Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) is utilized in the fabrication of the primary structures of FRP boats. A majority of these structures are produced using molds. Subsequently, these products often experience deformation upon being released from the mold, as well as when they are exposed to high temperatures. Hence, it is crucial to carry out experimental investigations and evaluations related to the deformation of laminated composite structures. The specimens, which are in the form of L-shapes and curve-shapes, are constructed using unsaturated polyester resin and fiberglass material. The study focuses on two independent variables, namely the percentage of hardeners and the temperature during the manufacturing process. The output factor under examination is deformation, which is measured on these specimens. Subsequently, all of the specimens are subjected to varying levels of temperature using an oven as the working condition. The deformation is further assessed based on the experimental findings and regression equation. The results indicate that as the rate of hardener and temperature increase, the level of deformation decreases. Additionally, it was observed that when the temperature rises from 500 to 800°C, the specimens with initial deformation values that are either too high or too low undergo rapid changes. Moreover, the experimental equations can be utilized to predict the values of deformation or input factors.
纤维增强塑料（FRP）用于制造 FRP 船的主要结构。这些结构大多使用模具制造。因此，这些产品在脱模和暴露在高温下时经常会发生变形。因此，开展与层压复合结构变形相关的实验研究和评估至关重要。本研究使用不饱和聚酯树脂和玻璃纤维材料制作 L 型和曲线型试样。研究侧重于两个自变量，即固化剂的百分比和制造过程中的温度。考察的输出因素是变形，对这些试样进行测量。随后，将所有试样置于不同的温度下，使用烤箱作为工作条件。根据实验结果和回归方程对变形进行进一步评估。结果表明，随着固化剂添加量和温度的增加，变形程度会减小。此外，还观察到当温度从 500°C 升至 800°C 时，初始变形值过高或过低的试样都会发生快速变化。此外，实验方程还可用于预测变形值或输入因子。
{"title":"Evaluating deformation in FRP boat: Effects of manufacturing parameters and working conditions","authors":"P. Nhut, Dinh Duc Tien, Quang Thang Do","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0311","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) is utilized in the fabrication of the primary structures of FRP boats. A majority of these structures are produced using molds. Subsequently, these products often experience deformation upon being released from the mold, as well as when they are exposed to high temperatures. Hence, it is crucial to carry out experimental investigations and evaluations related to the deformation of laminated composite structures. The specimens, which are in the form of L-shapes and curve-shapes, are constructed using unsaturated polyester resin and fiberglass material. The study focuses on two independent variables, namely the percentage of hardeners and the temperature during the manufacturing process. The output factor under examination is deformation, which is measured on these specimens. Subsequently, all of the specimens are subjected to varying levels of temperature using an oven as the working condition. The deformation is further assessed based on the experimental findings and regression equation. The results indicate that as the rate of hardener and temperature increase, the level of deformation decreases. Additionally, it was observed that when the temperature rises from 500 to 800°C, the specimens with initial deformation values that are either too high or too low undergo rapid changes. Moreover, the experimental equations can be utilized to predict the values of deformation or input factors.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140522888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Bahiuddin, S. Mazlan, F. Imaduddin, M. I. Shapiai, Ubaidillah, D. A. Sugeng
Machine learning’s prowess in extracting insights from data has significantly advanced fluid rheological behavior prediction. This machine-learning-based approach, adaptable and precise, is effective when the strategy is appropriately selected. However, a comprehensive review of machine learning applications for predicting fluid rheology across various fields is rare. This article aims to identify and overview effective machine learning strategies for analyzing and predicting fluid rheology. Covering flow curve identification, yield stress characterization, and viscosity prediction, it compares machine learning techniques in these areas. The study finds common objectives across fluid models: flow curve correlation, rheological behavior dependency on variables, soft sensor applications, and spatial–temporal analysis. It is noted that models for one type can often adapt to similar behaviors in other fluids, especially in the first two categories. Simpler algorithms, such as feedforward neural networks and support vector regression, are usually sufficient for cases with narrow range variability and small datasets. Advanced methods, like hybrid approaches combining metaheuristic optimization with machine learning, are suitable for complex scenarios with multiple variables and large datasets. The article also proposes a reproducibility checklist, ensuring consistent research outcomes. This review serves as a guide for future exploration in machine learning for fluid rheology prediction.
{"title":"Review of modeling schemes and machine learning algorithms for fluid rheological behavior analysis","authors":"I. Bahiuddin, S. Mazlan, F. Imaduddin, M. I. Shapiai, Ubaidillah, D. A. Sugeng","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0309","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Machine learning’s prowess in extracting insights from data has significantly advanced fluid rheological behavior prediction. This machine-learning-based approach, adaptable and precise, is effective when the strategy is appropriately selected. However, a comprehensive review of machine learning applications for predicting fluid rheology across various fields is rare. This article aims to identify and overview effective machine learning strategies for analyzing and predicting fluid rheology. Covering flow curve identification, yield stress characterization, and viscosity prediction, it compares machine learning techniques in these areas. The study finds common objectives across fluid models: flow curve correlation, rheological behavior dependency on variables, soft sensor applications, and spatial–temporal analysis. It is noted that models for one type can often adapt to similar behaviors in other fluids, especially in the first two categories. Simpler algorithms, such as feedforward neural networks and support vector regression, are usually sufficient for cases with narrow range variability and small datasets. Advanced methods, like hybrid approaches combining metaheuristic optimization with machine learning, are suitable for complex scenarios with multiple variables and large datasets. The article also proposes a reproducibility checklist, ensuring consistent research outcomes. This review serves as a guide for future exploration in machine learning for fluid rheology prediction.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140523367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This study evaluated the mechanical properties of the scrimber wood produced from date palm fronds and compared it to other wood-based materials. The raw materials for the production of the scrimber wood were date palm fronds. The scrimber wood was produced using a fabrication process that included the following stages: washing, cutting, burning, and gluing the pieces. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the scrimber wood produced using date palm fronds were very similar to those of other woods used for the same purpose. It was found that the wood produced was strong enough to hold several heavy objects without deforming or breaking. In addition, no defects, such as cracks or holes, were observed on the surface of the wood after processing. The results revealed that frond-scrimber trees recorded the largest deflection before fracture due to their fibrous features. The fibrous structure of the frond scrim may explain its strength and durability, as it successfully supplied samples with high fracture points, similar to hardwood, and prolonged maximum displacement, similar to certain softwoods. The dynamic characterization of the scrimber wood specimens reveals their inherent frequencies, mode forms, damping ratios, and other dynamic properties; such insights may help forecast their performance under different loads.
{"title":"Evaluation of the mechanical and dynamic properties of scrimber wood produced from date palm fronds","authors":"Ghassan Mousa, Muhammad Basha, Essam B. Moustafa","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0305","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study evaluated the mechanical properties of the scrimber wood produced from date palm fronds and compared it to other wood-based materials. The raw materials for the production of the scrimber wood were date palm fronds. The scrimber wood was produced using a fabrication process that included the following stages: washing, cutting, burning, and gluing the pieces. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the scrimber wood produced using date palm fronds were very similar to those of other woods used for the same purpose. It was found that the wood produced was strong enough to hold several heavy objects without deforming or breaking. In addition, no defects, such as cracks or holes, were observed on the surface of the wood after processing. The results revealed that frond-scrimber trees recorded the largest deflection before fracture due to their fibrous features. The fibrous structure of the frond scrim may explain its strength and durability, as it successfully supplied samples with high fracture points, similar to hardwood, and prolonged maximum displacement, similar to certain softwoods. The dynamic characterization of the scrimber wood specimens reveals their inherent frequencies, mode forms, damping ratios, and other dynamic properties; such insights may help forecast their performance under different loads.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139126777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The study focused on examining the behavior of six concrete beams that were reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars to evaluate their performance in terms of their load-carrying capacity, deflection, and other mechanical properties. The experimental investigation would provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of GFRP bars as an alternative to traditional reinforcement materials like steel bars in concrete structures. The GFRP bars were used in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Each beam in the study shared the following specifications: an overall length of 2,400 mm, a clear span of 2,100 mm, and a rectangular cross-section measuring 300 mm in width and 250 mm in depth. To apply loads for testing, two-point static loads were placed at the middle third of the beam’s span, creating a shear span of 700 mm in length. The beams were categorized into three groups depending on the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the tension and compression zones of the section. GFRP bars with a diameter of 15 mm were employed as longitudinal reinforcement, while closed GFRP stirrups with a diameter of 8 mm at 100 mm were utilized as transverse reinforcement throughout the structural element. Test results have indicated that the ultimate load capacity of doubly GFRP-reinforced concrete beams varies compared to singly GFRP-reinforced beams. The range of variation observed is between an increase of 8% and a decrease of 4%. Accordingly, the contribution of the GFRP bars in the compression zone is insignificant and could be ignored in design calculations. It was observed that the loading level at which crack spacing stabilized ranged between 31.3 and 87% of the experimental failure load. It seems that the crack spacing decreased with the increase in the reinforcement ratio.
{"title":"Performance of doubly reinforced concrete beams with GFRP bars","authors":"Musa AbdulMuttalib Issa, A. Allawi, Nazar Oukaili","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0308","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0308","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The study focused on examining the behavior of six concrete beams that were reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars to evaluate their performance in terms of their load-carrying capacity, deflection, and other mechanical properties. The experimental investigation would provide insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of GFRP bars as an alternative to traditional reinforcement materials like steel bars in concrete structures. The GFRP bars were used in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. Each beam in the study shared the following specifications: an overall length of 2,400 mm, a clear span of 2,100 mm, and a rectangular cross-section measuring 300 mm in width and 250 mm in depth. To apply loads for testing, two-point static loads were placed at the middle third of the beam’s span, creating a shear span of 700 mm in length. The beams were categorized into three groups depending on the GFRP longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the tension and compression zones of the section. GFRP bars with a diameter of 15 mm were employed as longitudinal reinforcement, while closed GFRP stirrups with a diameter of 8 mm at 100 mm were utilized as transverse reinforcement throughout the structural element. Test results have indicated that the ultimate load capacity of doubly GFRP-reinforced concrete beams varies compared to singly GFRP-reinforced beams. The range of variation observed is between an increase of 8% and a decrease of 4%. Accordingly, the contribution of the GFRP bars in the compression zone is insignificant and could be ignored in design calculations. It was observed that the loading level at which crack spacing stabilized ranged between 31.3 and 87% of the experimental failure load. It seems that the crack spacing decreased with the increase in the reinforcement ratio.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139394654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. I. Fadhil, Ahmed Ibrahim Fadhil Al-Adly, M. Fattah
Abstract A number of destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on rock samples collected from various zones in northern Iraq. So far, for Iraqi rocks, few studies have correlated Schmidt hammer rebound (R) with both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). In this study, the objective is to develop a relationship between the rebound number of Schmidt hammer surface hardness (rebound number) and both the BTS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of different types of northern Iraqi rocks. The required relationship should be based on measured values of the UCS, BT, and Schmidt hammer hardness. To determine the relationship between R and both the UCS and BTS, 120 intact rock samples were prepared and tested using a uniaxial compressive test machine, a Brazilian test apparatus, and an L-type Schmidt hammer test (BTS). Three different types of rock samples (sandstone, claystone, and limestone) were collected from several locations in northern Iraq (Domeez, Baadra, and Zawita). For the three types of rocks, a new linear correlation with a high value of the regression coefficient R 2 is presented, linking the UCS and BTS separately versus R. For the three types of rocks studied, the correlation between UCS and R is better than the correlation between Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and R.
{"title":"Estimation of uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile strengths of intact rock from Schmidt hammer rebound number","authors":"A. I. Fadhil, Ahmed Ibrahim Fadhil Al-Adly, M. Fattah","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0255","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A number of destructive and non-destructive tests were conducted on rock samples collected from various zones in northern Iraq. So far, for Iraqi rocks, few studies have correlated Schmidt hammer rebound (R) with both unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS). In this study, the objective is to develop a relationship between the rebound number of Schmidt hammer surface hardness (rebound number) and both the BTS and the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of different types of northern Iraqi rocks. The required relationship should be based on measured values of the UCS, BT, and Schmidt hammer hardness. To determine the relationship between R and both the UCS and BTS, 120 intact rock samples were prepared and tested using a uniaxial compressive test machine, a Brazilian test apparatus, and an L-type Schmidt hammer test (BTS). Three different types of rock samples (sandstone, claystone, and limestone) were collected from several locations in northern Iraq (Domeez, Baadra, and Zawita). For the three types of rocks, a new linear correlation with a high value of the regression coefficient R 2 is presented, linking the UCS and BTS separately versus R. For the three types of rocks studied, the correlation between UCS and R is better than the correlation between Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) and R.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48593070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract An earthquake is a random phenomenon in its intensity and frequency content. Since the earthquake is a signal that contains a band of frequencies, each frequency has a different energy. This means that the response of buildings to earthquakes depends not only on the intensity of the earthquake but on its frequency content as well. In this study, two different approaches have been used: deterministic approach which is the time history analysis to show how the intensity of earthquakes affects the building response, and the nondeterministic random vibration approach, which is to clarify the response in the frequency domain and to show the effect of dominant frequencies of the earthquake. Both a prototype and a 1:6 scaled model was used to simulate a two-story steel building. In the experiential part, a shaking table was used to simulate a 1:6 scaled El-Centro 1940 NS earthquake as a base excitation with different intensities (0.05, 0.15, and 0.32g). In the theoretical part, Abaqus software was adopted to simulate the numerical model of the building. The results showed that the deterministic approach may be a non-conservative approach.
{"title":"Dynamic response of a two-story steel structure subjected to earthquake excitation by using deterministic and nondeterministic approaches","authors":"Mustafa Qasim Dows, H. Al-Baghdadi","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0261","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An earthquake is a random phenomenon in its intensity and frequency content. Since the earthquake is a signal that contains a band of frequencies, each frequency has a different energy. This means that the response of buildings to earthquakes depends not only on the intensity of the earthquake but on its frequency content as well. In this study, two different approaches have been used: deterministic approach which is the time history analysis to show how the intensity of earthquakes affects the building response, and the nondeterministic random vibration approach, which is to clarify the response in the frequency domain and to show the effect of dominant frequencies of the earthquake. Both a prototype and a 1:6 scaled model was used to simulate a two-story steel building. In the experiential part, a shaking table was used to simulate a 1:6 scaled El-Centro 1940 NS earthquake as a base excitation with different intensities (0.05, 0.15, and 0.32g). In the theoretical part, Abaqus software was adopted to simulate the numerical model of the building. The results showed that the deterministic approach may be a non-conservative approach.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44070732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Various process nonhomogeneities in the cold rolling lead to an uneven distribution of deformation across the strip cross-section, resulting in the induction of residual stresses. This study investigates the longitudinal residual stresses in cold-rolled EN AW-5083 aluminum alloy strips using the finite element method (FEM) to achieve reliable predictions. The impacts of process parameters, including the reduction ratio, coefficient of contact friction, and front and back tensions, were analyzed. Changes in residual stresses, depending on the process parameters, were determined by the distribution of linear and shear strains, as well as the strain hardening conditions at the exit part of the deformation zone. An increase in the reduction ratio from 20 to 50%, as well as an increase in the friction coefficient from 0.1 to 0.2, resulted in decreased stress values. The residual stresses on the strip surface, determined by the experimental deflection method, were consistent with the results obtained by FEM simulation. Under the impact of back and/or front tensions, there is a reduction in longitudinal residual stresses, with the front tension exerting the greatest influence. The research results show that the FEM is a reliable tool for predicting residual stresses in cold-rolled strips.
{"title":"An analysis of longitudinal residual stresses in EN AW-5083 alloy strips as a function of cold-rolling process parameters","authors":"N. Tadić, M. Mišović, Ž. Radović","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0297","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Various process nonhomogeneities in the cold rolling lead to an uneven distribution of deformation across the strip cross-section, resulting in the induction of residual stresses. This study investigates the longitudinal residual stresses in cold-rolled EN AW-5083 aluminum alloy strips using the finite element method (FEM) to achieve reliable predictions. The impacts of process parameters, including the reduction ratio, coefficient of contact friction, and front and back tensions, were analyzed. Changes in residual stresses, depending on the process parameters, were determined by the distribution of linear and shear strains, as well as the strain hardening conditions at the exit part of the deformation zone. An increase in the reduction ratio from 20 to 50%, as well as an increase in the friction coefficient from 0.1 to 0.2, resulted in decreased stress values. The residual stresses on the strip surface, determined by the experimental deflection method, were consistent with the results obtained by FEM simulation. Under the impact of back and/or front tensions, there is a reduction in longitudinal residual stresses, with the front tension exerting the greatest influence. The research results show that the FEM is a reliable tool for predicting residual stresses in cold-rolled strips.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45936490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Increasing salinity in the Shatt Al-Arab River (SAR), south of Iraq, causes a serious issue with its water quality. In the current work, the proposed inflatable rubber dam was tested and verified for its feasibility and suitability on the SAR, Southern Iraq. The proposed rubber dam investigated its performance in reducing the salt front resulting from the seawater of the Arabian/Persian Gulf. Also, the inflatable rubber dam was feasibly compared with other types of hydraulic structure regulators and discussed the probable effect and benefits for each. Results of performance evaluation on the water quality were expressed in three groups: hydraulic, geotechnical, and economic performance. Results of the analyses of hydraulic indicators showed that the tide phenomenon has a significant impact on the water quality of the SAR. The geotechnical performance was assessed in terms of soil layers and was satisfactory. Analysis of the economic performance indicators showed that the inflatable rubber dam was feasible for the SAR problem compared with other types. Finally, a proposed design indicates the viability of inflatable rubber dam technology in controlling the salt front and improving the quality of the Shatt Al-Arab River water by reducing the salinity.
{"title":"Proposing an inflatable rubber dam on the Tidal Shatt Al-Arab River, Southern Iraq","authors":"Hazim Alkhafaji, W. Muttashar, W. M. Al-Mosawi","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0201","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Increasing salinity in the Shatt Al-Arab River (SAR), south of Iraq, causes a serious issue with its water quality. In the current work, the proposed inflatable rubber dam was tested and verified for its feasibility and suitability on the SAR, Southern Iraq. The proposed rubber dam investigated its performance in reducing the salt front resulting from the seawater of the Arabian/Persian Gulf. Also, the inflatable rubber dam was feasibly compared with other types of hydraulic structure regulators and discussed the probable effect and benefits for each. Results of performance evaluation on the water quality were expressed in three groups: hydraulic, geotechnical, and economic performance. Results of the analyses of hydraulic indicators showed that the tide phenomenon has a significant impact on the water quality of the SAR. The geotechnical performance was assessed in terms of soil layers and was satisfactory. Analysis of the economic performance indicators showed that the inflatable rubber dam was feasible for the SAR problem compared with other types. Finally, a proposed design indicates the viability of inflatable rubber dam technology in controlling the salt front and improving the quality of the Shatt Al-Arab River water by reducing the salinity.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47491403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Faten N. Al Zubaidi, Lamyaa Mahdi Asaad, Iqbal Alshalal, Mohammed Rasheed
Abstract In numerous engineering applications, metal matrix composites strengthened by ceramic particles have played an important role. For this purpose, an aluminum (Al 7075) nanocomposite has been fabricated, and nano-zirconium oxide of particle size 40 nm (0, 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4) wt% reinforced Al 7075 alloy was produced using a stir-casting process. The effect of ZrO 2 NPs loading on mechanical properties along with the detailed characterization were demonstrated. The performance of Al with ZrO 2 nanocomposite was investigated by Vickers hardness tester, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, compression test, Lee’s disc, and Shore D instruments were utilized to determine the hardness, structural morphology, composition of the elements, Young’s modulus, thermal conductivity, and roughness values of the samples, respectively. The hardness (120.3–177) HV, compression strength (624.2–878.6) MPa, yield modulus (38–70) MPa, surface roughness (0.876–0.606) µm, thermal conductivity (2.0–2.39) W/m 2 °C improved by increasing the wt% of ZrO 2 NP reinforcement particles. The implication of these findings shows that 5 wt% nano-ZrO 2 -reinforced Al 7075 composites yielded better performance than pure Al 7075 alloy. To sum up, this investigation demonstrated that the ZrO 2 reinforcement enhanced the mechanical properties of Al 7075.
{"title":"The impact of zirconia nanoparticles on the mechanical characteristics of 7075 aluminum alloy","authors":"Faten N. Al Zubaidi, Lamyaa Mahdi Asaad, Iqbal Alshalal, Mohammed Rasheed","doi":"10.1515/jmbm-2022-0302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0302","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In numerous engineering applications, metal matrix composites strengthened by ceramic particles have played an important role. For this purpose, an aluminum (Al 7075) nanocomposite has been fabricated, and nano-zirconium oxide of particle size 40 nm (0, 0.8, 1.6, and 2.4) wt% reinforced Al 7075 alloy was produced using a stir-casting process. The effect of ZrO 2 NPs loading on mechanical properties along with the detailed characterization were demonstrated. The performance of Al with ZrO 2 nanocomposite was investigated by Vickers hardness tester, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, compression test, Lee’s disc, and Shore D instruments were utilized to determine the hardness, structural morphology, composition of the elements, Young’s modulus, thermal conductivity, and roughness values of the samples, respectively. The hardness (120.3–177) HV, compression strength (624.2–878.6) MPa, yield modulus (38–70) MPa, surface roughness (0.876–0.606) µm, thermal conductivity (2.0–2.39) W/m 2 °C improved by increasing the wt% of ZrO 2 NP reinforcement particles. The implication of these findings shows that 5 wt% nano-ZrO 2 -reinforced Al 7075 composites yielded better performance than pure Al 7075 alloy. To sum up, this investigation demonstrated that the ZrO 2 reinforcement enhanced the mechanical properties of Al 7075.","PeriodicalId":17354,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135102367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rowida S. Al-khafaji, M. A. Al-Obaydi, Qutayba N. Al-Saffar
Abstract In this study, the effect of location of surcharge load on the stability and behavior of the retaining wall under static and dynamic load has been considered. A cantilever retaining wall of 7 m height retained dry sandy soil with 50 kN/m2 surcharge load. Several parameters were taken into account in the numerical analysis, including the horizontal distance (X) from the edge of the wall to the surcharge load expressed as a ratio to the heel width (X/Bh = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1), as well as the effect of different values of the earthquake's horizontal component (kh = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3). Lateral earth pressure distribution decreases with increase (X/B h ) in the upper one third of the wall. The effect of surcharge location at the top of the wall disappears at X/B h = 0.25. Under dynamic load, the maximum displacement at the top of the wall is obtained at X/B h = 0.5. It is increased by about 4 times at k h = 0.3. The possibility of sliding increases by about 4.8 times once the k h increases from 0.1 to 0.3. There is a maximum increase in rotation by 2 times at k h = 0.1. In the dynamic case, the differential settlement decreases with increase in X/B h , and increases with the increase in k h .
摘要本研究考虑了附加荷载位置对挡土墙静、动荷载作用下稳定性和性能的影响。7 m高的悬臂挡土墙保留了50 kN/m2附加荷载的干沙土。数值分析中考虑了几个参数，包括从墙体边缘到附加荷载的水平距离(X)，表示为与脚跟宽度的比值(X/Bh = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75和1)，以及地震水平分量不同值(kh = 0.1, 0.2和0.3)的影响。上1 / 3墙侧土压力分布随X/B h的增大而减小。当X/B h = 0.25时，壁面顶部附加物位置的影响消失。动荷载作用下，墙体顶部最大位移在X/ h = 0.5时得到。当k h = 0.3时，它增加了约4倍。当k h从0.1增加到0.3时，滑动的可能性增加约4.8倍。在k h = 0.1时，旋转最大增加2倍。动态情况下，沉降差随X/B h的增大而减小，随k h的增大而增大。
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