Ryota Osuga, Ginpei Tanaka, M. Yabushita, Kakeru Ninomiya, S. Maki, M. Nishibori, K. Kanie, A. Muramatsu
{"title":"Development of Synthetic Route for Fe-substituted MWW-type Zeolites Using Mechanochemical Method","authors":"Ryota Osuga, Ginpei Tanaka, M. Yabushita, Kakeru Ninomiya, S. Maki, M. Nishibori, K. Kanie, A. Muramatsu","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.67","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.67","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"75 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85977846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Watanabe, Nozomu Hirata, Yuta Yoda, C. Fukuhara
Propylene is an important building block for the production of polypropylene, propylene oxide, and acrylonitrile. The main processes for propylene production are steam cracking (SC) of naphtha and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). The processes of SC and FCC produce ethylene and gasoline as the main products, respectively, and propylene as a by-product1),2). Although the global demand for propylene increases by approximately 4-5 % per year, there is a risk of shortage of propylene supply3). Therefore, to fulfill the global demand for propylene, the operations of the SC and FCC processes are optimized for lesser production of ethylene and gasoline, respectively, and greater production of propylene4)~6). Recently, the dehydrogenation reaction of propane (C3H8 → C3H6+H2) has received significant attention because dehydrogenation can convert the economic feedstock of propane to valuable propylene7). Because the reaction is reversible, prone to volume expansion, and highly endothermic, higher temperatures and lower pressures are preferred for this reaction. The most important aspect of propane dehydrogenation is the energy required for the endothermic reaction8). However, heat input to the reactor is a major technical challenge. A high reaction temperature used for the replenishment of the heat absorbed during the endothermic reaction results in the occurrence of side reactions and formation of coke, and deactivates the catalyst9),10). Current state-of-the-art research focuses on investigating the synergistic effects of gas-phase oxidants and alkanes to overcome the obstacles to industrial dehydrogenation reactions11). It has been established that catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions are sensitive to certain oxidizing agents. A number of oxidants such as oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide have been investigated for the propane dehydrogenation reaction12)~16). ODH can proceed at low temperatures because of the exothermic nature of the reaction without thermodynamic constraints. A vanadium-based material was found to be a selective catalyst for ODH with oxygen, because of its favorable redox properties. Carrero et al. reported that (VOx)n (TiOx)m-supported on SBA-15 catalyst showed a propane conversion of 10 % with a 60 % selectivity for the production of propylene; these values are superior to those of all other V-based catalysts reported to date17). High VOx dispersion is required to achieve high propylene selectivity, and the formation of a linked VTi oxide monolayer is crucial to obtain high reaction rates with relatively high propylene selectivity. Boron nitride (BN) was also reported to display high activity and selectivity; the resultant conversion was 14 % with a 79 % selectivity for the propylene18),19). Lots of studies are focused on enhancing propylene selectivity, however it [Review Paper]
{"title":"Dehydrogenation of Lower Alkanes Using H2S","authors":"R. Watanabe, Nozomu Hirata, Yuta Yoda, C. Fukuhara","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.50","url":null,"abstract":"Propylene is an important building block for the production of polypropylene, propylene oxide, and acrylonitrile. The main processes for propylene production are steam cracking (SC) of naphtha and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC). The processes of SC and FCC produce ethylene and gasoline as the main products, respectively, and propylene as a by-product1),2). Although the global demand for propylene increases by approximately 4-5 % per year, there is a risk of shortage of propylene supply3). Therefore, to fulfill the global demand for propylene, the operations of the SC and FCC processes are optimized for lesser production of ethylene and gasoline, respectively, and greater production of propylene4)~6). Recently, the dehydrogenation reaction of propane (C3H8 → C3H6+H2) has received significant attention because dehydrogenation can convert the economic feedstock of propane to valuable propylene7). Because the reaction is reversible, prone to volume expansion, and highly endothermic, higher temperatures and lower pressures are preferred for this reaction. The most important aspect of propane dehydrogenation is the energy required for the endothermic reaction8). However, heat input to the reactor is a major technical challenge. A high reaction temperature used for the replenishment of the heat absorbed during the endothermic reaction results in the occurrence of side reactions and formation of coke, and deactivates the catalyst9),10). Current state-of-the-art research focuses on investigating the synergistic effects of gas-phase oxidants and alkanes to overcome the obstacles to industrial dehydrogenation reactions11). It has been established that catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions are sensitive to certain oxidizing agents. A number of oxidants such as oxygen, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide have been investigated for the propane dehydrogenation reaction12)~16). ODH can proceed at low temperatures because of the exothermic nature of the reaction without thermodynamic constraints. A vanadium-based material was found to be a selective catalyst for ODH with oxygen, because of its favorable redox properties. Carrero et al. reported that (VOx)n (TiOx)m-supported on SBA-15 catalyst showed a propane conversion of 10 % with a 60 % selectivity for the production of propylene; these values are superior to those of all other V-based catalysts reported to date17). High VOx dispersion is required to achieve high propylene selectivity, and the formation of a linked VTi oxide monolayer is crucial to obtain high reaction rates with relatively high propylene selectivity. Boron nitride (BN) was also reported to display high activity and selectivity; the resultant conversion was 14 % with a 79 % selectivity for the propylene18),19). Lots of studies are focused on enhancing propylene selectivity, however it [Review Paper]","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"86 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91315313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Metal-organic framework (MOF), also known as Porous Coordination Polymer (PCP), has crystalline and microporous properties similar to zeolites, which are the basis for various applications1),2). MOF was first reported in the early 1990’s3) and the number of studies on MOFs has increased dramatically. Zeolite was first recognized in 1756 and was widely studied in the early 20th century. Zeolites consist of MO4 tetrahedrons (M: typically Si or Al) and therefore are rigid, inorganic polymer materials4). Zeolites have the additional important specific property of ion-exchange. Consequently, zeolites have been used as solid acid catalysts and detergent additives as “softener.” In contrast, MOF typically consists of metals as the corner cation or cluster and organic “linkers.” MOFs contain organic components, so the thermal stability of MOFs is lower than that of zeolites, although some MOFs are stable up to around 400 °C5). The number of review papers on MOFs continues to increase yearly, with presently more than ca. 400 review papers per year. On the other hand, the number for zeolites reached the highest of 250 in 2008, and since has been decreasing. More than 20,000 types of MOFs have been reported6), whereas only 242 types of zeolites are known4). MOFs are crystalline and microporous, with very high specific surface areas up to 8000 m2 g1 by the BET method7). The pore size ranges from a few angstroms to more than 10 Å (1 Å=1010 m) depending mainly on the size of the linkers. Generally, a larger linker gives a larger pore size. MOFs have been evaluated for gas adsorption8) and separation9), separation of heavy metals10), sensors11), thermaland photo-catalysis12),13), optics14), drug delivery15), electro-chemistry16), biomedical and bioimaging17), and other functions. MOFs have also been used as the carbon source for thermaland electro-catalysts after thermal decomposition18),19). The microporous structure of MOFs is the most important characteristic for industrial uses. However, the cost of MOFs is also very important. The pore size can be controlled by adopting specific linkers usually with functional groups, but the cost tends to drastically increase and makes the use of MOFs difficult. Therefore, balancing the cost and performance becomes crucial. [Review Paper]
{"title":"Importance of Crystalline and Microporous Structures of MOFs for Application to Petrochemical and Related Processes","authors":"T. Miyake, M. Sano","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.37","url":null,"abstract":"Metal-organic framework (MOF), also known as Porous Coordination Polymer (PCP), has crystalline and microporous properties similar to zeolites, which are the basis for various applications1),2). MOF was first reported in the early 1990’s3) and the number of studies on MOFs has increased dramatically. Zeolite was first recognized in 1756 and was widely studied in the early 20th century. Zeolites consist of MO4 tetrahedrons (M: typically Si or Al) and therefore are rigid, inorganic polymer materials4). Zeolites have the additional important specific property of ion-exchange. Consequently, zeolites have been used as solid acid catalysts and detergent additives as “softener.” In contrast, MOF typically consists of metals as the corner cation or cluster and organic “linkers.” MOFs contain organic components, so the thermal stability of MOFs is lower than that of zeolites, although some MOFs are stable up to around 400 °C5). The number of review papers on MOFs continues to increase yearly, with presently more than ca. 400 review papers per year. On the other hand, the number for zeolites reached the highest of 250 in 2008, and since has been decreasing. More than 20,000 types of MOFs have been reported6), whereas only 242 types of zeolites are known4). MOFs are crystalline and microporous, with very high specific surface areas up to 8000 m2 g1 by the BET method7). The pore size ranges from a few angstroms to more than 10 Å (1 Å=1010 m) depending mainly on the size of the linkers. Generally, a larger linker gives a larger pore size. MOFs have been evaluated for gas adsorption8) and separation9), separation of heavy metals10), sensors11), thermaland photo-catalysis12),13), optics14), drug delivery15), electro-chemistry16), biomedical and bioimaging17), and other functions. MOFs have also been used as the carbon source for thermaland electro-catalysts after thermal decomposition18),19). The microporous structure of MOFs is the most important characteristic for industrial uses. However, the cost of MOFs is also very important. The pore size can be controlled by adopting specific linkers usually with functional groups, but the cost tends to drastically increase and makes the use of MOFs difficult. Therefore, balancing the cost and performance becomes crucial. [Review Paper]","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75491195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of Solid Acid-supported Gold Nanoparticle Catalysts for Air Purification at Room Temperature","authors":"T. Murayama, Mingyue Lin","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.58","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83141809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alloying is one of the most effective methodologies for modifying the catalytic performance of metal catalysts, and conventional methods have developed various useful catalysts containing solid solution alloys or intermetallic compounds1). However, recent research has suggested that much more efficient catalysts using bimetallic materials is difficult, as there are limits to further improvement of activity and function based on only two metal elements2). For a binary intermetallic compound AnBm, the atomic ratio n : m is typically fixed to some integer values such as 3 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 1. Moreover, the crystal structure depends on the atomic ratio, so fine tuning of the electronic and geometric structure is difficult. Therefore, a novel methodology and materials are desired to introduce more flexibility and expandability into catalyst design2). We have systematically studied the catalytic chemistry of ternary alloys based on metallurgy and nanoscience2). We discovered that extremely high-performance catalysts that greatly exceed conventional binary alloys can be prepared by incorporating three types of metal elements according to appropriate design guidelines. This review introduces two catalyst design concepts for the construction of multi-metallic surface reaction environments effective for deNOx reactions and alkane dehydrogenation, which are increasingly used worldwide.
{"title":"Development of Highly Efficient Catalysts for DeNOx and Alkane Dehydrogenation Based on Multimetallic Alloys","authors":"S. Furukawa","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.11","url":null,"abstract":"Alloying is one of the most effective methodologies for modifying the catalytic performance of metal catalysts, and conventional methods have developed various useful catalysts containing solid solution alloys or intermetallic compounds1). However, recent research has suggested that much more efficient catalysts using bimetallic materials is difficult, as there are limits to further improvement of activity and function based on only two metal elements2). For a binary intermetallic compound AnBm, the atomic ratio n : m is typically fixed to some integer values such as 3 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 1. Moreover, the crystal structure depends on the atomic ratio, so fine tuning of the electronic and geometric structure is difficult. Therefore, a novel methodology and materials are desired to introduce more flexibility and expandability into catalyst design2). We have systematically studied the catalytic chemistry of ternary alloys based on metallurgy and nanoscience2). We discovered that extremely high-performance catalysts that greatly exceed conventional binary alloys can be prepared by incorporating three types of metal elements according to appropriate design guidelines. This review introduces two catalyst design concepts for the construction of multi-metallic surface reaction environments effective for deNOx reactions and alkane dehydrogenation, which are increasingly used worldwide.","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87082954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The effects of the matrix oxides activity, selectivity of ZnZSM-5 metal oxide hierarchical composite catalysts were made using Zn-exchanged ZSM-5 and various oxides by the conventional kneading method. The effects of these oxides as matrices on the activity and selectivity for aromatics in cracking and dehydrocyclization of n -pentane were investigated. ZnZSM-5 50-85 wt% was mixed with oxide 0-35 wt% and alumina-sol binder 15 wt% using the kneading method. Al 2 O 3 (A), TiO 2 (T), ZrO 2 (Zr) and kaolin (ka) were used as the oxide. Cracking and successive dehydrocyclization of n -pentane was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric H 2 in the range 450-550 °C. Conversions of n -pentane at 550 ° C decreased in the order ZnZSM/0A (85 wt% ZnZSM-5, 0 wt% Al 2 O 3 , 15 wt% binder) ≧ ZnZSM/10A ＞ ZnZSM/10T ＞ ZnZSM/10Zr ＞ ZnZSM/10ka ≧ ZnZSM/35A. The selectivity for aromatics at 550 °C decreased in the order ZnZSM/10A ＞ ZnZSM/0A ＞ ZnZSM/10Zr ＝ ZnZSM/10T ＝ ZnZSM/10ka ＞ ZnZSM/35A. These results suggested that the use of both ZnZSM-5 and matrix with large porosity for this reaction would optimize the catalytic functions. The product distribution indicated that aromatization of olefins to benzene, toluene, and xylene occurred through the Diels-Alder reaction on Zn species in the ZSM-5.
{"title":"Effect of Type of Matrix on Formation of Aromatics by Cracking and Dehydrocyclization of n-Pentane Using ZnZSM-5 Metal Oxide Hierarchical Composite Catalysts","authors":"A. Ishihara, T. Mizuno, T. Hashimoto","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.27","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of the matrix oxides activity, selectivity of ZnZSM-5 metal oxide hierarchical composite catalysts were made using Zn-exchanged ZSM-5 and various oxides by the conventional kneading method. The effects of these oxides as matrices on the activity and selectivity for aromatics in cracking and dehydrocyclization of n -pentane were investigated. ZnZSM-5 50-85 wt% was mixed with oxide 0-35 wt% and alumina-sol binder 15 wt% using the kneading method. Al 2 O 3 (A), TiO 2 (T), ZrO 2 (Zr) and kaolin (ka) were used as the oxide. Cracking and successive dehydrocyclization of n -pentane was carried out in a fixed-bed reactor under atmospheric H 2 in the range 450-550 °C. Conversions of n -pentane at 550 ° C decreased in the order ZnZSM/0A (85 wt% ZnZSM-5, 0 wt% Al 2 O 3 , 15 wt% binder) ≧ ZnZSM/10A ＞ ZnZSM/10T ＞ ZnZSM/10Zr ＞ ZnZSM/10ka ≧ ZnZSM/35A. The selectivity for aromatics at 550 °C decreased in the order ZnZSM/10A ＞ ZnZSM/0A ＞ ZnZSM/10Zr ＝ ZnZSM/10T ＝ ZnZSM/10ka ＞ ZnZSM/35A. These results suggested that the use of both ZnZSM-5 and matrix with large porosity for this reaction would optimize the catalytic functions. The product distribution indicated that aromatization of olefins to benzene, toluene, and xylene occurred through the Diels-Alder reaction on Zn species in the ZSM-5.","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85892237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kihoon Kim, Yusei Kawano, Daisuke Higai, Xiaofan Hou, Mingming Peng, E. Qian
{"title":"Roles of Promoter and Support of Sulfided Mo-based Catalyst in Selective Hydrotreating of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate","authors":"Kihoon Kim, Yusei Kawano, Daisuke Higai, Xiaofan Hou, Mingming Peng, E. Qian","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85353599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided unequivocal evidence that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, and demands further reduction of CO2 emissions1). Therefore, innovative new technologies, including separation, storage, and utilization of CO2, are indispensable for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Chemical looping (CL) technologies have the potential for reducing CO2 emissions worldwide. The basic concepts of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes2) were presented in a patent by Lewis and Gilliland in 19543). The term “Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC)” was first proposed by Ishida et al. in a thermodynamic study4). The main features of CL systems are sequential redox reactions and CO2 separation using multi-reactor systems with circulating metal oxide particles acting as oxygen carriers (OCs). The redox cycles form CO2, H2, and N2 separately in each reactor as well as generate high-grade heat. Consequently, CL systems can separate CO2 and reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, redox reactions involving metal oxides are important for application to CL systems in power generation, hydrogen production, and energy storage5)~7). Various CL systems are shown in Fig. 1. In a typical CL system, the OCs circulate between the fuel reactor (FR) and the air reactor (AR), i.e., the OCs are reduced (Eq. (1)) and reoxidized (Eq. (2)) repeatedly. During these reactions, carbonaceous fuels (CmHn) are converted to CO2 in the FR and generate high-grade heat in the AR to produce electricity using a steam turbine, as shown in Fig. 1(a). A CL hydrogen production system with CO2 separation using three reactors was proposed for partially oxidizing OCs with steam to form H2 (Eq. (3)), as shown in Fig. 1(b). In addition, an advanced CL system involving energy conversion and storage with a reversible solid oxide fuel cell/solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOFC/SOEC) system, the CLtype air battery, has been proposed, as shown in Fig. 1(c). The H2H2O system acts as a redox mediator (Eq. (3))8),9). (2n + m)MO + CnH2m → (2n + m)M + nCO2 + mH2O (1)
政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)的最新报告提供了明确的证据，表明人类的影响已经使大气、海洋和陆地变暖，并要求进一步减少二氧化碳的排放。因此，创新的新技术，包括二氧化碳的分离、储存和利用，对于到2050年实现净零排放是必不可少的。化学环(CL)技术具有在全球范围内减少二氧化碳排放的潜力。化学环燃烧(CLC)过程的基本概念由Lewis和Gilliland于1953年在一项专利中提出。“化学循环燃烧(Chemical-Looping Combustion, CLC)”一词最早由Ishida等人在一项热力学研究中提出。CL系统的主要特点是使用循环金属氧化物颗粒作为氧载体(OCs)的多反应器系统进行顺序氧化还原反应和CO2分离。氧化还原循环在每个反应器中分别生成CO2、H2和N2，并产生高品位的热量。因此，CL系统可以分离二氧化碳并减少二氧化碳排放。因此，涉及金属氧化物的氧化还原反应对于CL系统在发电、制氢和储能中的应用是重要的(5)~7)。各种CL系统如图1所示。在典型的CL系统中，OCs在燃料反应器(FR)和空气反应器(AR)之间循环，即OCs被反复还原(式(1))和再氧化(式(2))。在这些反应中，碳质燃料(CmHn)在FR中转化为CO2，并在AR中产生高级热量，利用汽轮机发电，如图1(a)所示。提出了一种采用三个反应器的CO2分离CL制氢系统，将OCs与蒸汽部分氧化生成H2(式(3))，如图1(b)所示。此外，还提出了一种先进的CL系统，采用可逆固体氧化物燃料电池/固体氧化物电解电池(SOFC/SOEC)系统进行能量转换和存储，即CLtype空气电池，如图1(c)所示。H2H2O体系作为氧化还原介质(式(3))8、9)。(2n + m)MO + CnH2m→(2n + m) m + nCO2 + mH2O
{"title":"Materials and Systems Design for Energy Conversion with CO2 Separation and Utilization Using Chemical-looping Technology","authors":"J. Otomo","doi":"10.1627/jpi.65.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.65.1","url":null,"abstract":"The latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has provided unequivocal evidence that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean, and land, and demands further reduction of CO2 emissions1). Therefore, innovative new technologies, including separation, storage, and utilization of CO2, are indispensable for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Chemical looping (CL) technologies have the potential for reducing CO2 emissions worldwide. The basic concepts of chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes2) were presented in a patent by Lewis and Gilliland in 19543). The term “Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC)” was first proposed by Ishida et al. in a thermodynamic study4). The main features of CL systems are sequential redox reactions and CO2 separation using multi-reactor systems with circulating metal oxide particles acting as oxygen carriers (OCs). The redox cycles form CO2, H2, and N2 separately in each reactor as well as generate high-grade heat. Consequently, CL systems can separate CO2 and reduce CO2 emissions. Therefore, redox reactions involving metal oxides are important for application to CL systems in power generation, hydrogen production, and energy storage5)~7). Various CL systems are shown in Fig. 1. In a typical CL system, the OCs circulate between the fuel reactor (FR) and the air reactor (AR), i.e., the OCs are reduced (Eq. (1)) and reoxidized (Eq. (2)) repeatedly. During these reactions, carbonaceous fuels (CmHn) are converted to CO2 in the FR and generate high-grade heat in the AR to produce electricity using a steam turbine, as shown in Fig. 1(a). A CL hydrogen production system with CO2 separation using three reactors was proposed for partially oxidizing OCs with steam to form H2 (Eq. (3)), as shown in Fig. 1(b). In addition, an advanced CL system involving energy conversion and storage with a reversible solid oxide fuel cell/solid oxide electrolytic cell (SOFC/SOEC) system, the CLtype air battery, has been proposed, as shown in Fig. 1(c). The H2H2O system acts as a redox mediator (Eq. (3))8),9). (2n + m)MO + CnH2m → (2n + m)M + nCO2 + mH2O (1)","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90776960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precise oligomeric materials that lie between the low-molecular-weight discrete molecules and high-molecu-lar-weight disperse polymers constitute a growing research area not only in terms of fundamental studies but also for various applications. In the field of silicone (polysiloxane) materials, several research groups have reported various methods for the synthesis of discrete oligosiloxanes but improvement in the control of siloxane sequences is still desirable. This review highlights our recent contributions to the precise synthesis of discrete sequence-defined oligosiloxanes by controlled iteration of B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -catalyzed reactions. As controlled iteration can be performed in one pot, various discrete sequence-defined oligosiloxanes can be more readily synthesized in com-parison to the other reported methods.
{"title":"Precise Synthesis of Discrete Sequence-defined Oligosiloxanes","authors":"Kazuhiro Matsumoto","doi":"10.1627/jpi.64.307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.64.307","url":null,"abstract":"Precise oligomeric materials that lie between the low-molecular-weight discrete molecules and high-molecu-lar-weight disperse polymers constitute a growing research area not only in terms of fundamental studies but also for various applications. In the field of silicone (polysiloxane) materials, several research groups have reported various methods for the synthesis of discrete oligosiloxanes but improvement in the control of siloxane sequences is still desirable. This review highlights our recent contributions to the precise synthesis of discrete sequence-defined oligosiloxanes by controlled iteration of B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 -catalyzed reactions. As controlled iteration can be performed in one pot, various discrete sequence-defined oligosiloxanes can be more readily synthesized in com-parison to the other reported methods.","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89832125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This review of the author’s research introduces the catalytic reactions for the conversion of various biomass feedstocks to liquid transportation fuels, especially to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Catalytic reactions in the follow-ing chemical processes were included: conversion of synthesis gas (obtained from the gasification of woody biomass) to liquid fuels (hydrocarbons and alcohols); conversion of vegetable oils to liquid hydrocarbons; conversion of algae oils to liquid hydrocarbons; and conversion of bioethanol to liquid hydrocarbons. Polymerization and hydrotreatment were two main catalytic technologies in these chemical processes. The polymerization reactions included Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, mixed alcohols synthesis, and ethylene oligomerization. Hydrotreatment reactions included cracking, isomerization, and deoxygenation. Metal catalysts, solid acid catalysts, and bifunctional catalysts containing metal and solid acid were developed for the reactions. Slurry reactor, fixed-bed flow reactor, and autoclave batch reactor were used according to the requirements of the various reactions. Active metal species, support effect, and balance between metal and solid acid in the bifunctional catalysts were dis-cussed in the development of active catalysts. Using these catalysts and processes, various biomass feedstocks could be converted to hydrocarbon biofuels with the same chemical compositions as conventional petroleum-derived gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas jet
{"title":"Catalytic Conversion of Various Biomass Feedstocks to Liquid Transportation Fuels","authors":"Yanyong Liu","doi":"10.1627/jpi.64.317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1627/jpi.64.317","url":null,"abstract":"This review of the author’s research introduces the catalytic reactions for the conversion of various biomass feedstocks to liquid transportation fuels, especially to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Catalytic reactions in the follow-ing chemical processes were included: conversion of synthesis gas (obtained from the gasification of woody biomass) to liquid fuels (hydrocarbons and alcohols); conversion of vegetable oils to liquid hydrocarbons; conversion of algae oils to liquid hydrocarbons; and conversion of bioethanol to liquid hydrocarbons. Polymerization and hydrotreatment were two main catalytic technologies in these chemical processes. The polymerization reactions included Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, mixed alcohols synthesis, and ethylene oligomerization. Hydrotreatment reactions included cracking, isomerization, and deoxygenation. Metal catalysts, solid acid catalysts, and bifunctional catalysts containing metal and solid acid were developed for the reactions. Slurry reactor, fixed-bed flow reactor, and autoclave batch reactor were used according to the requirements of the various reactions. Active metal species, support effect, and balance between metal and solid acid in the bifunctional catalysts were dis-cussed in the development of active catalysts. Using these catalysts and processes, various biomass feedstocks could be converted to hydrocarbon biofuels with the same chemical compositions as conventional petroleum-derived gasoline, diesel, liquefied petroleum gas jet","PeriodicalId":17362,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The Japan Petroleum Institute","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82589955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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