首先，研究蜥蜴的栖息地和微栖息地的历史相对较长，至少在定性上(由heathole, 1977年审查)。其次，蜥蜴的生态学和生理学得到了很好的研究，至少对某些物种(见Milstead, 1967;Gans and Pough, 1982a,b;Huey et al.， 1983;Gans and Huey, 1988;Vitt and Pianka, 1994)。最后，最近的研究已经开始更详细地研究蜥蜴和它们的环境之间的关系(见下文)，并提供了一种方法来评估栖息地和微栖息地在蜥蜴生态中的作用。研究蜥蜴栖息地和微栖息地的生态后果还有一个实际的原因，那就是人类对环境的持续改变。我们需要了解栖息地和微栖息地在蜥蜴生态学中的作用，以便能够评估这种环境变化的潜在影响，并提出可能的保护措施。在我们开始回顾蜥蜴对栖息地的利用之前，我们有必要定义一下“栖息地”的含义。生境可以意味着许多事情，它的意义可以在很大程度上取决于一个人正在考虑的规模(见莫里斯，1987a,b, 1992关于规模和生境利用的相互作用的讨论)。在本审查的大部分内容中，生境在更广泛的意义上被使用，包括个体出现的一般类型的区域(例如，林地或沙漠)。然而，在某些情况下，我们使用生境和微生境同义词来表示个体发生的实际基质或栖息点。我们认为，在这两种情况下，我们对栖息地的使用都是合适的，因为我们相信，任何规模的栖息地(或微栖息地)使用对特定物种的一般后果都是一样的(即，个体或种群要想成功，必须满足某些要求)。生境和微生境使用的后果生活在特定生境的后果可以表现在几个层面上，从对个人的影响到对整个社区的影响。下面我们将讨论不同生境对(1)个体、(2)种群和(3)群落的影响。
{"title":"THE ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF HABITAT AND MICROHABITAT USE IN LIZARDS:: A REVIEW","authors":"Geoffrey R. Smith, R. E. Ballinger","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11957","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11957","url":null,"abstract":"We review the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use in lizards. Different habitats have different biotic and abiotic properties and thus are likely to have different consequences for the lizards that occur in them. Individual performance and life histories are influenced by habitat use, particularly when habitats differ in thermal characteristics that may influence physiological processes or constrain activity. We know relatively little about how the effects of habitat use on individual performance translate into population dynamics. We do know that the ability of lizards to use particular habitats can influence the persistence of populations in the face of habitat changes. Community-level processes (e.g., competition) and community structure (e.g., diversity) can be influenced by habitat use in lizards, often by habitat use facilitating co-existence of two or more potentially competing species. We know relatively little about how other community processes, such as predation and parasitism, are influenced by habitat use. Why do animals occur where they do? Beyond the basic requirement that an individual must be able to survive, different locations or habitats may provide different conditions for an individual's existence. Thus, another question arises: What are the consequences of the choice of habitat or microhabitat on the biology and ecology of the organism being considered? From an ecological point of view, habitat selection can influence physiological processes (Huey, 1991), population dynamics (Holt, 1987; Pulliam and Danielson, 1991), and community level processes (Morris, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1991). Lizards are an excellent group of organisms with which to examine the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use. First, there is a relatively long history of studying habitat and microhabitat use in lizards, at least qualitatively (reviewed by Heatwole, 1977). Second, lizard ecology and physiology is well studied, at least for some species (see papers in Milstead, 1967; Gans and Pough, 1982a,b; Huey et al., 1983; Gans and Huey, 1988; Vitt and Pianka, 1994). Finally, recent studies have begun to examine the relationship between lizards and their environments in greater detail (see below) and provide a means to assess the role of habitat and microhabitat use in a lizard’s ecology. There is also a practical reason for looking at the ecological consequences of habitat and microhabitat use in lizards, and that is the on-going alterations of the environment by humans. We need to understand the role of habitat and microhabitat use in lizard ecology to be able to assess the potential impacts of such environmental changes and to suggest possible conservation measures. Before we begin our review of habitat use in lizards, it is necessary for us to define what we mean by \"habitat\". Habitat can mean a number of things and its meaning can depend heavily on the scale one is considering (see Morris, 1987a,b, 1992 for discussions ","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115204608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The crocodile or spiny skinks, Tribolonotus, comprise eight secretive semi-fossorial lizards, which are generally found under vegetation in the immediate vicinity of water (Greer and Parker, 1968; O'Shea, 1991, 1994; Rogner, 1997). Tribolonotus gracilis (Figure 1) and Tribolonotus novaeguineae are restricted to New Guinea, while the remaining six species range throughout Indonesia, Manus, New Britain, Bougainville, and the Solomon Islands (McCoy, 1980; O'Shea, 1991, 1994). Because scant life history information is available for the genus Tribolonotus, the purpose of the present contribution is to document the vocalization and parental care of T. gracilis.
{"title":"VOCALIZATION OF THE CROCODILE SKINK, TRIBOLONOTUS GRACILIS (DE ROOY, 1909), AND EVIDENCE OF PARENTAL CARE.","authors":"Ruston W. Hartdegen, M. Russell, Bruce Young","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11956","url":null,"abstract":"The crocodile or spiny skinks, Tribolonotus, comprise eight secretive semi-fossorial lizards, which are generally found under vegetation in the immediate vicinity of water (Greer and Parker, 1968; O'Shea, 1991, 1994; Rogner, 1997). Tribolonotus gracilis (Figure 1) and Tribolonotus novaeguineae are restricted to New Guinea, while the remaining six species range throughout Indonesia, Manus, New Britain, Bougainville, and the Solomon Islands (McCoy, 1980; O'Shea, 1991, 1994). Because scant life history information is available for the genus Tribolonotus, the purpose of the present contribution is to document the vocalization and parental care of T. gracilis.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"158 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126903124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sonya E. Nelson, B. Banbury, R. A. Sosa, R. Powell, J. Parmerlee
We examined diet, habitat use, and behavior (focal animal observations of intraspecific interactions, escape behavior, and activity period) of Leiocephalus semilineatus from near Puerto Alejandro, Provincia de Barahona, República Dominicana, and compared some parameters to similar data collected at a site near Baní, Provincia de Peravia. Leiocephalus semilineatus is found in sympatry in dry scrub forests at both sites with Ameiva lineolata, an active-foraging teiid of approximately the same size, and at the Puerto Alejandro site with a larger congener, L. schreibersii. Leiocephalus semilineatus and L. schreibersii from Puerto Alejandro exhibited sexual size dimorphism, whereas L. semilineatus from the Baní site and A. lineolata did not. Leiocephalus semilineatus spent most of the time motionless; other observed activities were interactions with conspecifics, movement, and feeding. Lizards were active from shortly after sunrise to sundown, although activity peaked in late morning. Mean cloacal temperatures of L. semilineatus did not differ significantly from those of the other two species, but were significantly above ambient temperatures. Reproductive condition of collected specimens was examined and no correlation was found between snout-vent length and egg, follicle, or testis size. Clutch size was 1–2. Diets consisted primarily of invertebrates and did not differ significantly between the three species. Members of the iguanian lizard genus Leiocephalus are ground-dwelling, sit-and-wait foragers endemic to the West Indies (Pregill, 1992). Ten of the 23 currently recognized species are found on Hispañiola (Powell et al., 1996). Leiocephalus semilineatus (Figure 1), a Hispañiolan endemic, inhabits dry lowland habitats in the Culde-Sac Plain in Haiti and the Valle de Neiba and the Llanos de Azua in the República Dominicana, but may be absent from the eastern Valle de Neiba. This species has been found in dry and spiny scrub forest, open rocky terrain, along arroyos, and around garbage dumps. It is found primarily on the ground, usually perched on rocks, but sometimes in vegetation including dead agaves and small shrubs. Several members of the genus Leiocephalus have been subjects of natural history studies, including Leiocephalus carinatus (Schoener et al., 1982), L. psammodromus (Smith, 1992, 1994, 1995; Smith and Iverson, 1993), L. schreibersii (Schreiber et al., 1993), and L. barahonensis (Micco et al., 1997), but little is known about the basic biology of L. semilineatus. Schwartz and Henderson (1991) described L. semilineatus as a xerophile associated with gravelly or rocky areas. In at least some parts of its range, Leiocephalus semilineatus is found in sympatry with the teiid Ameiva lineolata, an active forager of approximately the same body size, and with its larger congener, L. schreibersii. Because these areas of sympatry are ideal for studying niche partitioning, we examined aspects of the natural history of L. semilineatus and compared
我们研究了在República多米尼加省巴拉霍纳省Puerto Alejandro附近发现的半尾leocephalus semilineatus的饮食、栖息地利用和行为(种内相互作用、逃跑行为和活动时间的焦点动物观察)，并将一些参数与Baní省Peravia附近的类似数据进行了比较。在这两个地点的干灌木林中，都发现了半细头藓属(Leiocephalus semilineatus)与美洲美洲藓属(Ameiva lineolata)(一种大小大致相同的活跃觅食昆虫)，以及在亚历杭德罗港(Puerto Alejandro)遗址与一种更大的同系物(L. schreibersii)共生。来自Puerto Alejandro的Leiocephalus semilineatus和L. schreibersii表现出性别大小二态性，而来自Baní站点的L. semiilineatus和A. lineolata则没有性别大小二态性。半平头龙大部分时间静止不动;其他观察到的活动包括与同种生物的相互作用、运动和进食。蜥蜴从日出后不久到日落都很活跃，尽管活动在上午晚些时候达到顶峰。半线菇的粪腔平均温度与其他两种差异不显著，但显著高于环境温度。对所收集标本的生殖状况进行了检查，发现口鼻长度与卵、卵泡或睾丸大小之间没有相关性。离合器尺寸为1-2。饮食主要由无脊椎动物组成，三个物种之间没有显着差异。雷头蜥属鬣蜥是西印度群岛特有的地栖、坐等觅食动物(Pregill, 1992)。目前确认的23种中有10种是在Hispañiola上发现的(Powell et al.， 1996)。半盲头蝇(图1)是Hispañiolan特有的一种，栖息于海地Culde-Sac平原和República多米尼加的内巴谷和阿祖阿州的干旱低地栖息地，但可能不在东部的内巴谷。这个物种被发现在干燥和多刺的灌丛森林，开阔的岩石地形，沿着阿罗约和垃圾场周围。它主要栖息在地面上，通常栖息在岩石上，但有时也栖息在植被中，包括枯死的龙舌兰和小灌木。Leiocephalus属的一些成员已成为自然史研究的对象，包括Leiocephalus carinatus (Schoener et al.， 1982)， L. psammodromus (Smith, 1992,1994,1995;Smith and Iverson, 1993)， L. schreibersii (Schreiber et al.， 1993)和L. barahonensis (Micco et al.， 1997)，但对L. semiineatus的基本生物学知之甚少。Schwartz和Henderson(1991)将L. semilineatus描述为与砾石或岩石地区相关的嗜干植物。至少在其活动范围的某些部分，半细头蛛与体型大致相同的活跃觅食者美洲蛛(Ameiva lineolata)及其较大的同系物施莱伯氏蛛(L. schreibersii)是共生的。由于这些同域区域是研究生态位划分的理想场所，我们研究了半直线L.的自然历史，并将其与同域L. schreibersii和A. lineolata的自然历史进行了比较，以评估个体大小和觅食模式对潜在竞争相互作用的影响程度。
{"title":"NATURAL HISTORY OF LEIOCEPHALUS SEMILINEATUS IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYMPATRIC LEIOCEPHALUS SCHREIBERSII AND AMEIVA LINEOLATA","authors":"Sonya E. Nelson, B. Banbury, R. A. Sosa, R. Powell, J. Parmerlee","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11955","url":null,"abstract":"We examined diet, habitat use, and behavior (focal animal observations of intraspecific interactions, escape behavior, and activity period) of Leiocephalus semilineatus from near Puerto Alejandro, Provincia de Barahona, República Dominicana, and compared some parameters to similar data collected at a site near Baní, Provincia de Peravia. Leiocephalus semilineatus is found in sympatry in dry scrub forests at both sites with Ameiva lineolata, an active-foraging teiid of approximately the same size, and at the Puerto Alejandro site with a larger congener, L. schreibersii. Leiocephalus semilineatus and L. schreibersii from Puerto Alejandro exhibited sexual size dimorphism, whereas L. semilineatus from the Baní site and A. lineolata did not. Leiocephalus semilineatus spent most of the time motionless; other observed activities were interactions with conspecifics, movement, and feeding. Lizards were active from shortly after sunrise to sundown, although activity peaked in late morning. Mean cloacal temperatures of L. semilineatus did not differ significantly from those of the other two species, but were significantly above ambient temperatures. Reproductive condition of collected specimens was examined and no correlation was found between snout-vent length and egg, follicle, or testis size. Clutch size was 1–2. Diets consisted primarily of invertebrates and did not differ significantly between the three species. Members of the iguanian lizard genus Leiocephalus are ground-dwelling, sit-and-wait foragers endemic to the West Indies (Pregill, 1992). Ten of the 23 currently recognized species are found on Hispañiola (Powell et al., 1996). Leiocephalus semilineatus (Figure 1), a Hispañiolan endemic, inhabits dry lowland habitats in the Culde-Sac Plain in Haiti and the Valle de Neiba and the Llanos de Azua in the República Dominicana, but may be absent from the eastern Valle de Neiba. This species has been found in dry and spiny scrub forest, open rocky terrain, along arroyos, and around garbage dumps. It is found primarily on the ground, usually perched on rocks, but sometimes in vegetation including dead agaves and small shrubs. Several members of the genus Leiocephalus have been subjects of natural history studies, including Leiocephalus carinatus (Schoener et al., 1982), L. psammodromus (Smith, 1992, 1994, 1995; Smith and Iverson, 1993), L. schreibersii (Schreiber et al., 1993), and L. barahonensis (Micco et al., 1997), but little is known about the basic biology of L. semilineatus. Schwartz and Henderson (1991) described L. semilineatus as a xerophile associated with gravelly or rocky areas. In at least some parts of its range, Leiocephalus semilineatus is found in sympatry with the teiid Ameiva lineolata, an active forager of approximately the same body size, and with its larger congener, L. schreibersii. Because these areas of sympatry are ideal for studying niche partitioning, we examined aspects of the natural history of L. semilineatus and compared","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133252831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Blouin‐Demers, C. Shilton, C. Parent, Gregory P. Brown
Different snake species respond differently to various anesthetic agents. Hence, an anesthetic procedure developed for one species cannot necessarily be safely transferred to another species. The goal of this paper is to summarize our experience using inhalant anesthetics on three snake species, including both procedures that were successful and those we found to be less satisfactory. We found isoflurane delivered with a precision vaporizer to be the best agent to anesthetize black rat snakes (Elaphe o. obsoleta). Sex and mass did not seem to affect induction times in black rat snakes, but larger female rat snakes recovered faster from anesthesia than smaller females. Halothane delivered in the open method provided consistent anesthesia in northern water snakes (Nerodia s. sipedon), although it caused some mortality and should not be used on debilitated patients. Halothane delivered with a precision vaporizer may be used to anesthetize eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus c. catenatus). However, care must be taken to prevent mortality resulting from anesthetic overdose. Sex and mass had no effect on induction and recovery times in the rattlesnakes, but stressed animals require longer induction and recovery times.
不同种类的蛇对各种麻醉剂的反应不同。因此，为一个物种开发的麻醉程序不一定能安全地转移到另一个物种。本文的目的是总结我们在三种蛇身上使用吸入麻醉剂的经验，包括成功的和不太令人满意的两种方法。我们发现用精密汽化器输送的异氟烷是麻醉黑鼠蛇的最佳药剂(Elaphe o. obsoleta)。性别和质量似乎不影响黑鼠蛇的诱导时间，但较大的雌性鼠蛇比较小的雌性鼠蛇从麻醉中恢复得更快。氟烷以开放的方式在北方水蛇(Nerodia s. sipedon)中提供了一致的麻醉，尽管它会造成一些死亡率，不应该用于虚弱的病人。与精密汽化器一起输送的氟烷可用于麻醉东部马萨索加响尾蛇(Sistrurus c. catenatus)。然而，必须注意防止因麻醉过量而导致的死亡。性别和质量对响尾蛇的诱导和恢复时间没有影响，但应激动物需要更长的诱导和恢复时间。
{"title":"USE OF INHALANT ANESTHETICS IN THREE SNAKE SPECIES","authors":"G. Blouin‐Demers, C. Shilton, C. Parent, Gregory P. Brown","doi":"10.17161/CH.VI1.11963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/CH.VI1.11963","url":null,"abstract":"Different snake species respond differently to various anesthetic agents. Hence, an anesthetic procedure developed for one species cannot necessarily be safely transferred to another species. The goal of this paper is to summarize our experience using inhalant anesthetics on three snake species, including both procedures that were successful and those we found to be less satisfactory. We found isoflurane delivered with a precision vaporizer to be the best agent to anesthetize black rat snakes (Elaphe o. obsoleta). Sex and mass did not seem to affect induction times in black rat snakes, but larger female rat snakes recovered faster from anesthesia than smaller females. Halothane delivered in the open method provided consistent anesthesia in northern water snakes (Nerodia s. sipedon), although it caused some mortality and should not be used on debilitated patients. Halothane delivered with a precision vaporizer may be used to anesthetize eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus c. catenatus). However, care must be taken to prevent mortality resulting from anesthetic overdose. Sex and mass had no effect on induction and recovery times in the rattlesnakes, but stressed animals require longer induction and recovery times.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122146980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Freeze-dried parotoid gland secretions from toads of the genus Bufo contained large proportions of protein (25-35% by weight). SDS-PAGE suggested that secretions from several species of Bufo contained mixtures of proteins in the relative molecular mass range of approximately 12 - 200 kDa, which exhibited markedly different banding patterns from species to species. These proteins were presumably not discovered before because the previous extraction procedures used with these secretions were designed to examine low molecular mass compounds and would denature the proteins. SDS-PAGE of secretions from B. mauritanicus and B. calamita are shown here. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of one of the bands (approx. 58 kDa) of B. mauritanicus was found to be LPIPAFPGLDHGF and of a B. calamita band (30.5 kDa) was VQVFGLQKEA. No significant similarities to these two sequences and to three separate but partial N-terminal sequences obtained from these species were found in genetic databases.
{"title":"Proteins of parotoid gland secretions from toads of the genus Bufo","authors":"D. Perry","doi":"10.17161/CH.VI1.11962","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/CH.VI1.11962","url":null,"abstract":"Freeze-dried parotoid gland secretions from toads of the genus Bufo contained large proportions of protein (25-35% by weight). SDS-PAGE suggested that secretions from several species of Bufo contained mixtures of proteins in the relative molecular mass range of approximately 12 - 200 kDa, which exhibited markedly different banding patterns from species to species. These proteins were presumably not discovered before because the previous extraction procedures used with these secretions were designed to examine low molecular mass compounds and would denature the proteins. SDS-PAGE of secretions from B. mauritanicus and B. calamita are shown here. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of one of the bands (approx. 58 kDa) of B. mauritanicus was found to be LPIPAFPGLDHGF and of a B. calamita band (30.5 kDa) was VQVFGLQKEA. No significant similarities to these two sequences and to three separate but partial N-terminal sequences obtained from these species were found in genetic databases.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114173247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhacophoridae was conducted by Liem (1970) scoring 81 species for 36 morphological characters. Channing (1989), in a reanalysis of Liem’s study, produced a phylogenetic hypothesis different from that of Liem. We compared the two studies and produced a third phylogenetic hypothesis based on the same characters. We also present the synapomorphic characters from Liem that define the major clades and each genus within the family. Finally, we summarize intergeneric relationships within the family as hypothesized by other studies, and the family’s current status as it relates to other ranoid families. The family Rhacophoridae is comprised of over 200 species of Asian and African tree frogs that have been categorized into 10 genera and two subfamilies (Buergerinae and Rhacophorinae; Duellman, 1993). Buergerinae is a monotypic category that accommodates the relatively small genus Buergeria. The remaining genera, Aglyptodactylus, Boophis, Chirixalus, Chiromantis, Nyctixalus, Philautus, Polyp edates, Rhacophorus, and Theloderma, comprise Rhacophorinae (Channing, 1989). The family is part of the neobatrachian clade Ranoidea, which also includes the families Ranidae, Hyperoliidae, Dendrobatidae, Arthroleptidae, the genus Hemisus, and possibly the family Microhylidae. The Ranoidea clade is distinguished from other neobatrachians by the synapomorphic characters of completely fused epicoracoid cartilages, the medial end of the coracoid being wider than the lateral end, and the insertion of the semitendinosus tendon being dorsal to the m. (musculus) gracilis (Ford and Cannatella, 1993). Liem (1970) analyzed the family Rhacophoridae along with some representatives of the family Hyperoliidae to revise the systematics and possibly construct a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among these families' genera. Based on this study, distinguishing characteristics of Rhacophoridae have been proposed as being: the fusion of carpals and tarsals; only one slip of the m. extensor digitorum communis longus inserting on the distal portion of the fourth metatarsal; the outermost slip of the m. palmaris longus inserting on the proximolateral rim of the aponeurosis palmaris; the frontoparietal being trapezoidal; the terminal phalanx being bifurcate; and the presence of intercalary elements (if hyperoliids are not sister to rhacophorids, otherwise they share this characteristic; Channing, 1989; Ford and Cannatella, 1993). Channing (1989), in a reanalysis of Liem's study and based on his set of characters, produced a cladogram in some respects similar to, but in many others different from Liem’s preferred tree (Liem, 1970; Figure 1). The similarities are that the Malagasy rhacophorid genera and the genus Buergeria have basal positions, and Aglyptodactylus is sister to Mantidactylus. But, none of the remaining sister group relationships are common between the two topologies (e.g., Nyctixalus is sister to Theloderma in
{"title":"CHARACTER ASSESSMENT, GENUS LEVEL BOUNDARIES, AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES OF THE FAMILY RHACOPHORIDAE:: A REVIEW AND PRESENT DAY STATUS","authors":"J. A. Wilkinson, R. Drewes","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11961","url":null,"abstract":"The first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the family Rhacophoridae was conducted by Liem (1970) scoring 81 species for 36 morphological characters. Channing (1989), in a reanalysis of Liem’s study, produced a phylogenetic hypothesis different from that of Liem. We compared the two studies and produced a third phylogenetic hypothesis based on the same characters. We also present the synapomorphic characters from Liem that define the major clades and each genus within the family. Finally, we summarize intergeneric relationships within the family as hypothesized by other studies, and the family’s current status as it relates to other ranoid families. The family Rhacophoridae is comprised of over 200 species of Asian and African tree frogs that have been categorized into 10 genera and two subfamilies (Buergerinae and Rhacophorinae; Duellman, 1993). Buergerinae is a monotypic category that accommodates the relatively small genus Buergeria. The remaining genera, Aglyptodactylus, Boophis, Chirixalus, Chiromantis, Nyctixalus, Philautus, Polyp edates, Rhacophorus, and Theloderma, comprise Rhacophorinae (Channing, 1989). The family is part of the neobatrachian clade Ranoidea, which also includes the families Ranidae, Hyperoliidae, Dendrobatidae, Arthroleptidae, the genus Hemisus, and possibly the family Microhylidae. The Ranoidea clade is distinguished from other neobatrachians by the synapomorphic characters of completely fused epicoracoid cartilages, the medial end of the coracoid being wider than the lateral end, and the insertion of the semitendinosus tendon being dorsal to the m. (musculus) gracilis (Ford and Cannatella, 1993). Liem (1970) analyzed the family Rhacophoridae along with some representatives of the family Hyperoliidae to revise the systematics and possibly construct a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among these families' genera. Based on this study, distinguishing characteristics of Rhacophoridae have been proposed as being: the fusion of carpals and tarsals; only one slip of the m. extensor digitorum communis longus inserting on the distal portion of the fourth metatarsal; the outermost slip of the m. palmaris longus inserting on the proximolateral rim of the aponeurosis palmaris; the frontoparietal being trapezoidal; the terminal phalanx being bifurcate; and the presence of intercalary elements (if hyperoliids are not sister to rhacophorids, otherwise they share this characteristic; Channing, 1989; Ford and Cannatella, 1993). Channing (1989), in a reanalysis of Liem's study and based on his set of characters, produced a cladogram in some respects similar to, but in many others different from Liem’s preferred tree (Liem, 1970; Figure 1). The similarities are that the Malagasy rhacophorid genera and the genus Buergeria have basal positions, and Aglyptodactylus is sister to Mantidactylus. But, none of the remaining sister group relationships are common between the two topologies (e.g., Nyctixalus is sister to Theloderma in ","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"125 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114410649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Body temperatures and thermoregulatory behavior of fieldactive Holbrookia maculata were evaluated for two sites at approximately equal elevation (approximately1200 m) in southern New Mexico: 1) a population at White Sands National Monument, and 2) a population at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. H. maculata at WS had significantly lower body temperatures (mean = 36.3°C) than those measured at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site (mean = 39.5°C). The slope of a regression of body temperature on air temperature was significantly different between populations (White Sands National Monument; 0.65, the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site; 0.36). The microhabitats in which individuals were first observed correlated with body temperatures at White Sands National Monument, but not at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. These data suggest that environmental temperature differences between sites influenced body temperatures and thermoregulation in behavior H. maculata.
{"title":"VARIATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE AND THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TWO POPULATIONS OF THE LESSER EARLESS LIZARD, HOLBROOKIA MACULATA","authors":"S. Hager","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11960","url":null,"abstract":"Body temperatures and thermoregulatory behavior of fieldactive Holbrookia maculata were evaluated for two sites at approximately equal elevation (approximately1200 m) in southern New Mexico: 1) a population at White Sands National Monument, and 2) a population at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. H. maculata at WS had significantly lower body temperatures (mean = 36.3°C) than those measured at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site (mean = 39.5°C). The slope of a regression of body temperature on air temperature was significantly different between populations (White Sands National Monument; 0.65, the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site; 0.36). The microhabitats in which individuals were first observed correlated with body temperatures at White Sands National Monument, but not at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. These data suggest that environmental temperature differences between sites influenced body temperatures and thermoregulation in behavior H. maculata.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129538533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The cladistic relationships of several Middle American pitvipers representing the genera Bothrops (sensu stricto), Bothriechis, Cerrophidion, Lachesis and Porthidium were determined using mitochondrial 12S and 16S DNA sequence information. Maximum parsimony analyses were performed using PAUP on aligned sequences that included published information for related taxa. Two sets of analyses were conducted: one disregarding gaps in the aligned matrix, and another with gaps treated as a fifth base. When gaps were excluded resolution declined, although the general arrangement of the taxa changed little. A consistent relationship was the grouping of ((Porthidium, Bothriechis) Lachesis). The placement of Lachesis, as nested within other bothropoid genera, is only partially supported by results of other authors. The arrangement of Crotalus, Bothrops and Cerrophidion was ambiguous when gaps were discounted. In both trees, Agkistrodon was basal to the New World forms. The remaining genera, Trimeresurus (Protobothrops), Vipera, Azemiops, and Coluber, were uniformly distant to the former taxa. Also of interest is the lack of close relationship, based on the DNA data here and elsewhere, between Bothrops and Porthidium. This is in striking contrast to results based on morphologic and allozymic analyses of previous studies. It is concluded that additional DNA sequence information from a larger sample of taxa will be necessary to better assess the phylogenetic relationships among Middle American and related pitvipers. The bothropoid pitvipers comprise a diverse and widespread assemblage of venomous snakes distributed from southern Mexico to southern Argentina. In the last decade, progress from systematic studies of pitvipers has led to descriptions of new species and the recognition of several new generic arrangements for those species formerly assigned to Bothrops (sensu lato). Detailed species accounts can be found in Campbell and Lamar (1989), whereas the most recent generic arrangement of New World pitvipers can be found in Campbell and Brodie (1992), and summarized in Campbell and Lamar (1992). The phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical pitvipers remain problematic. Although several studies using phenotypic character information (Crother et al., 1992; Werman, 1992; Gutberlet, 1998) and molecular data (Knight et al., 1992; Kraus et al., 1996; Cullings et al., 1997; Salomão et al., 1997; Vidal et al., 1997; Wüster et al., 1997) have been completed, many inconsistencies of phylogenetic inference persist (see Werman, 1998). Herein, we present a cladistic analysis of novel mitochondrial 12S and 16S DNA sequence information for some Middle American pitviper species, in conjunction with published sequences for related genera. Of primary concern is the relationship of Lachesis to the other New World pitviper genera and the relationship of Bothrops (sensu stricto) to Porthidium. Among DNA studies that include Lachesis (Kraus et al., 1996; Cullings et al., 1997; V
利用线粒体12S和16S DNA序列信息，确定了几种代表Bothrops (sensu stricto)属、Bothriechis属、Cerrophidion属、Lachesis属和Porthidium属的中美洲pitvipers的分支关系。使用PAUP对包含相关分类群已发表信息的序列进行最大简约性分析。进行了两组分析:一组不考虑对齐矩阵中的间隙，另一组将间隙视为第五基。当排除间隙时，分辨率下降，但分类群的总体排列变化不大。一致的关系是(Porthidium, Bothriechis) Lachesis)的分组。其他作者的研究结果仅部分支持Lachesis作为嵌套在其他双类人猿属中的位置。克罗塔洛斯、博斯罗普斯和Cerrophidion的排列在不考虑间隙的情况下是模糊的。在这两种树中，蝮蛇都是新世界物种的基础。其余属，Trimeresurus (Protobothrops)， Vipera, Azemiops和Coluber，与前分类群的距离一致。同样令人感兴趣的是，根据这里和其他地方的DNA数据，Bothrops和Porthidium之间缺乏密切的关系。这与以往研究中基于形态学和同酶分析的结果形成鲜明对比。结论是，从更大的分类群样本中获得额外的DNA序列信息对于更好地评估中美洲和相关pitvipers之间的系统发育关系是必要的。两拟人猿pitvipers是一种分布在墨西哥南部到阿根廷南部的毒蛇，种类繁多，分布广泛。在过去的十年里，对pitvipers的系统研究取得了进展，导致了对新物种的描述，并对那些以前属于Bothrops (sensu lato)的物种进行了几个新的属安排。在Campbell和Lamar(1989)中可以找到详细的物种描述，而在Campbell和Brodie(1992)中可以找到最新的新世界pitviper的属类排列，并在Campbell和Lamar(1992)中进行了总结。新热带pitvipers之间的系统发育关系仍然存在问题。尽管一些研究使用表型特征信息(Crother et al.， 1992;沃曼,1992;Gutberlet, 1998)和分子数据(Knight et al.， 1992;Kraus et al.， 1996;Cullings等人，1997;salom<e:1>等人，1997;Vidal et al.， 1997;w<s:1>斯特等人，1997)已经完成，许多系统发育推断的不一致仍然存在(见Werman, 1998)。在此，我们结合已发表的相关属的序列，对一些中美洲pitviper物种的新的线粒体12S和16S DNA序列信息进行了分支分析。主要关注的是Lachesis与其他新世界pitviper属的关系以及Bothrops(严格意义上的)与Porthidium的关系。在DNA研究中包括Lachesis (Kraus et al.， 1996;Cullings等人，1997;Vidal et al.， 1997)关于这一属相对于其他pitviper属的位置没有明确的一致意见。Lachesis要么是一个有点基础的谱系，要么是在其他双猿属中发现的嵌套(见Werman, 1998)。关于Bothrops和Porthidium，目前没有DNA分析将它们作为姐妹谱系放在一起。这很奇怪，因为Werman(1992)基于对表型信息的分支分析，认为它们是新世界pitvipers最近分化的一个终端分支。材料与方法以代表中美洲若干属的5种pitviper的组织样本作为DNA来源。使用标准消化(sds -蛋白酶K)和提取(苯酚-氯仿)技术从肝脏和/或骨骼肌组织中分离和纯化总基因组DNA样本(包括线粒体DNA)。获得了以下分类群的微量基因组dna: Bothrops asper, Bothriechis rowleyi, Cerrophidion godmani, Lachesis muta和Porthidium nasutum。地方数据和凭证信息可从作者的要求。在Thermolyne Amplitron热循环器中进行扩增，利用针对pitvipers进行特定修改的既定协议(Knight和Mindell, 1993)。用L链引物5'-AAACTGGGATTAGATACCCCACTAT-3'和H链引物5' gtacacttaccttgttactt -3'完成12S序列的对称扩增。用L链引物5'-CGCCTGTTTATCAAAAACAT-3'和H链引物5' ccggtctgaactcagatcacgt -3'扩增16S序列(Knight and Mindell, 1993)。12S和16S序列的循环参数为:85℃，5 min，然后是30个循环，94℃，35 sec;50℃，35秒;72℃，1分钟;最后一个周期为72℃，5分钟，然后是40℃，停留/浸泡。扩增结果显示12S和16S基因片段的总长度约为960 bp。
{"title":"PHYLOGENY OF SOME MIDDLE AMERICAN PITVIPERS BASED ON A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL 12S AND 16S DNA SEQUENCE INFORMATION","authors":"S. D. Werman, B. Crother, M. White","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11949","url":null,"abstract":"The cladistic relationships of several Middle American pitvipers representing the genera Bothrops (sensu stricto), Bothriechis, Cerrophidion, Lachesis and Porthidium were determined using mitochondrial 12S and 16S DNA sequence information. Maximum parsimony analyses were performed using PAUP on aligned sequences that included published information for related taxa. Two sets of analyses were conducted: one disregarding gaps in the aligned matrix, and another with gaps treated as a fifth base. When gaps were excluded resolution declined, although the general arrangement of the taxa changed little. A consistent relationship was the grouping of ((Porthidium, Bothriechis) Lachesis). The placement of Lachesis, as nested within other bothropoid genera, is only partially supported by results of other authors. The arrangement of Crotalus, Bothrops and Cerrophidion was ambiguous when gaps were discounted. In both trees, Agkistrodon was basal to the New World forms. The remaining genera, Trimeresurus (Protobothrops), Vipera, Azemiops, and Coluber, were uniformly distant to the former taxa. Also of interest is the lack of close relationship, based on the DNA data here and elsewhere, between Bothrops and Porthidium. This is in striking contrast to results based on morphologic and allozymic analyses of previous studies. It is concluded that additional DNA sequence information from a larger sample of taxa will be necessary to better assess the phylogenetic relationships among Middle American and related pitvipers. The bothropoid pitvipers comprise a diverse and widespread assemblage of venomous snakes distributed from southern Mexico to southern Argentina. In the last decade, progress from systematic studies of pitvipers has led to descriptions of new species and the recognition of several new generic arrangements for those species formerly assigned to Bothrops (sensu lato). Detailed species accounts can be found in Campbell and Lamar (1989), whereas the most recent generic arrangement of New World pitvipers can be found in Campbell and Brodie (1992), and summarized in Campbell and Lamar (1992). The phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical pitvipers remain problematic. Although several studies using phenotypic character information (Crother et al., 1992; Werman, 1992; Gutberlet, 1998) and molecular data (Knight et al., 1992; Kraus et al., 1996; Cullings et al., 1997; Salomão et al., 1997; Vidal et al., 1997; Wüster et al., 1997) have been completed, many inconsistencies of phylogenetic inference persist (see Werman, 1998). Herein, we present a cladistic analysis of novel mitochondrial 12S and 16S DNA sequence information for some Middle American pitviper species, in conjunction with published sequences for related genera. Of primary concern is the relationship of Lachesis to the other New World pitviper genera and the relationship of Bothrops (sensu stricto) to Porthidium. Among DNA studies that include Lachesis (Kraus et al., 1996; Cullings et al., 1997; V","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122915312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The evolutionary relationships of the West Indian (W. I.) xenodontine snake assemblage has been considered as either monophyletic or paraphyletic. Allozyme data from protein electrophoresis were used to estimate the phylogeny of the W. I. xenodontine snakes. Forty-two species from 25 genera (mainland and W. I. taxa) were examined. The phylogenetic relationships were estimated using parsimony analyses with successive approximation weighting on the data coded two ways: (1) the allele as the character and (2) the locus as the character. The most parsimonious trees from both coding methods indicated a non-monophyletic W. I. xenodontine assemblage. Three W.I. groups were recovered in both coding methods: (1) Jamaican Arrhyton and Darlingtonia, (2) Uromacer and the Cuban Arrhyton, and (3) Alsophis, Ialtris, and the South American Alsophis elegans. The relationships of Hypsirhynchus, Antillophis and Arrhyton exiguum were unstable. Nomenclatural changes are recommended for Darlingtonia, Arrhyton, Ialtris and Alsophis.
{"title":"PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG WEST INDIAN XENODONTINE SNAKES (SERPENTES; COLUBRIDAE) WITH COMMENTS ON THE PHYLOGENY OF SOME MAINLAND XENODONTINES","authors":"B. Crother","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11935","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutionary relationships of the West Indian (W. I.) xenodontine snake assemblage has been considered as either monophyletic or paraphyletic. Allozyme data from protein electrophoresis were used to estimate the phylogeny of the W. I. xenodontine snakes. Forty-two species from 25 genera (mainland and W. I. taxa) were examined. The phylogenetic relationships were estimated using parsimony analyses with successive approximation weighting on the data coded two ways: (1) the allele as the character and (2) the locus as the character. The most parsimonious trees from both coding methods indicated a non-monophyletic W. I. xenodontine assemblage. Three W.I. groups were recovered in both coding methods: (1) Jamaican Arrhyton and Darlingtonia, (2) Uromacer and the Cuban Arrhyton, and (3) Alsophis, Ialtris, and the South American Alsophis elegans. The relationships of Hypsirhynchus, Antillophis and Arrhyton exiguum were unstable. Nomenclatural changes are recommended for Darlingtonia, Arrhyton, Ialtris and Alsophis.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125618701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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