W. Bohme, Hobart M. Smith, J. Rybak, F. Breukelen, D. Chiszar
Although the type locality of Schneider’s Boa carinata (1801: 261-263) has been unknown (Stimson, 1969) ever since the species was described, no great problem was posed thereby until Stull (1956) ventured to describe and name a subspecies of it, E. c. paulsoni. Later, the review of the species by McDowell (1979) revealed considerable geographic variation suggestive of taxonomic differentiation, although the picture he obtained was considered inconclusive and no subspecies were recognized. Our own studies of geographic variation indicate that the species as currently recognized does indeed constitute a complex of several taxa. Resolution of nomenclature for those taxa hinges upon fi xation of the earliest name applied in the complex, Schneider’s Boa carinata. In the absence of type locality, application of Schneider’s name would hinge solely on characteristics of the onomatophore (name bearer; Simpson, 1940). Schneider based his name on eight syntypes, without designation of any one as the onomatophore. As summarized by McDowell (1979), Schneider cited one specimen in the Ludwigian collection, two in the Lampian collection, fi ve in the Museum of the Duke of Brunswick, and one in the Göttingen Museum. The latter was most fully described by Schneider, and was designated by McDowell as the lectotype, which he thought was “probably lost.” Nevertheless, on the basis of the number of ventrals and caudals, and other data in the original description, McDowell concluded that the type locality probably was in the “South Moluccas.” Inasmuch as greater certainty of the geographic origin and identity of the name-bearer for Candoia carinata, as the species is now known, appears desirable (in view of the several taxa that now seem to be involved), a concerted effort to determine the fate of the lectotype revealed that the specimen does indeed exist, and is now No. 35503 in the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und ABSTRACT: The lectotype of Boa carinata Schneider, 1801, has been rediscovered and is now ZMFK 35503, having been transferred in 1977 from the Göttingen Museum, its original location. Its type locality has not been reported previously, but is indicated as “Amboina” on a label with the lectotype. The specimen is redescribed and fi gured, and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality. A brief history of Schneider and of the syntypes of Boa carinata, now Candoia carinata, is reviewed.
{"title":"THE LECTOTYPE AND TYPE LOCALITY OF CANDOIA CARINATA (REPTILIA, SERPENTES)","authors":"W. Bohme, Hobart M. Smith, J. Rybak, F. Breukelen, D. Chiszar","doi":"10.17161/ch.vi1.11951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.vi1.11951","url":null,"abstract":"Although the type locality of Schneider’s Boa carinata (1801: 261-263) has been unknown (Stimson, 1969) ever since the species was described, no great problem was posed thereby until Stull (1956) ventured to describe and name a subspecies of it, E. c. paulsoni. Later, the review of the species by McDowell (1979) revealed considerable geographic variation suggestive of taxonomic differentiation, although the picture he obtained was considered inconclusive and no subspecies were recognized. Our own studies of geographic variation indicate that the species as currently recognized does indeed constitute a complex of several taxa. Resolution of nomenclature for those taxa hinges upon fi xation of the earliest name applied in the complex, Schneider’s Boa carinata. In the absence of type locality, application of Schneider’s name would hinge solely on characteristics of the onomatophore (name bearer; Simpson, 1940). Schneider based his name on eight syntypes, without designation of any one as the onomatophore. As summarized by McDowell (1979), Schneider cited one specimen in the Ludwigian collection, two in the Lampian collection, fi ve in the Museum of the Duke of Brunswick, and one in the Göttingen Museum. The latter was most fully described by Schneider, and was designated by McDowell as the lectotype, which he thought was “probably lost.” Nevertheless, on the basis of the number of ventrals and caudals, and other data in the original description, McDowell concluded that the type locality probably was in the “South Moluccas.” Inasmuch as greater certainty of the geographic origin and identity of the name-bearer for Candoia carinata, as the species is now known, appears desirable (in view of the several taxa that now seem to be involved), a concerted effort to determine the fate of the lectotype revealed that the specimen does indeed exist, and is now No. 35503 in the Zoologisches Forschungsinstitut und ABSTRACT: The lectotype of Boa carinata Schneider, 1801, has been rediscovered and is now ZMFK 35503, having been transferred in 1977 from the Göttingen Museum, its original location. Its type locality has not been reported previously, but is indicated as “Amboina” on a label with the lectotype. The specimen is redescribed and fi gured, and conforms with expectations for material from the vicinity of the type locality. A brief history of Schneider and of the syntypes of Boa carinata, now Candoia carinata, is reviewed.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125284859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hobart M. Smith, D. Chiszar, J. T. Collins, F. Breukelen
Although discovered by George Baxter in 1946 (Baxter and Meyer, 1982), existence of the Wyoming Toad was apparently fi rst recorded by Stebbins (1954: 143, map p. 145), who learned about it from Baxter (Stebbins, personal communication) and listed it from Albany Co., southeastern Wyoming, under the name of Bufo hemiophrys Cope. The range of that species is otherwise limited to central western Canada and northern parts of the adjacent United States (Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota), southward in the Red River drainage to northeastern South Dakota. Thus a minimum of about 800 airline km separates the range of the Wyoming toad from that of its more northern closest relative (Figure 1). The Wyoming population, abundant within 30 miles (48.3 km) of Laramie in the 1950’s (Baxter and Meyer, 1982), is now thought to be extinct in nature (Baxter and Stone, 1985; Baxter, personal communication), none having been seen in the wild for some ten years, except for captive-bred releases. The species is federally classifi ed as endangered and requires both federal and state permits for any activity involving it (Levell, 1997). However, specimens have been bred very successfully in several zoos and facilities of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, with hopes of reestablishing the population in sanctuaries within the limits of its historical range. Following his original report, Stebbins continued (1966) to refer the Wyoming population to Bufo hemiophrys, but added a more specifi c range: “along the Big and Little Laramie Rivers to about 15 miles north and 15 miles west of Laramie.” Conant (1958, 1975) and Conant and Collins (1991) mapped, but did not name or discuss in detail this population in their guides to the eastern and central herpetofauna of North America, because this population fell outside the geographic range covered by them. It remained for Porter (1968) to regard the Wyoming population as taxonomically distinct, naming it Bufo hemiophrys baxteri (holotype formerly KRP 5-164, now USNM 166434). That subspecies has been generally accepted since then (e.g., Baxter and Stone, 1980, 1985; Stebbins, 1985; Collins et al., 1978, 1982; Sanders, 1987; ABSTRACT: The population of toads in southeastern Wyoming named Bufo hemiophrys baxteri by Porter in 1968 is presumed to be extinct in nature, except perhaps for released, captive-bred specimens. It is suffi ciently distinct in several respects, and suffi ciently isolated geographically from its nearest relative, B. h. hemiophrys, that it should be regarded as a distinct species, forming a superspecies group with B. hemiophrys.
虽然是George Baxter在1946年发现的(Baxter and Meyer, 1982)，但怀俄明州蟾蜍的存在显然是由Stebbins(1954: 143，地图第145页)首先记录的，他从Baxter (Stebbins，个人交流)那里了解到它，并在怀俄明州东南部的Albany Co.以Bufo hemiophrys Cope的名义列出了它。该物种的分布范围仅限于加拿大中西部和邻近的美国北部(蒙大拿州，北达科他州，明尼苏达州)，向南在红河流域到南达科他州东北部。因此，怀俄明州蟾蜍的活动范围与其更北部的近亲的活动范围之间至少有大约800航空公里的距离(图1)。20世纪50年代，怀俄明州蟾蜍的数量在拉勒米30英里(48.3公里)范围内大量存在(Baxter和Meyer, 1982)，现在被认为在自然界中已经灭绝(Baxter和Stone, 1985;巴克斯特(Baxter，个人交流)，除了圈养繁殖的放生，在野外已经有十年没有见过了。该物种被联邦政府列为濒危物种，任何涉及它的活动都需要联邦和州的许可(Levell, 1997)。然而，在怀俄明渔猎部的几个动物园和设施中，物种繁殖非常成功，希望在其历史范围内的保护区内重新建立种群。在他最初的报告之后，Stebbins(1966)继续将怀俄明州的人口归为Bufo hemiophrys，但增加了一个更具体的范围:“沿着大拉勒米河和小拉勒米河，拉勒米以北15英里和以西15英里。”Conant(1958, 1975)和Conant and Collins(1991)在他们的北美东部和中部爬虫动物群指南中绘制了这个种群，但没有详细命名或讨论这个种群，因为这个种群不在他们所涵盖的地理范围之内。波特(1968)认为怀俄明州的种群在分类学上是独特的，将其命名为Bufo hemiophrys baxteri(以前的KRP 5-164，现在的USNM 166434)。从那时起，这个亚种被普遍接受(例如，Baxter和Stone, 1980,1985;史泰宾斯,1985;Collins et al.， 1978, 1982;桑德斯,1987;摘要:波特于1968年将怀俄明州东南部的蟾蜍种群命名为Bufo hemiophrys baxteri，据推测，除了一些放生的、人工繁殖的蟾蜍标本外，这种蟾蜍在自然界中已经灭绝。它在几个方面是完全不同的，并且在地理上与它最近的亲戚，B. h. hemiophrys完全隔离，因此它应该被视为一个独特的物种，与B. hemiophrys形成一个超物种群。
{"title":"THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF THE WYOMING TOAD, BUFO BAXTERI PORTER","authors":"Hobart M. Smith, D. Chiszar, J. T. Collins, F. Breukelen","doi":"10.17161/ch.v0i1.11929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17161/ch.v0i1.11929","url":null,"abstract":"Although discovered by George Baxter in 1946 (Baxter and Meyer, 1982), existence of the Wyoming Toad was apparently fi rst recorded by Stebbins (1954: 143, map p. 145), who learned about it from Baxter (Stebbins, personal communication) and listed it from Albany Co., southeastern Wyoming, under the name of Bufo hemiophrys Cope. The range of that species is otherwise limited to central western Canada and northern parts of the adjacent United States (Montana, North Dakota, Minnesota), southward in the Red River drainage to northeastern South Dakota. Thus a minimum of about 800 airline km separates the range of the Wyoming toad from that of its more northern closest relative (Figure 1). The Wyoming population, abundant within 30 miles (48.3 km) of Laramie in the 1950’s (Baxter and Meyer, 1982), is now thought to be extinct in nature (Baxter and Stone, 1985; Baxter, personal communication), none having been seen in the wild for some ten years, except for captive-bred releases. The species is federally classifi ed as endangered and requires both federal and state permits for any activity involving it (Levell, 1997). However, specimens have been bred very successfully in several zoos and facilities of the Wyoming Game and Fish Department, with hopes of reestablishing the population in sanctuaries within the limits of its historical range. Following his original report, Stebbins continued (1966) to refer the Wyoming population to Bufo hemiophrys, but added a more specifi c range: “along the Big and Little Laramie Rivers to about 15 miles north and 15 miles west of Laramie.” Conant (1958, 1975) and Conant and Collins (1991) mapped, but did not name or discuss in detail this population in their guides to the eastern and central herpetofauna of North America, because this population fell outside the geographic range covered by them. It remained for Porter (1968) to regard the Wyoming population as taxonomically distinct, naming it Bufo hemiophrys baxteri (holotype formerly KRP 5-164, now USNM 166434). That subspecies has been generally accepted since then (e.g., Baxter and Stone, 1980, 1985; Stebbins, 1985; Collins et al., 1978, 1982; Sanders, 1987; ABSTRACT: The population of toads in southeastern Wyoming named Bufo hemiophrys baxteri by Porter in 1968 is presumed to be extinct in nature, except perhaps for released, captive-bred specimens. It is suffi ciently distinct in several respects, and suffi ciently isolated geographically from its nearest relative, B. h. hemiophrys, that it should be regarded as a distinct species, forming a superspecies group with B. hemiophrys.","PeriodicalId":173367,"journal":{"name":"Contemporary Herpetology","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127500903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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