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3D bioprinting of corneal models: A review of the current state and future outlook. 角膜模型的3D生物打印:现状和未来展望综述。
IF 8.2 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-09-15 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231197793
Leon Balters, Stephan Reichl

The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye and serves to protect the eye and enable vision by refracting light. The need for cornea organ donors remains high, and the demand for an artificial alternative continues to grow. 3D bioprinting is a promising new method to create artificial organs and tissues. 3D bioprinting offers the precise spatial arrangement of biomaterials and cells to create 3D constructs. As the cornea is an avascular tissue which makes it more attractive for 3D bioprinting, it could be one of the first tissues to be made fully functional via 3D bioprinting. This review discusses the most common 3D bioprinting technologies and biomaterials used for 3D bioprinting corneal models. Additionally, the current state of 3D bioprinted corneal models, especially specific characteristics such as light transmission, biomechanics, and marker expression, and in vivo studies are discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future prospects are presented.

角膜是眼睛的最外层,通过折射光线来保护眼睛和实现视力。对角膜器官捐献者的需求仍然很高,对人工替代品的需求持续增长。3D生物打印是一种很有前途的人造器官和组织的新方法。3D生物打印提供了生物材料和细胞的精确空间排列,以创建3D结构。由于角膜是一种无血管组织,这使其对3D生物打印更具吸引力,因此它可能是首批通过3D生物打印实现完全功能的组织之一。这篇综述讨论了最常见的3D生物打印技术和用于3D生物打印角膜模型的生物材料。此外,还讨论了3D生物打印角膜模型的现状,特别是光透射、生物力学和标记物表达等特定特征,以及体内研究。最后,提出了当前的挑战和未来的展望。
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引用次数: 0
Tendon tissue engineering: An overview of biologics to promote tendon healing and repair. 肌腱组织工程:促进肌腱愈合和修复的生物制品综述。
IF 8.2 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-09-13 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231196275
Vera Citro, Marta Clerici, Aldo R Boccaccini, Giovanna Della Porta, Nicola Maffulli, Nicholas R Forsyth

Tendons are dense connective tissues with a hierarchical polarized structure that respond to and adapt to the transmission of muscle contraction forces to the skeleton, enabling motion and maintaining posture. Tendon injuries, also known as tendinopathies, are becoming more common as populations age and participation in sports/leisure activities increases. The tendon has a poor ability to self-heal and regenerate given its intrinsic, constrained vascular supply and exposure to frequent, severe loading. There is a lack of understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, and it is not surprising that disorder-targeted medicines have only been partially effective at best. Recent tissue engineering approaches have emerged as a potential tool to drive tendon regeneration and healing. In this review, we investigated the physiochemical factors involved in tendon ontogeny and discussed their potential application in vitro to reproduce functional and self-renewing tendon tissue. We sought to understand whether stem cells are capable of forming tendons, how they can be directed towards the tenogenic lineage, and how their growth is regulated and monitored during the entire differentiation path. Finally, we showed recent developments in tendon tissue engineering, specifically the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can differentiate into tendon cells, as well as the potential role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in tendon regeneration and their potential for use in accelerating the healing response after injury.

肌腱是具有分层极化结构的致密结缔组织,对肌肉收缩力向骨骼的传递做出反应并适应,从而实现运动和保持姿势。肌腱损伤,也称为肌腱病,随着人口老龄化和参与体育/休闲活动的增加,变得越来越常见。肌腱的自我愈合和再生能力较差,因为其固有的、受限的血管供应以及暴露在频繁、严重的负荷下。人们对潜在的病理生理学缺乏了解,以疾病为靶向的药物充其量只能部分有效也就不足为奇了。最近的组织工程方法已经成为推动肌腱再生和愈合的潜在工具。在这篇综述中,我们研究了参与肌腱个体发育的理化因素,并讨论了它们在体外繁殖功能性和自我更新的肌腱组织中的潜在应用。我们试图了解干细胞是否能够形成肌腱,它们如何被引导到肌腱生成谱系,以及在整个分化过程中如何调节和监测它们的生长。最后,我们展示了肌腱组织工程的最新进展,特别是可以分化为肌腱细胞的间充质干细胞(MSCs)的使用,以及细胞外小泡(EVs)在肌腱再生中的潜在作用及其在加速损伤后愈合反应中的潜力。
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引用次数: 1
3D Bioprinting tissue analogs: Current development and translational implications. 三维生物打印组织类似物:当前发展和转化意义。
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-07-13 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231187113
Suihong Liu, Lijia Cheng, Yakui Liu, Haiguang Zhang, Yongteng Song, Jeong-Hui Park, Khandmaa Dashnyam, Jung-Hwan Lee, Fouad Al-Hakim Khalak, Oliver Riester, Zheng Shi, Serge Ostrovidov, Hirokazu Kaji, Hans-Peter Deigner, José Luis Pedraz, Jonathan C Knowles, Qingxi Hu, Hae-Won Kim, Murugan Ramalingam

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising and rapidly evolving technology in the field of additive manufacturing. It enables the fabrication of living cellular constructs with complex architectures that are suitable for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, disease modeling, drug screening, and precision regenerative medicine. The ultimate goal of bioprinting is to produce stable, anatomically-shaped, human-scale functional organs or tissue substitutes that can be implanted. Although various bioprinting techniques have emerged to develop customized tissue-engineering substitutes over the past decade, several challenges remain in fabricating volumetric tissue constructs with complex shapes and sizes and translating the printed products into clinical practice. Thus, it is crucial to develop a successful strategy for translating research outputs into clinical practice to address the current organ and tissue crises and improve patients' quality of life. This review article discusses the challenges of the existing bioprinting processes in preparing clinically relevant tissue substitutes. It further reviews various strategies and technical feasibility to overcome the challenges that limit the fabrication of volumetric biological constructs and their translational implications. Additionally, the article highlights exciting technological advances in the 3D bioprinting of anatomically shaped tissue substitutes and suggests future research and development directions. This review aims to provide readers with insight into the state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting techniques as powerful tools in engineering functional tissues and organs.

三维(3D)生物打印是快速成型制造领域一项前景广阔且发展迅速的技术。它能制造出具有复杂结构的活细胞构建体,适用于各种生物医学应用,如组织工程、疾病建模、药物筛选和精准再生医学。生物打印的最终目标是制造出稳定的、符合解剖学形状的人体级功能器官或组织替代物,并可植入人体。尽管在过去十年中出现了各种生物打印技术来开发定制的组织工程替代物,但在制造具有复杂形状和尺寸的体积组织构建物以及将打印产品转化为临床实践方面仍存在一些挑战。因此,制定成功的战略将研究成果转化为临床实践,以解决当前的器官和组织危机并改善患者的生活质量至关重要。这篇综述文章讨论了现有生物打印工艺在制备临床相关组织替代品方面所面临的挑战。文章进一步回顾了克服限制体积生物构建体制造的挑战的各种策略和技术可行性及其转化意义。此外,文章还重点介绍了解剖学形状组织替代物三维生物打印方面令人兴奋的技术进展,并提出了未来的研究和发展方向。这篇综述旨在让读者深入了解最先进的三维生物打印技术,将其作为工程化功能组织和器官的有力工具。
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引用次数: 0
Extracellular matrix-derived peptide stimulates the generation of endocrine progenitors and islet organoids from iPSCs. 细胞外基质衍生肽可刺激 iPSCs 产生内分泌祖细胞和胰岛器官组织。
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-07-08 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231185858
Emma S Heaton, Ming Hu, Tianzheng Liu, Huang Hui, Yinfei Tan, Kaiming Ye, Sha Jin

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in producing human tissues endlessly. We previously reported that type V collagen (COL5), a pancreatic extracellular matrix protein, promotes islet development and maturation from iPSCs. In this study, we identified a bioactive peptide domain of COL5, WWASKS, through bioinformatic analysis of decellularized pancreatic ECM (dpECM)-derived collagens. RNA-sequencing suggests that WWASKS induces the formation of pancreatic endocrine progenitors while suppressing the development of other types of organs. The expressions of hypoxic genes were significantly downregulated in the endocrine progenitors formed under peptide stimulation. Furthermore, we unveiled an enhancement of iPSC-derived islets' (i-islets) glucose sensitivity under peptide stimulation. These i-islets secrete insulin in a glucose responsive manner. They were comprised of α, β, δ, and γ cells and were assembled into a tissue architecture similar to that of human islets. Mechanistically, the peptide is able to activate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, permitting the translocation of β-catenin from the cytoplasm to the nucleus for pancreatic progenitor development. Collectively, for the first time, we demonstrated that an ECM-derived peptide dictates iPSC fate toward the generation of endocrine progenitors and subsequent islet organoids.

诱导多能干细胞(iPSCs)在无限制造人体组织方面具有巨大潜力。我们曾报道,V型胶原蛋白(COL5)是一种胰腺细胞外基质蛋白,它能促进iPSCs的胰岛发育和成熟。在这项研究中,我们通过对脱细胞胰腺 ECM(dpECM)衍生胶原的生物信息学分析,确定了 COL5 的生物活性肽域 WWASKS。RNA 序列分析表明,WWASKS 能诱导胰腺内分泌祖细胞的形成,同时抑制其他类型器官的发育。在多肽刺激下形成的内分泌祖细胞中,缺氧基因的表达明显下调。此外,我们还发现在多肽刺激下,iPSC衍生的胰岛(i-islets)对葡萄糖的敏感性增强。这些胰岛以葡萄糖反应的方式分泌胰岛素。它们由α、β、δ和γ细胞组成,并组装成与人类胰岛相似的组织结构。从机理上讲,该肽能激活典型的Wnt信号通路,允许β-catenin从细胞质转位到细胞核,从而促进胰腺祖细胞的发育。总之,我们首次证明了一种源自 ECM 的肽能决定 iPSC 的命运,使其向生成内分泌祖细胞和随后的胰岛器官组织的方向发展。
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引用次数: 0
SP7 gene silencing dampens bone marrow stromal cell hypertrophy, but it also dampens chondrogenesis. SP7基因沉默会抑制骨髓基质细胞肥大,但同时也会抑制软骨生成。
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-06-21 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231177136
Rose Ann G Franco, Eamonn McKenna, Pamela G Robey, Ross W Crawford, Michael R Doran, Kathryn Futrega

For bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) to be useful in cartilage repair their propensity for hypertrophic differentiation must be overcome. A single day of TGF-β1 stimulation activates intrinsic signaling cascades in BMSCs which subsequently drives both chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation. TGF-β1 stimulation upregulates SP7, a transcription factor known to contribute to hypertrophic differentiation, and SP7 remains upregulated even if TGF-β1 is subsequently withdrawn from the chondrogenic induction medium. Herein, we stably transduced BMSCs to express an shRNA designed to silence SP7, and assess the capacity of SP7 silencing to mitigate hypertrophy. SP7 silencing dampened both hypertrophic and chondrogenic differentiation processes, resulting in diminished microtissue size, impaired glycosaminoglycan production and reduced chondrogenic and hypertrophic gene expression. Thus, while hypertrophic features were dampened by SP7 silencing, chondrogenic differentation was also compromised. We further investigated the role of SP7 in monolayer osteogenic and adipogenic cultures, finding that SP7 silencing dampened characteristic mineralization and lipid vacuole formation, respectively. Overall, SP7 silencing affects the trilineage differentiation of BMSCs, but is insufficient to decouple BMSC hypertrophy from chondrogenesis. These data highlight the challenge of promoting BMSC chondrogenesis whilst simultaneously reducing hypertrophy in cartilage tissue engineering strategies.

骨髓基质细胞(BMSC)要想在软骨修复中发挥作用,就必须克服其肥大分化倾向。一天的 TGF-β1 刺激可激活骨髓基质细胞的内在信号级联,进而驱动软骨和肥大分化。TGF-β1刺激可使SP7上调,SP7是一种已知有助于肥大分化的转录因子,即使随后从软骨诱导培养基中移除TGF-β1,SP7仍会保持上调。在这里,我们稳定地转导 BMSCs,使其表达旨在沉默 SP7 的 shRNA,并评估沉默 SP7 对肥大的缓解能力。SP7沉默抑制了肥大和软骨分化过程,导致微组织尺寸减小、糖胺聚糖生成受损以及软骨和肥大基因表达减少。因此,虽然SP7沉默抑制了肥大特征,但软骨源分化也受到了影响。我们进一步研究了SP7在单层成骨和成脂培养中的作用,发现沉默SP7分别抑制了特征性矿化和脂质空泡的形成。总的来说,SP7沉默会影响BMSCs的三系分化,但不足以将BMSC肥大与软骨形成分离开来。这些数据突显了在软骨组织工程策略中促进 BMSC 软骨形成的同时减少肥大所面临的挑战。
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引用次数: 0
Comparison of extracellular vesicle isolation processes for therapeutic applications. 比较用于治疗的细胞外囊泡分离过程。
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-05-23 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231174609
Soraya Williams, Maria Fernandez-Rhodes, Alice Law, Ben Peacock, Mark P Lewis, Owen G Davies

While extracellular vesicles (EVs) continue to gain interest for therapeutic applications, their clinical translation is limited by a lack of optimal isolation methods. We sought to determine how universally applied isolation methods impact EV purity and yield. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation (UC), polyethylene glycol precipitation, Total Exosome Isolation Reagent, an aqueous two-phase system with and without repeat washes or size exclusion chromatography (SEC). EV-like particles could be detected for all isolation methods but varied in their purity and relative expression of surface markers (Alix, Annexin A2, CD9, CD63 and CD81). Assessments of sample purity were dependent on the specificity of characterisation method applied, with total particle counts and particle to protein (PtP) ratios often not aligning with quantitative measures of tetraspanin surface markers obtained using high-resolution nano-flow cytometry. While SEC resulted in the isolation of fewer particles with a relatively low PtP ratio (1.12 × 107 ± 1.43 × 106 vs highest recorded; ATPS/R 2.01 × 108 ± 1.15 × 109, p ⩽ 0.05), EVs isolated using this method displayed a comparatively high level of tetraspanin positivity (e.g. ExoELISA CD63⁺ particles; 1.36 × 1011± 1.18 × 1010 vs ATPS/R 2.58 × 1010± 1.92 × 109, p ⩽ 0.001). Results originating from an accompanying survey designed to evaluate pragmatic considerations surrounding method implementation (e.g. scalability and cost) identified that SEC and UC were favoured for overall efficiency. However, reservations were highlighted in the scalability of these methods, which could potentially hinder downstream therapeutic applications. In conclusion, variations in sample purity and yield were evident between isolation methods, while standard non-specific assessments of sample purity did not align with advanced quantitative high-resolution analysis of EV surface markers. Reproducible and specific assessments of EV purity will be critical for informing therapeutic studies.

尽管细胞外囊泡(EVs)在治疗方面的应用不断受到关注,但由于缺乏最佳的分离方法,其临床应用受到了限制。我们试图确定普遍应用的分离方法对EV纯度和产量的影响。我们采用超速离心法(UC)、聚乙二醇沉淀法、总外泌体分离试剂、带或不带重复洗涤的水性两相系统或尺寸排阻色谱法(SEC)分离了EV。所有分离方法都能检测到类 EV 颗粒,但其纯度和表面标志物(Alix、Annexin A2、CD9、CD63 和 CD81)的相对表达量各不相同。对样品纯度的评估取决于所用表征方法的特异性,总颗粒计数和颗粒与蛋白质(PtP)比率往往与使用高分辨率纳米流式细胞术获得的四泛素表面标记物的定量测量结果不一致。虽然 SEC 分离出的颗粒较少,PtP 比率相对较低(1.12 × 107 ± 1.43 × 106 vs 最高记录;ATPS/R 2.01 × 108 ± 1.15 × 109,p ⩽ 0.05),使用这种方法分离的 EVs 显示出相对较高的四泛素阳性水平(例如 ExoELISA CD63⁺ 颗粒;1.36 × 1011 ± 1.18 × 1010 vs ATPS/R 2.58 × 1010 ± 1.92 × 109,p ⩽0.001)。为评估与方法实施相关的实际考虑因素(如可扩展性和成本)而进行的配套调查结果显示,SEC 和 UC 在总体效率方面更受青睐。不过,这些方法在可扩展性方面还有所保留,可能会妨碍下游治疗应用。总之,不同分离方法的样本纯度和产量差异明显,而样本纯度的标准非特异性评估与先进的 EV 表面标记定量高分辨率分析不一致。EV纯度的可重复性和特异性评估对于为治疗研究提供信息至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Single-cell RNA-sequence analysis of human bone marrow reveals new targets for isolation of skeletal stem cells using spherical nucleic acids. 人类骨髓的单细胞 RNA 序列分析揭示了利用球形核酸分离骨骼干细胞的新目标。
IF 8.2 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-05-16 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231169375
Elloise Z Matthews, Stuart Lanham, Kate White, Maria-Eleni Kyriazi, Konstantina Alexaki, Afaf H El-Sagheer, Tom Brown, Antonios G Kanaras, Jonathan J West, Ben D MacArthur, Patrick S Stumpf, Richard Oc Oreffo

There is a wealth of data indicating human bone marrow contains skeletal stem cells (SSC) with the capacity for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. However, current methods to isolate SSCs are restricted by the lack of a defined marker, limiting understanding of SSC fate, immunophenotype, function and clinical application. The current study applied single-cell RNA-sequencing to profile human adult bone marrow populations from 11 donors and identified novel targets for SSC enrichment. Spherical nucleic acids were used to detect these mRNA targets in SSCs. This methodology was able to rapidly isolate potential SSCs found at a frequency of <1 in 1,000,000 in human bone marrow, with the capacity for tri-lineage differentiation in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. The current studies detail the development of a platform to advance SSC enrichment from human bone marrow, offering an invaluable resource for further SSC characterisation, with significant therapeutic impact therein.

大量数据表明,人类骨髓中含有骨骼干细胞(SSC),具有成骨、软骨和脂肪分化能力。然而,目前分离骨骼干细胞的方法因缺乏明确的标记物而受到限制,从而限制了对骨骼干细胞命运、免疫表型、功能和临床应用的了解。目前的研究应用单细胞 RNA 测序技术对来自 11 位捐献者的人类成人骨髓群进行了分析,并确定了用于 SSC 富集的新靶点。球形核酸用于检测 SSCs 中的这些 mRNA 靶点。这种方法能够快速分离出潜在的 SSC,其频率为
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引用次数: 0
Preclinical and clinical orthotopic transplantation of decellularized/engineered tracheal scaffolds: A systematic literature review. 脱细胞/工程气管支架的临床前和临床正位移植:系统性文献综述。
IF 6.7 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-02-27 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231151826
Elena Stocco, Silvia Barbon, Marco Mammana, Giovanni Zambello, Martina Contran, Pier Paolo Parnigotto, Veronica Macchi, Maria Teresa Conconi, Federico Rea, Raffaele De Caro, Andrea Porzionato

Severe tracheal injuries that cannot be managed by mobilization and end-to-end anastomosis represent an unmet clinical need and an urgent challenge to face in surgical practice; within this scenario, decellularized scaffolds (eventually bioengineered) are currently a tempting option among tissue engineered substitutes. The success of a decellularized trachea is expression of a balanced approach in cells removal while preserving the extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture/mechanical properties. Revising the literature, many Authors report about different methods for acellular tracheal ECMs development; however, only few of them verified the devices effectiveness by an orthotopic implant in animal models of disease. To support translational medicine in this field, here we provide a systematic review on studies recurring to decellularized/bioengineered tracheas implantation. After describing the specific methodological aspects, orthotopic implant results are verified. Furtherly, the only three clinical cases of compassionate use of tissue engineered tracheas are reported with a focus on outcomes.

严重的气管损伤无法通过移动和端对端吻合术进行处理,这是一种尚未得到满足的临床需求,也是外科手术实践中面临的一项紧迫挑战;在这种情况下,脱细胞支架(最终是生物工程支架)是目前组织工程替代品中一个诱人的选择。脱细胞气管的成功体现了在去除细胞的同时保留细胞外基质(ECM)结构/机械性能的平衡方法。翻阅文献,许多作者报告了开发无细胞气管 ECM 的不同方法,但只有少数作者通过在疾病动物模型中进行异位植入验证了该装置的有效性。为了支持这一领域的转化医学,我们在此对有关脱细胞气管/生物工程气管植入的研究进行了系统综述。在介绍了具体方法后,我们对正位植入结果进行了验证。此外,我们还报告了仅有的三例恩恤使用组织工程气管的临床病例,并重点介绍了其结果。
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引用次数: 0
Regeneration of articular cartilage defects: Therapeutic strategies and perspectives. 关节软骨缺损的再生:治疗策略与展望。
IF 8.2 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231164765
Xueqiang Guo, Lingling Xi, Mengyuan Yu, Zhenlin Fan, Weiyun Wang, Andong Ju, Zhuo Liang, Guangdong Zhou, Wenjie Ren

Articular cartilage (AC), a bone-to-bone protective device made of up to 80% water and populated by only one cell type (i.e. chondrocyte), has limited capacity for regeneration and self-repair after being damaged because of its low cell density, alymphatic and avascular nature. Resulting repair of cartilage defects, such as osteoarthritis (OA), is highly challenging in clinical treatment. Fortunately, the development of tissue engineering provides a promising method for growing cells in cartilage regeneration and repair by using hydrogels or the porous scaffolds. In this paper, we review the therapeutic strategies for AC defects, including current treatment methods, engineering/regenerative strategies, recent advances in biomaterials, and present emphasize on the perspectives of gene regulation and therapy of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as circular RNA (circRNA) and microRNA (miRNA).

关节软骨(AC)是一种骨对骨的保护装置,由高达80%的水组成,仅由一种细胞(即软骨细胞)组成,由于其细胞密度低、淋巴细胞和无血管的性质,在受损后再生和自我修复的能力有限。骨关节炎(OA)等软骨缺损的修复在临床治疗中极具挑战性。幸运的是,组织工程的发展为利用水凝胶或多孔支架培养软骨再生和修复细胞提供了一种很有前途的方法。本文综述了AC缺陷的治疗策略,包括目前的治疗方法,工程/再生策略,生物材料的最新进展,并重点介绍了非编码RNA (ncrna)的基因调控和治疗,如环状RNA (circRNA)和微RNA (miRNA)。
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引用次数: 4
New insights into balancing wound healing and scarless skin repair. 平衡伤口愈合和无疤痕皮肤修复的新见解。
IF 8.2 1区 工程技术 Q1 CELL & TISSUE ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231185848
Shengxi Zhou, Mengbo Xie, Jingjing Su, Bingjie Cai, Jingan Li, Kun Zhang

Scars caused by skin injuries after burns, wounds, abrasions and operations have serious physical and psychological effects on patients. In recent years, the research of scar free wound repair has been greatly expanded. However, understanding the complex mechanisms of wound healing, in which various cells, cytokines and mechanical force interact, is critical to developing a treatment that can achieve scarless wound healing. Therefore, this paper reviews the types of wounds, the mechanism of scar formation in the healing process, and the current research progress on the dual consideration of wound healing and scar prevention, and some strategies for the treatment of scar free wound repair.

烧伤、创面、擦伤和手术后皮肤损伤所造成的疤痕对患者的生理和心理都有严重的影响。近年来,无疤痕创面修复的研究得到了很大的发展。然而,了解伤口愈合的复杂机制,其中各种细胞,细胞因子和机械力相互作用,对于开发一种可以实现无疤痕伤口愈合的治疗方法至关重要。因此,本文就创伤的类型、愈合过程中瘢痕的形成机制、创伤愈合与瘢痕预防双重考虑的研究现状、无瘢痕创面修复的治疗策略等方面进行综述。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of Tissue Engineering
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